Isiseko Samalungelo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ukudibana kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nenkqubo yezobulungisa yezaphuli-mthetho kwenza isiseko solawulo-lwazi lwaseMelika. Le migaqo yokhuseleko asiyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; yimida enyanzelekileyo esemthethweni elungiselelwe ukumisela igunya likarhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu (_ongenawo umgangatho) wamkela ukuphathwa kakuhle phantsi komthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukukuqonda ubukhulu bala malungelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela okusesikweni okusebenza ngayo nalapho kunokusilela khona.

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ingakumbi ngokusebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo, umisela inkqubo elawula ihambo yamapolisa, ukuthethwa kwenkundla, kunye nesohlwayo. Ezi zikhuseli ziye zavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenguqu zowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo asebenzayo anceda ngayo abemi ukuba inkqubo igcine ityala kwaye imele ihlaziswe xa ukhuseleko lungasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo okanye lungasetyenziswangafanelaniyo.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko weNkqutyana kunye neNkxaso Yazo Yokusesikweni

IBhili yamaLungelo ineziphene eziliqela ezibumba isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Kwazo: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

UHlaliso lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kufuneka ukuba umthetho unyanzeliswe ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Oku kuyimfuneko kwamagosa asebenza ukubonakalisa kumagwebi angathathi-nxaxheba ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho phambi kokuba lungene kwimpahla okanye kwisiqu sawo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkundla ziye zaqonda oku ngaphandle kweemeko ezingekhoyo, ukuphengulula, nokuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa, kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo uhleli: urhulumente akanakukwazi ukubhadula ngomgashela wekhaya lakho, imoto, okanye izixhobo zamanani ngaphandle kwesizathu. Umthetho owenziwe uvunywe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwenziwa ngenkundla esemthethweni. [[FLT] I-United States [FLT:] kunye nonyulo] kwaye unyuselwa kumazwi akwingxelo obungekho mthethweni obusemthethweni [kusetyenziswayo]

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanzo sesihlanu sinika intsalela eninzi yokhuseleko. Iqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahlube umntu othile wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini /ukuzama kabini ukwenza into enye, kwaye ikhusela ekunyanzelweni kokuzinyanzela ukuba ungabi naluxolo. Olu khuselo lokugqibela lunyusa “ilungelo lokuhlala ungathethi.” [[FLT: 0] [Miranda v. Arizona, iNkundla ePhakamileyo imele ukuba amapolisa azise ukukrokrala kweli lungelo phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala, kunye nelungelo lokuyalela. Ukungahambisi kwezi zilumkiso. Ukuzisombulula ezi zilandelayo.

IsiHlomelo Sesithandathu: Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Etyala

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza naphambi kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokunikwa isiluleko esingokwasemthethweni. Ilungelo lokucebisa lanwetshwa ngokuphawulekayo [[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright, efuna ukuba kubekho amagqwetha afuna ukubonelela ngabamangalelwa abamangalelwa ngokungenamdla phakathi kwamatyala omntu ngamnye. Kamva la matyala anwebe nelungelo lokuphatha gwenxa ixesha elinokuba sentolongo. I-andendment iqinisekisa abamangalelwa ukuba banyanzele amangqina abo baze bafumane isaziso ngezityholo zabo. Ezi zikhuselwa ukulungiselela ukudlala ibala phakathi komntu ngamnye namandla apheleleyo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

UHlaliso lweNkqutyana yeSinyuso yasilela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithisileyo, isohlwayo esigqithisileyo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Oku kulungiswa kuye kwangundoqo ekuphikisaneni ngesohlwayo sokufa, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zabantwana. Furman v. Georgia[, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imiqathango yesigwebo sokufa esetyenziswa ngokungekho semthethweni nangekhethelo lobuhlanga. Ngokulandelayo amatyala afana r. [imons[FLT] v. ayilwalela ukugwetywa kwabagwebi ababengaphantsi kwexesha le 18 lolwaphulo-mthetho. Inkundla ikwagweba imiqathango esetyenziswayokungako, nangona iinkundla zezomthetho zinika isohlwayo ezithelela isohlwayo.

Ukhuseleko Olokugqibela Ngaphaya Kwamalungelo

Umthetho wemithetho kunye nemimiselo eyongezelelekileyo yomgaqo-siseko yongezelela iBhili yamaLungelo. Ilungelo lokufumana i-habeas corpus, elifumaneka kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, livumela abantu ukuba bavavanye ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni enkundleni yenkundla karhulumente. Lo mnqongo wamandulo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho namnye umntu onokuvalelwa ngaphandle kokugwetywa okusemthethweni. Imimiselo yamalungelo oluntu, njengo-42 U.S.C. . . .196, ivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe ngamagosa karhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. [CIIIIIIII.] ICavil Revotion yeSebe leJajinion of Justice []

Ilungelo lokuthula lidlulela ngaphaya kokuncinwa kwetyala. Abantu bangala ukuphendula imibuzo yamapolisa ngaphandle kokujongana nesohlwayo sokuzilolonga. Noko ke, ukuzola kusenokusetyenziswa nxamnye nomntu orhanelwayo xa evavanywa ukuba kamva angqinela ngokungangqinelani. Icebiso elingokwasemthethweni lingacebisa ngokuqhuba ezi meko zichaziweyo.

Ilungelo kwigqwetha aligwetyelwanga. Ngoxa urhulumente kufuneka anikeze isiluleko kubamangalelwa abajongene nokubanjwa, olu nxulumano lwasekunene kuphela emva kokuba ityala libekwe okanye ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya. Ngexesha lokuqalisa kodliwano-ndlebe olufana nobungqina okanye iinkundla ezikhulu zabachopheli-tyala, abamangalelwa basenokungabi nalungelo elisemthethweni lokucebisa ngaphandle kokuba sele bekwindawo yokugcina intolongo.

Ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini lugqibelele ngenxa yetyala elifanayo kulawulo olunye. Noko ke, ii-oyena mandla ezahlukeneyo/iphondo ne-orhulumente(ukumangalelwa kwaso sisenzo esinye ukuba sophula yomibini imithetho. Le mfundiso yolawulo idibene nento yokuba umntu okhululwe izityholo ze-ovential anokujamelana nokubulala okufanayo.

[[FLT: 0] ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo ukhusela ekuvalweni okungagqibekanga nokuxhalatyiswa zityala ezingalungiswanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Barker v. Wingo yamisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo lokuvavanya ubude bolibaziseko, izizathu zokulibazisa, ukubhalisa kommangalelwa ekunene, kunye nekhethe kukhuseleko.

[[FLT: 0] Ukhuseleko kuphengululo olungekho ngqiqweni lusebenza ngokukhulayo kubungqina bamanani. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Cartent v. United States ikholelwa ukuba ukufikelela kwindawo yeselfowuni yembali yedata kufuna isiqinisekiso, ukuqonda ukuba abantu banolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo kwintshukumo zabo zamanani. Esi sigqibo saphawula ulwandiso olubalulekileyo lweSine sokuLamlaza-mente kubugcisa banamhlanje.

Indlela Okuchanabeka Ngayo Ukukhusela Izaphuli - mthetho

Amalungelo asiyonto nje engekho ngqiqweni; anemiphumo yokwenene ngenxa yemiphumo yaloo matyala nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ukukhusela Iinkolelo Eziphosakeleyo

Iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo zidla ngokubangelwa kukuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukuvunywa kobuxoki ngokunyanzelwa zizenzo zokuncina, ukuphoswa kwamadoda okuzibonela ngawabo amehlo okusuka kumgca ongafanelekanga, kunye nokuziphethe kakubi kukarhulumente okufana nezilumkiso ezicinyweyo ezivaliweyo, konke oku kulula ukuthembeka kwesigqibo. I-Innocence Project isebenzise ubungqina beDNAMET ukuchaza amakhulu abantu abagwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo, abaninzi kubo ababenesiluleko esingasebenziyo okanye ababephantsi kobudlelaneno obungachananga. Umthetho ongqongqo wamalungelo afana neMirnda, kunye noBrady Relieudies, kunye nemfuneko yokuba abatshutshisi bokwabelane ubungqina obulungileyo abagwebi abagwebi abamsulwa.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphenduleka kwamapolisa

Xa amalungelo ephulwa, iinkundla zingabucinezela ubungqina okanye zibugxothe ngokupheleleyo. Lo mthetho wokuzikhulula uvelisa isithintelo esinamandla nxamnye nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukucinezela ubungqina kunakho ukuvumela abamangalelwa abanetyala ukuba bakhululwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakrola ngaphandle, njengokungavumelani kwamagosa athembekileyo axhomekeke kugunyaziso olunesiphene. Iikhamera zomzimba, iibhodi zolawulo lwamapolisa, kunye nemithetho evumayo ekwiDOJ ikwanceda ukukhuthaza ukuphendula. Amalungelo asekelwe kwicandelo eliphantsi komcimbiso phantsi koLwithi wowe-1998 anika amayeza okufumana amaxhoba amandla agqithisileyo okanye ukubanjwa ngobuxoki, zinika amayeza okunganyaniseki ngokwemali.

Ukukhuthaza Intembelo Kawonke - wonke Nentsebenziswano

Ibutho eligqala inkqubo yokusesikweni njengefanelekileyo neyamalungelo ahlonelwayo lityekele kakhulu ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho, lisebenze njengamangqina, lisebenzisane nophando. Xa amapolisa esoloko echasa amalungelo (h) ngokuwagqogqela, ngokuwagqogxa ngezakhono, okanye ngokuwanyanzela, okanye ngokuwanyanzela ngenkohlakalo. Oku kubangelwa “kungathemba okusemthethweni” kwenza amapolisa angabi luncedo kwaye kwandise ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukubuyiselwa kudinga ukunamathela ngokungaguquki kwimilinganiselo yesiseko kunye neenkqubo zobugqeqeba ezikha-kha.

Iingxaki Zokukhusela Amalungelo

Phezu kwako nje ukusekwa komgaqo - siseko, kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu.

Ukungalingani Kwendlela emisiweyo

Uhlanga, ubutyebi, kunye nojongo lwesizwe luphembelela kakhulu indlela akhutshwa ngayo amalungelo. Abantu abamnyama nabakwiSpeyin badla ngokumiswa, bahlolwe, babanjwa, banikwe igunya kunabelungu, kwanaxa belawula amazinga okukhutshwa. ACLU ibone iintlobo-ntlobo zokukhutshwa kohlanga kwimiqathango emininzi, ekhokelela ekumangalelweni nasekuvumeni imithetho. Ukungalingani kobutyebi kudala iincalucalulo: Abamangaleli abaziziweyo bayakwazi ukuthenga amagqwetha aluncedo ekuquququzeleni izikhuseli zokhuselo zobutho, ngoxa abaxhasi bebudla ngokubamba iimeko ezitshabalalisayo ezikhusela ekuqhubeleni imvume enyani kumxhasi ngamnye.

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Kwimimandla emininzi efunyenwe kancinci, iindlela zobupolisa ezinobundlobongela ezifana nokumisa kunye ne-frisk, no-knock, kunye nobukho bophando olunzima bubangela uxinezeleko kwaye bululaza amalungelo. Ezi ndlela zidla ngokukhokelela ekubotshweni kwabantu abaninzi ngenxa yetyala elincinane, iinkundla ezinkulu kunye neentolongo. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Utah v. Strieff[[FLL:1] yabambelela kwimiqathango yokuba ubungqina obufunyenwe ngexesha lokumiswa okungekho mthethweni bungaqondakali bungaqhubeka ukuba amapolisa anokufumana isiqinisekiso esibalaseleyo, asenza umngxube othi abagxeki kwi-luvo oluphezulu luzimela kwimimandla emininzi ngemithetho emininzi. i-Gregiontistysty kwimists eninzi ngoku ayikhange ifune ukuphenjelelwa kwamapolisa kwaye ifune ukuvuzwa kwamapolisa okuziswe.

Umahluko Kumelo Lwasemthethweni

Ilungelo lokunika icebiso alisebenzi ukuba igqwetha alinikezeli. Kodwa ii-ofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke kulo lonke ilizwe ziphantsi ngokungapheliyo. I-American Bar Association inikela ingxelo yokuba abakhuseli abaninzi bakawonke-wonke baphatha amakhulu eemeko ezimaxongo-ntle ngonyaka, inconyelwa kakhulu ukuxinano. Oku kukhokelela ekungxamiseni izicelo, uphando olungelunelanga, nokusilela ukucelw'ulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo imisele umqobo wokungqina uncedo olungaphumeleli lwesiluleko phantsi kwe-i-atrickland v. [[FLT], ifuna abamangalelwayo babonise ukungenzi nto ingalungeleni kakuhle kunye nokungacalula. Oku kudla ngokuphuma kwiziphumo zokurhoxisana, kwana xa umelo lusezantsi. Ezinye iindawo zizama ukuqinisekisa uncedo lwe-falthsswordsss, imicimbi yezenterp, imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho neyolongo-mthetho.

Ukufundisa Isizukulwana Esilandelayo Ngamalungelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akuyoyamagqwetha okanye abamangalelwa kuphela.

Ukufunda okungahambelaniyo nokusekelwe kwimo

Imithambo edlala indima inganceda abafundi bawaphucule amalungelo abo. Ukukhuthaza uqhagamshelwano lwamapolisa, amava, kunye nokucelw'izicelo kuvumela abafundi babone indlela ezisebenza ngayo izikhuseli zobuxhakaxhaka ngexesha lokwenene. Iinkqubo ezifana ne ii-Cicocts inikela ugcino-lwazi olukhululekileyo lokufundisa iingcamango zomgaqo-siseko ngemidlalo nangemfaniso. Abafundisi- ntsapho bayakwazi ukuyila imisebenzi apho abafundi basebenza njengabameli, abatshutshisi, abagwebi, nabachobi, bakhankanyisela indlela amalungelo asebenza ngayo kumanqaku ahlukeneyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwezigqibo Zophawu

Ufundo lwetyala leNkundla Ephakamileyo lunika abafundi imizekelo ecacileyo yamalungelo asebenzayo. Ukuhlola Miranda v. Arizona kutyhila umva wetyala likaErneto Miranda, indoda eyavunywa ngenkani ngaphandle kwezilumkiso, ikhokelela kumthetho omtsha weprocedal. Ukuhlalutya [[FLT:] Gideon. v. Wainright ibonisa amandla ebhalwe ngesandla sesicelo sentolongo yaseFlorida sokuguqula inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuvavanya [[FLT] V[FLT]]

Abathethi Ababukileyo Abavela Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke, abatshutshisi, abagwebi, namagosa amapolisa okuthetha nabo banikela ingqiqo ngendlela amalungelo alungelelanisiweyo ngayo ekusebenzeni. Amagosa angachaza imiqathango yoMgaqo wesine nokubaluleka kwemvume. Abakhuseli boluntu bangachaza iingxaki zokumela abathengi abangenaluxanduva kunye noxanduva olusemthethweni lokuxhasa amalungelo abo ngenzondelelo. Abamangalelwa ababengagwetywanga bangathetha ngendlela abavakalelwa ngayo xa inkqubo ingaphumeleli.

Indlela Ephambili: Ukomeleza Amalungelo Ngobuchule Notshintsho

Amalungelo awazibulali. Afuna ukuhlala ephaphile, enyanzelisa, ehlaziya ukuphendula izisongelo ezintsha. Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho inamandla, yenziwa yimithetho, zisigqibo senkundla, kunye nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda ukhuseleko eselukhoyo kunika abemi amandla angcono xa ezo zikhuseli zinganele.

Imibutho yakutshanje yokuhlaziywa kwamapolisa, utshintsho, kunye nokugwetywa kwayo yonke iinguqu ekhoyo ngokuphakanyiswa ukuba amalungelo asetyenziswa ngendlela engalinganiyo. Iinkqubo zekhamera yomzimba, iikhomishini zobuveleli, kunye nemiqathango yokuzikhusela efanelekayo ifuna ukuvala izithuba phakathi komthetho kwiincwadi kunye nokuqhelisela emhlabeni. Ingxoxo yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi ibalaselise indlela ulwamkelo lweSindululo sesibhozo lwengqwabaso olunenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga olungasetyenziswangaqhelekanga. Inkundla ePhakath-gazi kwi-Miller v. Alabama ikholelwa ukuba ubomi obungalawulekiyo ngaphandle kwe-paratoout buchasene nomthetho owesibhozo, ukuphawula ukuba abantwana banokuphelisa izigwebo ezingekho mthethweni ezingekho mthethweni zomthetho, imigaqo-mgalelo-mthetho-siseko se-ndeavel

Abafundisi nabafundi banendima abamele bayifeze lo msebenzi uqhubekayo. Ngokufunda ngamalungelo, ukufundisa abanye, nokuba nenxaxheba kwizenzo zoluntu, banceda ukwakha ibutho labantu apho okusesikweni kulinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Iklasi iba yilebhu yedemokhrasi, apho kuhlolisiswa imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo, yokusesikweni, nesidima sabantu, yaye ekugqibeleni ixhaswe.

Isiphelo

Ukukhusela okubekwe kumGaqo-siseko nokuchazwa ziinkundla kwenza isiseko somthetho wezaphuli-mthetho zaseMerika. Ukusuka ekuhlaleni uthule kwilungelo lokunika isiluleko esisebenzayo, ekukhuselweni ekuphangweni okungekho ngqiqweni ukuze kukhuselwe isohlwayo senkohlakalo, la malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenzisa amandla akhe okusebenza ngokuzibamba nokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda ezi ntekiso akuyonto nje iphambili kwimfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephambili yokuba ngummimiwo wabemi kwaye ubuchule obunentsingiselo. Ngokufundisa abafundi imbali, indlela, isakhiwo, nokusetyenziswa okusebenzisekayo kwala malungelo, abafundisa babaxhobisela ulwazi lokuqhuba inkqubo engekho sikweni, ukuvavanyaza, kunye negalelo ekuphuculweni kwekamva elifanelekileyo.