Isiseko Esisemthethweni Semfuneko Eyintabalala

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuhlala bekhuselekile kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo zokulwa nophengululo olungaqiqiyo. Olu khuselo ludlulela ngqo ekuthatheni iirekhodi nakoovimba, enoba bahlala kwikhatheminali karhulumente, iseva yabucala, okanye inkqubo yokugcina amafu. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ukuphengulula okanye ukuxhuzula okuqhutywa ngaphandle kwemvume kuyinto engenangqiqo, engaziwayo. Imfuneko yokuba kubekwe isiqinisekiso sisebenza njenge-ophandolo-mthetho kumandla olawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kunye namaziko karhulumente akuhlaliseli zizinto ezikhuselekileyo ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Ingcamango esemthethweni ye “ ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwe ” kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko kusini na. Katz v. United States [1967], iNkundla imisele ukuba uLawulo lweSine lukhusela abantu, hayi iindawo, kwaye isiqinisekiso sifuneka apho umntu ngamnye ekwindawo ebekelwe isiqinisekiso sokuba umele abe wedwa, ukuba ulungele ukuqwalaselwa ngokulungeleyo. [ku-FLT] kuninzi lukawonke-wonke kunye nogcino-lwazi, oluthi oluthi luba lungatshintshiyo: ngelixa ezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo, luqulathe ulwazi olunzulu olubangela ukhuseleko lwesine. Nangona kunjalo, iiNkukhundla luye lwazi ukuba ulwesithathu lwezibonelo lwemfihlo, njengoko kubonwa kusenzeka [FT][4] [5].[4]

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba imfuneko yesiqinisekiso asiphelelanga kuphengululo oluphathekayo. Umthetho wogcino-nxibelelwano lombane (SCA), inxalenye yomthetho wombane wonxibelelwano olufihlakeleyo (ECPA), ibeka imigaqo efunekayo yogunyaziso lokufikelela kunxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki kunye neerekhodi ezigcinwe ngabanikezeli benkonzo. Abagcini abaninzi ngoku bakhona ngokwendlela yamanani, kunye nokufakwa kwemithetho-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwezomthetho lwezomthetho kunye nokhuseleko lwezomthetho lwezomthetho lungayila indlela yokusebenza komthetho kunye nabaphandi abafikelela ngayo ezi rekhodi zigcinwe.

Xa Kufuneka iNtloko Yoshicilelo Loluntu Noovimba

Umbuzo womqobo kukuba ngaba iirekhodi ezifunwayo zezokwenene “public ” okanye ukuba ziqulethe umdla okhuselekileyo wobuqu. Amasebe karhulumente agcina uluhlu oluninzi lwamaphepha, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yomhlaba nakwizithuba zenkundla ukuya kwiifayile zabasebenzi, kwiirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye nezixhobo zophando olufihlakeleyo. Imfuneko yogunyaziso isebenza jikelele xa:

  • Iirekhodi zibekwe kwindawo engeyoyayo i-opulayiti. Umzekelo, ikhabhinethi yekhusi elitshixiweyo kwiofisi karhulumente, isiseko sedata esikhuselwe yigama eligqithisiweyo, okanye igumbi lomncedisi elinonikezelo oluthinteliweyo lifuna isiqinisekiso sokungena nokukhangela.
  • Iirekhodi zitywinwe okanye zibekwe phantsi komyalelo wokukhusela. Iinkundla kunye namasebe olawulo asoloko ekhupha imiyalelo yokukhusela imfihlo okanye uphando oluqhubekayo. Ukufumana iirekhodi ezitywinwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kuchasene nomthetho wenkundla i’ umyalelo kwaye ungenza uphengululo olungekho mthethweni.
  • Indlela yokukhangela ingena. Isebenzisa izixhobo zokukhangela ukufumana kwakhona iifayile ezicinyiweyo, ukuqhuba uphendlo lombhalo opheleleyo lwesiseko sogcino-lwazi, okanye ukususa ngokoqobo izixhobo zogcino zonke zifuna isiqinisekiso kuba zifikelela ngaphaya kobungakanani bohlolo lwesiqhelo.
  • Iirekhodi ziqulathe ulwazi olunovakalelo okanye oluyimfihlo. Iingxelo zonyango, iirejista zerhafu, iirekhodi zokukhulisa umntwana, iifayile zenkundla yabantwana, kunye nohlolo lwabasebenzi zinezilangazelelo eziphezulu zobuqu. Nokuba zifakwe kumbutho kawonke-wonke, isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko phambi kokuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuvavanywe.
  • Iingxelo zigcinwe ngumgcini wecandelo lesithathu ozikhuselayo ngokwemithetho efihlakeleyo. Ithala leencwadi, izibhedlele, izikolo, kunye nabanikezeli benkonzo ye-Intanethi banokuba noovimba abangengabo ngqo bakarhulumente kodwa abanxulumene nophando lukarhulumente. Imithetho efana ne-Health Inshorence Portability kunye noMthetho we-Accostability (HIA), uMthetho weNtsapho wemfundo ne-Amfilics Act (FERPA), kunye ne-SCA ibeka iimfuno ezisoloko zifuna isiqinisekiso sokutyhilwa.

Yingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yokuba naluphi na uxwebhu olugcinwe ngumbutho karhulumente lungafumaneka ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuthintelwa. Enyanisweni, uMphetho-mda wesine ukhusela ukuzimela kwabantu abanenkcazelo ebhalwe kwezo ngxelo. Isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela kufanelekile ngoko nangoko yaye kulinganiselweyo.

Iingxelo zamanani, oovimba bamafu, kunye nokufumaneka okukude

Ukwanda koovimba bamanani kuneengcamango ezintsonkothileyo zesithethe zokuma koovimba. Iiseva zamafu zingafumaneka kumazwe awahlukeneyo okanye amazwe, kwaye iingxelo zingalinganiswa kwiimithetho emininzi. United States v.Microsoft Corp. (2088) (i- “Microsoft Ireland &rdo; unobumba obekekileyo, okhokelela kumthetho weCLOUD), owesibini onyuswe kwimibuzo nge-outterritaial stal membrial mes ezigcinwe kwelinye ilizwe. Isenzo sokucaciswa kokuthiwa kwazo, okanye ukulawulwa kwayo, nokuba kumiselwe kusini na, sibonelelwa kwiingxelo ezithenjiwe-wonke.

Umthetho welizwe nowasekuhlaleni werejista yemvume yoluntu, njengenkululeko yolwazi Act (FOIA) kunye nombuso wayo olinganayo, unika indlela eyahlukileyo yokufikelela amaxwebhu. Noko ke, le mithetho iqhele ukusetyenziswa ngokwendalo kwaye ayiwugqithi umgaqo-siseko xa umthetho ufuna iingxelo zophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isicelo seFAIA sisenokukhatywa ukuba iirekhodi zikhululwe ekufumaneni (umz., ngokobuqu ulwazi olucacileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho okuzakuthi kuphazamisane nokuphengulula), kwaye iqela elicelayo alinakukwazi ukuvala isiqinisekiso sobuqu ngokufoma isicelo se- “ earcharch. ” Umahluko phakathi kweencwadi zesicelo samakhaya nokufuna umthetho ukubaluleka: ukuphendla iinjongo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingafune ukusetyenziswa phantsi kwemvume yolwaphulo-Accuthestiki.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha imfuneko yemvume ingummiselo, iindidi eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela ukuphengululwa okanye ukuphanjwa kweerekhodi zikawonke-wonke kunye noovimba ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Ukuqonda ezi zimkhethe kubalulekile kumsebenzi womthetho kunye nabaxhasi bobumfiliba.

  • [[FLT: 0] imvume. Ukuba umntu onegunya okanye onegunya elisemthethweni kwiirekhodi unika imvume ngokuzithandela, akukho mqathango ufunekayo. IMALI:[ Imvume mayibe yeyokuzithandela, inganyanzelwa, kwaye umntu kufuneka abe negunya lokwenene okanye elicacileyo lokunika unikezelo. Abameli borhulumente abanakufuna nje ukuvunyelwa njengemeko yomsebenzi okanye ukufikelela kwiinkonzo.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelekileyo. Xa kukho usongelo olukhawulezileyo lotshabalo lobungqina, ukuphunyuka kokrokrelo, okanye ingozi kubantu, abaphathi-mikhosi bangangena baze bakhangele ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Koovimba, oku kungasebenza ukuba kukho ulwazi oluthembekileyo oluzakucinywa iingxelo, zisuswe, okanye zisuswe phambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sifumaneke. Imvume mayibe yenyani kwaye ingaqukunjelwanga ngumphathi.
  • Imfundiso yoluvo olucacileyo. Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo kwaye libona iirekhodi okanye ubungqina kwimboniselo ecacileyo, ezo zinto zingabanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, ukuba indalo ikho ngokucacileyo. Oku kunxaxhi kusebenza kwiirekhodi zokwenyama ezishiywe zivuliwe kwidesika okanye ziyabonakala kwifestile, kodwa azigunyazi iidrowa zokuphendla okanye iifayile.
  • Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa. Xa umntu ebanjwa ngokusemthethweni, abaphathi bangaphendla indawo ngaphakathi kwi-scheme ’ ulawulo olukhawulezileyo (umz., ibhegi okanye ingxowa) ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Lo mahluko ulinganiselwe kubungakanani kwaye awudluliseli koovimba abakude okanye iiseva.
  • imvume epheleleyo-yahlulwayo kunye ne “ uphendlo lwewodwa ” imfundiso. Ukuba umntu wabucala (akasebenzi njengomphathi karhulumente) uphengulula ngokunyanisekileyo kwiingxelo kwaye ngoko ujika ngokuzithandela phezu kobungqina kumthetho onyanzelisayo, uMmiselo weSine jikelele akasebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuba umqeshwa onegunya uyavuma ukuphendla iifayile zemisebenzi, imvume isenokungafunwa. Iinkundla zijonge kwimo epheleleyo yokufumanisa ukuba uphendlo lwabucala luzimele ngenene okanye ukuba urhulumente uyalukhuthaza.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunikezela nokushiya. Izicwangciso ezilahlwa ngabom okanye ezishiywe kwindawo kawonke-wonke (umz., inkunkuma eshiywe kumgoqo) zingakhangelwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kunxaxhi kulinganiselwe; iingxelo ezigcinwe kwindawo yokulahlela etshixiweyo okanye ezigcinwe ngokulindelwa imfihlelo zisenokukhuselwa.

Ezi mpikiswano zikhoyo zithathwa ngokufutshane ziinkundla. Urhulumente unomthwalo wokungqina ukuba into engaqhelekanga iyasebenza. Kwimeko yogcino-lwazi, kuvela iimpikiswano eziqhelekileyo ngokuvumelana kunye nobungakanani beengxelo zesithathu, ingakumbi xa umgcini-zibonelelo karhulumente evuma ukuphanda isiseko sogcino-lwazi esahlukeneyo esiqulethe inkcazelo yobuqu kubantu abaninzi.

Inkqubo Yokufumana Ingxelo Efanelekileyo

Inkqubo yesicelo esigunyazisayo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhangela kusengqiqweni kwaye amalungelo ayimfihlo abantu akhuselwe. Amanyathelo alandelayo:

  1. Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho okungagqibekiyo. kufuneka kuvezwe unobangela ofanelekileyo osekelwe kwizibakala nakwimeko eziya kukhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba iingxelo ziqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Unobangela onokwenzeka ungavela kwiingxelo zobungqina, ubungqina obuphathekayo, ukujonga, okanye uhlalutyo. Umgangatho usezantsi kunobungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kodwa obuphezulu kunokukrokrelela nje.
  2. Ifaka i Affidavit. Igosa eliphandayo lifunga kwi-ffidavit ebhaliweyo ebeka izibakala ezixhasa unobangela olindelekileyo. I-affidavit kufuneka ibenenkcukacha kwaye ichaze ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphengululiweyo, ne ne- nexus phakathi kweerekhodi nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kutheni iirekhodi zinokufunyanwa kwindawo ezakuphendwa. Kuovimba bamanani, i-ffidat kufuneka ithethe ngendalo yeefayile ze-elektroniki, indawo yomncedisi, naziphina iinkqubo zobugcisa ezifunekayo ukuphinda ugcino-lwazi ngaphandle kokuphengulula.
  3. [[NTLT: 0] Impinda yophengululo efuna ukuphengululwa. Umahluleli ozimeleyo okanye umantyi uhlola i-affidavit nawaphi na amaxwebhu axhasayo. Ijaji iqwalasela ukuba ikhona na unobangela nokuba ngaba isiqinisekiso sichaza indawo ezakuphehlwa kwaye izinto ezizakubanjwa ngohlobo olwaneleyo. Isiqinisekiso asimele ukuba ibe yimvume jikelele – ayinakugunyazisa uhambo lokuloba. Imfuneko ethile ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo koovimba: isiqinisekiso kufuneka sazi ukuba sazi iirekhodi ezithile, imiqokozo, okanye izibophelelo, okanye ubuncinane ukuchaza indlela elinganisela uphando olunxulumene nogcino-lwazi.
  4. [[NTLT: 0] I-Inkonzo kunye nempuku. Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela olindelekileyo, isiqinisekiso sikhutshwa. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka siphunyezwe ngexesha elichaziweyo (umzekelo 10 ukuya kwi 14 iintsuku, kuxhomekeke kwigunya) kwaye rhoqo ngexesha lasemini kuphela ngaphandle kokuba inkonzo yasebusuku igunyaziwe. Ngexesha lokubulala, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka banamathele kumda wesiqinisekiso. Bangathatha kuphela iirekhodi ezichaziweyo. Kwimeko yeerekhodi zamanani, bangafuna ukwenza umfanekiso wesi sixhobo sonke somqhubi kwaye kamva baphumele ngaphandle kwenkonzo engeyo yeponsiti yento phantsi kolawulo lwenkundla okanye i-ofisi ekhethekileyo emiselwe ukukhusela ilungelo okanye izinto ezingasetyenziswangalunganga.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Buyisela noluhlu. Emva kokwenziwa, umphathi kufuneka afake ubuyelo nenkundla, adwelise izinto ezibanjiweyo. Uluhlu lwemisebenzi lubalulekile ukuze kubonakale kwaye luvumela amaqela achaphazelekayo ukuba avavanye uphendlo kamva.

Kwingxelo zomgangatho karhulumente, iinkqubo zingahluka kancinci, kodwa umgaqo-siseko wesiseko uyafana. Uninzi lwamazwe lwamkela iimfuno eziqikelelwayo zomthetho wesigqeba ojongene neerekhodi ze-elektroniki, ukudibanisa amalungiselelo avela kwi-SCA okanye imithetho yemfihlo yorhulumente.

Uxanduva lokufikelela nokubonakala

Imfuneko yogunyaziso idala uxinezeleko phakathi kwe-&rsquo kawonke-wonke; inelungelo lokwazi kunye ne-&rsquo elungele ukuzimela. Imithetho yeerekhodi zikawonke-wonke yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukubonakala kwabemi ngokubanzi korhulumente ngokuvumela ukuba bahlole baze bakhuphe amaxwebhu abawafumanayo abameli bakarhulumente. Noko ke, le mithetho ikwaneemfanelo ezikhusela ukuzifihla, ukufihla imfihlo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza. Imfuneko yongeza umaleko owongezelelekileyo kwiimeko apho abanyanzeli bomthetho befuna iingxelo zemisebenzi yophando.

Kubacholacholi-ndaba, abaphandi, nabemi bobuqu, ukuqonda xa imvume ifuneka kunganceda ekucengeni imithombo nasekuqondeni xa isicelo sikarhulumente sisenokuba sithandabuzeka ngokusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ukuba umbutho karhulumente ufuna ukufikelela koovimba bamanani abangakhange bafumane mvume, umgcini-mali unokuba nelungelo lokulandula ngaphandle kokuba umbutho ubonise into engaqhelekanga. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba iingxelo zithe zathi thacala phantsi kwe-FOIA, iqela elicelayo lisenokufuna ukunyanzelela ukubhaliswa, inkqubo eyahlukene ngokupheleleyo nemithetho egunyazisayo.

Amasebe karhulumente agcina iingxelo kufuneka azalisekise iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokuphendula izicelo ezisuka kumthetho. Abameli abaninzi baye bamisela abagcini abaqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela xa imvume ifuneka, xa i-subpoena okanye umyalelo wenkundla wanele. Ukungachazi kakuhle kweengxelo ezikhuselweyo kungakhokelela kwityala lamakhaya, ukumangalelana kwasese, kunye nesenzo solawulo. Iinkqubo zolawulo kufuneka ziqwalasele ingcamango [[FLT: 0] enxulumene nogcino-lwazi oluphezulu [[[FLTL:1] &ndash]; ingcamango yokuba umxuba wengxelo ebonakala ingenaluxanduva, xa iso, ikhutshwa, isenokutyhila imicimbi yabucala i &nadash; kwaye zisebenzise indlela yokucophelela ekuveliseni ii-data ezinkulu.

Inkqubela yakutshanje kwimithetho yezobuqu karhulumente, enjengeKhalifoniya Consumer Ancy Act (CPA) kunye ne-Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA), kunye nemimiselo efanayo kweminye imiqathango, iye yadala iimbopheleleko ezintsha zemikhosi karhulumente eqokelela inkcazelo yobuqu. Le mithetho idla ngokufuna isiqinisekiso okanye umgaqo ofanayo phambi kokuba umthetho ufikelele kwiindidi ezithile zogcino-lwazi, kwanokuba ezo nkcazelo zigcinwe ngurhulumente ngokwakhe.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kubantu Abahlala Kumaqela Oovimba

Oovimba bamaxwebhu kawonke-wonke kunye nogcino-lwazi – kuquka abalayishi, onobhala besixeko, abaphathi- rekhodi, kunye nabalawuli bamaxwebhu – kufuneka bakulungele ukusingatha izicelo zokufikelela. Owona mqheliso ulandelayo ulungileyo unganceda ekusebenziseni imfuneko yogunyaziso:

  • Wazi umthetho osebenzayo. Ziqhelanise nemithetho yerekhodi karhulumente, imimiselo karhulumente enjengeFOIA ne-ECPA, kunye nemithetho yenkundla enxulumene nayo. Gcina itshati yangoku ebonisa uhlobo lwengxelo olufunekayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni (inqanawa, ipena, umyalelo wenkundla, okanye isicelo esilula).
  • cela isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi olunovakalelo. [iirekhodi eziqulathe ulwazi lobuqu okanye oluyimfihlo olungavuleleki kuluntu, gxininisa kwisiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba isicelo sivela kumntu ogcino-lwazi lwakhe lukwimbambano okanye ulusebenzisayo olucacileyo. Xa uthandabuza, jongana nesiluleko somthetho phambi kokuba wenze iirekhodi.
  • Uxwebhu ngalunye lwesicelo. Gcina ingxelo yazo zonke izicelo zokufikelela, nokuba zisuka kumthetho onyanzelisayo okanye kwamanye amaqela, kuquka isiseko esisemthethweni esixhomekeke kwimpendulo. Olu xwebhu lunokuba lubalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ukukhuselwa kweengxaki zokutyhilwa okanye izibhengezo zokwaphulwa kwasese.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sebenzisa ubugcisa ekuphengululeni ngokucuthekileyo. Xa uphumeza isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo seerekhodi zamanani, sebenza kunye neengcali ze-IT ukukhupha kuphela ugcino-lwazi oluchazwe kwisiqinisekiso. Cinga ukusebenzisa amagama okukhangela, izihluzi zomhla, kunye nezinye izilawuli zobugcisa ukunqanda ukukhupha idiski engekho semthethweni okanye izinto ezibalukileyo.
  • Itsheyina lokukhusela ilungelo lokugcina. Kwiingxelo ezithinjwe njengobungqina, ukugcina itsheyina elingqongqo lenkqubo yengozi. Lekisa i-media, gcina ii-logs ezineenkcukacha zalowo ubambe iirekhodi, kwaye zigcine ngokukhuselekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba alunakukwazi ukukhutshwa enkundleni kwaye kunceda ekukhupheni naziphi na iinjongo zokwenza mpazamo.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Abasebenzi abaqeshwayo. Benza uqeqesho rhoqo kwiimfuno ezifanelekileyo, imithetho yangasese, kunye neembopheleleko zendlela yokuziphatha. Qinisekisa ukuba bonke abaqeshwa bayaqonda ukuba abagunyaziswanga ukuvuma ukuphengululwa kwenkonzo ngaphandle kokuba banalo igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokwenza oko.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukubona ngaphaya Kwendlela Nendlela Yokuzifihla: Utyekelo Lwakutshanje

Iminyaka yemivo ishukumisele iinkundla ukuba ziphinde ziphinde zifumane imigaqo yesithethe yeSindululo seSine soLawulo. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla iziqulatho zeselfowuni ebanjiweyo ukuze abanjwe, ukuqaphela ukuba izixhobo zale mihla ziqulethe i “ ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu. ” le ngcamango iye yasetyenziswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi ekubekeni iingxelo, oovimba bezentlalo melo, kwaneencwadi zezemfundo zikarhulumente ezidityanisa ulwazi lobuqu. Utyekelo lujonge kwimeko oluphezulu lokuzibophela, kwanaxa ulwazi luphethwe ngumlungiseleli wecandelo lesithathu okanye umbutho worhulumente.

Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka ukuba urhulumente abonakale ngaphezulu. Imali emnyama, ukuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo zixhotyisile iimfuno zofikelelo lukawonke-wonke kugcino-lwazi olusuka kwiingxelo zoqeqesho lwamagosa ekwalatha inkxaso-mali. Imfuneko yogunyaziso ayithinteli imigudu yokubona ngaphaya kwasemthethweni kuba ezo zicelo zenziwe phantsi kwe-FOIA okanye urhulumente zivuliwe ngokwemithetho ebhaliweyo, hayi ngokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Noko ke, xa iingxelo ezifanayo zifunwa ukwenzela ukugcinwa komthetho, imfuneko yenkxaso eqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente okukhangela awasetyenziswa kakubi.

Imithetho iphendule ngemithetho evumela iimfuno ezifanelekileyo. Iimeko ezininzi zidlulise imithetho efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ugcino-lwazi lwesixhobo sombane kwindawo ekuyo, ukuphendla uqhagamshelwano lwamanani olugcinwe ngamaqela esithathu, okanye ukufumana iirekhodi zabafundi. I-Imeyilemfistal Act (edluliselwe njengenxalenye yeUSA Liberty kodwa engamiswanga ngokupheleleyo njenge memo-screal Act; noko, amazwe amaninzi aye amkela umthetho ofanayo) agunyazisa isiqinisekiso sikarhulumente sokunyanzela abanikezeli bee-imeyili ukutyhila okuqulethwe yi-imeyili endala ngaphezu kweentsuku ezili-180. Intsingiselo icacile: Ukhuseleko lwe-stalution lunokukhutshwa ukuzalisa izikhewulo zokuba uhlazinziso lwesihlanu kuphela olungenayo, ngoko ke, ngokukodwa ngenxa yeengxelo ezibanjwe ngabantu abangengoomatshini boluntu.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezizizo zokufikelela nokuphengulula iirekhodi zoluntu kunye nogcino-lwazi zingundoqo wolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Zikhusela abantu ekungeneleni koburhulumente obuzimeleyo ngeli xesha zivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye namaqumrhu okuhlola okusemthethweni. Iingxelo zerekhodi kufuneka zihlale ziphaphile, ziqonde xa imvume iyimfuneko kwaye xa isetyenziswa. Iingxelo zoluntu kunye noMphengululo weSine weSiphendulo soLawulo lwezenzululwazi, kwaye ukuhlala benolwazi kukuzikhusela okungcono kwiimpazamo ezibiza imali esemthethweni. Ekugqibeleni, imfuneko isebenza ngobungqina bokufumana inyaniso, iqinisekisa ukuba ukufunwa kwengxelo yemali akungeni kumaxabiso angundoqo.