Iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho zamazwe ngamazwe zimi njengentsika zobulungisa bomhlaba wonke, zisebenza ngokumangalela ezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zobugqwirha ezimanyumnyezi, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu. Kodwa la maqumrhu asebenzisa i-trinthnthringngngngngngnggs, akukho nto iqhubekekayo kunomgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini. Owaziwamazwe ngamazwe njengo unamabhisine kwi-ibhizi kwi-sife yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphindiweyo , le mfundiso ibophelele umntu ongenakuzanywa okanye ohlwaywe ngenxa yetyala elinye. Nangona isebenza ngokungqalileyo kwiinkqubo zasekhaya eziphindiweyo neziphikisanayo eziphixakeleleneyo. Eli nqaku lihlola iinguquko-ngozi eziphindiweyo phakathi kweenkundla zezomthetho, iipropati zayo, iimeko ezivavanyanisa imidalo yayo, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo zexesha elizayo.

Ukuqonda Ingcamango Ephindwe Kabini: Ukusuka Kumthetho Wesizwe Ukusa Kwimfundiso Yezizwe Ngezizwe

Ingozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi ebuyela kumthetho wamaRoma kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo, umgaqo uquka ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko [i-debet bis vivat] i-eadem causa, akukho mntu ofanele axhatshazwe kabini ngenxa yomnye unobangela ophezulu. Kwinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho, ifakwe kwimiqathango esemthethweni enjengoMgaqo-siseko weSihlanu kwi-siseko se-United States kunye neSiqendulo 50 se-Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Isiseko se-siseko sifanele sithintele urhulumente ekusebenziseni ulawulo lwawo oluphezulu ukuhlasela abantu ngabanye ngemitshutshiso ephindaphindiweyo, ukugcina ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, nokukhusela isidima sabatyholo.

Kumthetho wehlabathi jikelele wolwaphulo-mthetho, lo mgaqo uhambelana nenyaniso ephikisiweyo. I-International Criminal Tribunal yelizwe elalisakuba yiYugoslavia (ICT), i-International Criminal Court (ICC), kunye neenkundla ezidibeneyo ezifana neNkundla ekhethekileyo yaseSierra Leone (SSL) nganye izama ukumelana nendlela yokuphendula ngokunxulumene nalo khuseleko olungundoqo. Ukusuka kwiinkqubo zesizwe ezipheleleyo ukuya kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe kuzisa imilinganiselo emibini eyahlukeneyo: ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo (phakathi kweenkundla zesizwe nenkundla yezizwe ngezizwe) kunye nomngcipheko othe tyaba (phakathi kweenkundla ezimbini zezizwe okanye ezimbini).

Umgaqo Wokungaphili Kwizixhobo Zehlabathi

Inqaku le-20 le-Rome Sigqeba seNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe Yesigebenga lidibanisa nezikhonkwane ezikwisigebe-mkhethe ngokukhethekileyo kumongo we-ICC. Indinyana 1 ne-2 ziyayithintela i-ICC ekuzameni umntu ngehambo esele ivavanywe yenye inkundla, ngaphandle kokuba iziphumo zokuqala zenziwe ukukhusela ummangalelwa okanye ukungaqhutywanga ngokuzimeleyo okanye ngokungakhethi. Inqaku le-ICTY iyakuvavanywa ngomnye umntu ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Ngokufanayo, iSiphakatho 10 se-ICTTSTIGUMTE, kunye neSigqeqeko 9 se-ITRGUM, nangona iimeko ezingafaniyo ezikhoyo kunye nee-RGenethi.

INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu kunye neNkundla yaMazwe aManyeneyo yamaLungelo abantu inegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwale mfundiso, isebenzisa izikhonkwane kwi-sidem kwiimeko zomhlaba wonke. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwesivumelwano sehlabathi lonke esilawula ingozi ephindwe kabini kuwo onke amagunya olwaphulo-mthetho ehlabathi lonke kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zixhomekeke kwimimiselo yazo nezithethe zezizwe ngezizwe ukusombulula iingxabano.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Kwizigwebo Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukusetyenziswa kwengozi ephindwe kabini kwiinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe kudibana nemiqobo emininzi yokwakha neyokuyila. Le mingeni ivela kubukho obufanayo besizwe, bemimandla, nabezizwe ngezizwe, nganye inezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni neenkcazelo ezihlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuzithethelela Ngokugqithiseleyo Nobungozi Bokutshutshiswa

Xa iinkundla ezininzi zinegunya elifanayo kwicala elifanayo , umzekelo, iICC kunye nenkundla yasekhaya, okanye i-ICC kunye nenkundla edityanisiweyo njenge-Exparant Chamberss jl(ubungozi bokuphinda umvavanyiselwa kwetyala) kwaye bukho ngokwenene. Ityala likaHissène Habréne, owayengumongameli waseChad, libonisa oku. UHabré wavavanywa ngamatyala akwi-Exporapt Afrika eSenegal ngo-2015 ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kunye nokuthuthunjiswa. Ngaba kamva wayenokujamelana netyala phambi kwe-ICICRC ngenxa yehambo efanayo? I-SSTIOM nomthetho wesithethe uphendula ngokuba akunjalo, kodwa ukutolikwako kuxhomekeke ekubeni inkqubela phambili yayinyani yaye ingaba ulwaphulo-mthetho luchaziwe ngo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo

Ubuntsonkothileyo buya bukhula xa izityholo zibekwa ngokwahlukileyo `ubunye ulawulo lokuphelisa uhlanga, olunye lolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu oluvela kuhlobo olunye lweziganeko. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba "ihambo efanayo" okanye "amasuntswana angokwasemthethweni" ayasebenza. ISebe langaphambili le-ICC lixhomekeke ekutolikeni okubanzi kwendlela yokuziphatha "enye" ukunqanda ukwahlulwa kobulungisa.

Imigaqo Engqinelanayo Neengxaki Zayo NeeBhili Kwiintloko

I-ICC isebenza phantsi komgaqo wokuphelelisa: iinkundla zesizwe zinegunya eliphambili, kwaye amanyathelo e-ICC akwimeko nje kuphela xa amazwe engazimiseleyo okanye engakwazi ngokunyanisekileyo ukumangalela. Oku kudala ucelomngeni olubini olukhethekileyo lwengozi. Ukuba urhulumente uqhuba ityala lokuvala ityala lokukhulula umntu orhanelwayo, kwaye kamva i-IC ithatha ityala, ummangalelwa usenokuba umangalelwe sele evavanyiwe. I-Rome Signe ngokucacileyo idilesi 20(3)(a) ivumela ukutshutshiswa ngu-ICCC ukuba injongo yokukhusela umntu oxhalatyo yayiyingxaki yolwaphulo-mthetho." Le nto ithetha ukuba imfuneko yokugweba isenokuthiwe ngelixa lixhasa umoya wokusesikweni [[FLT:].[FLD]

Kodwa kudala ukufumanisa ukuba ukuvavanywa kwakunzima kusini na. Kufuna i-ICC ukuvavanya ukuzimela nokungakhethi buso kwe-jaji yesizwe, `i-a' uphando lwezopolitiko. Iimeko ezifana Proseshorer v. ISaif al-Issam Gaddafi kwi-ICC igxininisa olu xinzelelo. i-Libya yafuna ukumangalela uGadafi-wam, kodwa i-ICC yafumana i-Libya ingakwazi ukuqhuba ityala lokwenyaniso, ngaloo ndlela ivumela i-ICP ukuba iqhubeke nakokuba uphendo lwangaphambi kovavanyo lwangaphambili.

Umahluko Kwinkcazelo Engokwasemthethweni Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Yintoni eyakha "uhlobo lokubulalana" phantsi kwe-ICC Scyte ingahluka kancinci kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe okanye imimiselo yeenkundla ze-hoc. Umzekelo, i-CTY's ilawula ingqondo yohlanga olufuna injongo ekhethekileyo ngendlela etolikwa ngayo i-ICC. Ukuba umntu ukhululwe ngokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga nge-ICTY, kwaye kamva i-ICC ifuna ukuzimangalela "ukuphelisa njengesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu", ngaba loo njongo idla ngokujika kwindlela yokuba ihambo ifana ngokwenene okanye ihambane.

Iinkqubo zomthetho zesizwe zichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwahlukileyo. Ilizwe lingalwabela ulwaphulo-mthetho "lokunyamezela" ngobubanzi obungaphezulu kune-ICC. Oku kungakhokelela kwiimeko apho ingcebiso zasekhaya zisebenza kwilizwe lonke ukuba ihambo yezomthetho iyahluka, nokuba isimilo somthetho sokwahluka. ICIC nezinye inkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zithathe indlela esekelwe kwinyaniso: yiyiphi na imicimbi esisiseko, hayi ileyibhile esemthethweni.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala nemizekelo

Amatyala abonisa ityala elibi phambi kweenkundla zamazwe ngamazwe abonisa indlela eziqhubeka ngayo iingozi eziphindwe kabini.

Slobodan Miloševĭ kwi-ICTT

USlobodan Miloševĭ, owayesakuba ngumongameli we-Serbia neYugoslavia, wamangalelwa yi-ICTY ngo-1999 ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluquka ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene nabantu eKosovo, eCroatia, nase Bosnia. Ityala lakhe laqala ngo- 2002 kodwa alizange ligqitywe; uMloševiâ kwaye wafa ngenxa yesifo sentliziyo ngo-2006 ngaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe isigqibo. Ukufa kwakhe kwacima phantsi kwesigwebo phantsi kweICTYTY, kodwa aliveli tyala laphakamisanga tyala eliphi nakaliswayo. Ukuba iMiloševiP ithe yaphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda ityala. I-CTYUT ibingabulawangasayi kulawulo lwetyala lesizwe sesizwe kodwa igunya lasombululwa kwisigqibo somthetho sangaphambili. I-ICRCURN, ngoko ayikhange isetyenziswe kwisigqibo esipheleleyo somthetho se-2002.[0]

ULaurent Gbagbo kwi-ICC

ULaurent Gbagbo, owayesakuba ngumongameli weCôte d'Ivoire, wathunyelwa kwi-ICC ngo-2011 etyala lolwaphulo-mthetho oluchaphazelekayo kubantu (umrder, ukudlwengula, kunye nentshutshiso) ebudeni bogonyamelo lwasemva kokhetho lowama-202011. Emva kwetyala elide, iCIC Treart IC Court I-Gbagbo ngo-2019, ifumene ubungqina obunganeleyo. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kwaqinisekiswa ngo-2021. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo: iCôte d'Ivoire's i-Ivoire ingabagbo ngenxa yehambo efanayo? Phantsi kweSiphatho sama-20(3) somthetho se-RG. Gbagbo wayenoba "ucilce olw'eye wazanywa ngomnye umgwebo. I-ICICICICIC'i, ngoko ityala lokugqibela somgwebo somthetho sesizwe esithe ngaphaya sesizwe.

UCharles Taylor kwiNkundla Ekhethekileyo YaseSierra Leone

UCharles Taylor, owayesakuba ngumongameli weLiberia, wavavanywa yiNkundla ekhethekileyo yaseSierra Leone (SCL) ngo-2012 ukuze ancede kwaye abangele ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe nolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSierra Leone. Wabanjwa kwaye wagwetywa iminyaka engama-50. Emva kokuba i-SCSL igqibile, uTaylor wazanywa kwenye indawo `````Kule ICCC_''' ngenxa yehambo efanayo?'' ingumthetho we-SCLL' oqulathe [[FL:0] iibhim' kwi-intembe ezikwimigce-ok' [[[[FLTLL:1] ilungiselelo eliphinde lasemthethweni wezizwe ngezizwe, elathi ligwetyelwe ngayo.

Jean-Pierre Bemba noNcedo oluKhethekileyo

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, owayesakuba lisekela lomongameli weDemocratic Republic of the Congo, wavavanywa yi-ICC ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluchasene noluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe olwenziwa kwiRiphabliki yaseMbindi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka-2016, wabanjwa, kodwa ngo-201818 iChembers wawamkhulula ngesizathu sokuba imbopheleleko yakhe njengomphathi-mikhosi ayizange ivunywe. Ingaba i-Central African Republic ngoku inokuba imangalela i-Bemba ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo? Ngaphantsi kweSiqendumiso 20 se-Romeste, hayi. Kodwa, ukuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha obungekhoyo ngexesha le ngxelo ye-ICURCC, obungavumelangabo bungabonziwayo ukuba kumiselwe bungagwetyelwe ngokuchana kwetyala.

Ulwalathiso Neenguqu Ezingokwasemthethweni Zexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukhula, umgaqo we owenziwe uphakamiso olukwiziphakamiso uhlala ungumcimbi wengxoxo yabaphengululi kunye notshintsho lwamaqumrhu. Iindlela ezininzi zijongwa phambili.

Ukuvumelana NeeBis Kwimihlathi Enqamleza Inkundla

Ngokwangoku, inkundla nganye yezizwe ngezizwe okanye yemijuxuzo inelungiselelo layo lomthetho kwingozi ephindwe kabini, kunye nomahluko ongabonakaliyo. Umzekelo, i-ICTYS ivumela ii-paractal zehambo engakhange ifunyaniswe (umz., amacala angagqunywanga yinkolo yangaphambili). I-ICSC Sigte inomahluko omkhulu kwintlanganiso epheleleyo [iiiiintlanganiso ze-FLT:0] ezizibhini kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, mhlawumbi phantsi kweNgqungquthela yeZizwe Eziqhelekileyo, ukunciphisa ukwahlulwa nokunikezelwa kwemiqathango kunye nokunikezelwa okucacileyo kwemithetho yokusebenza okuthe tyaba nokuthe nkqo.

Ucelomngeni Lokufudusa Amanani Nobungqina Obuneemeko Ezintle

Iinkundla zale zizwe ngezizwe zixhomekeke ngokuya zixhomekeka kubungqina bamanani, umxholo wezentlalo-ntle, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezonxibelelwano. Umngcipheko wobungozi obuphindwe kabini ungavela ukuba ubungqina obutsha bubonakala kwiminyaka emva kokugwetywa. Abanye baphikisa imodeli elinganiselweyo ekwiBhunga lemithetho yokuziphatha eyongezelelekileyo yeBhunga laseYurophu kwiNkomfa yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu (Protocol No. 7, Inqaku 4), elivumela ukuvulwa kwakhona ukuba izibakala esitsha okanye esisandul'ukufunyanwa zibonisa ukuphunyukiswa kokusesikweni. Ingqungqungquthela ye-thela ye-Constanties of United States icinge ukuba ithe i-mendementations kwi-Statutialties kodwa ayizange yamkele inte eLustrate, isoyibeka ide ithoba umva.

Ukuqinisa Igunya

Uxinzeleleko phakathi komanyano kunye nomngcipheko ophindiweyo lubonakala lukhula njengoko amazwe amaninzi emkela imithetho yolawulo lwendalo. Amazwe afana ne-Belgium neSpeyin aye amangalela abo babenolawulo olubini ababenokulingwa yi-ICC. Isicwangciso esicacileyo sokugqiba ukuba yeyiphi inyanzelo efunekayo. I-ICC iphuhlise inkqubo "yokugqibelela," ikhuthaza ukutshutshiswa kwesizwe ngelixa kugcinwa ulawulo lwelizwe. Kodwa ukuba ulweyiselo lwesizwe luye lwaphenduliswa ekubhexelweni, ngaba i-ICC inokuba ikho elinye ithuba? Ngaphantsi kwemithetho yangoku, ukuba isiphumo sesiphelo semivalo i-ICRCX, kwakuba iziphumo zisekelwe kwimposiso esenziwe yiprocracG. Iinjongo zicebisa ukuba i-ICCOS ivumel ukuba inyathelo lokugweba ukuba umthetho wesizwe belinye i-"inyani kwintlalo-bulungisa."

Indima Yeziko Leehobe Neziqithi

Ukusekwa kweenkundla eziyimijuxube njengeKosovo Special Chambers, iZiko leMicimbi ePhakamileyo kwiiNkundla zeKhambodiya, kunye neNkundla yamaLungu namaLungelo angokwabantu e-Afrika zongeza imida entsha kwingxaki ephindiweyo. Le nkundla isoloko inegunya elinxulumene neenkundla zesizwe kwaye ngamanye amaxesha igunya eligqithisiweyo kunye ne-ICC. Umzekelo, iNkundla yezobulungisa yaseAfrika izimisele ukuzama ukuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa ulwalamano lwayo ne-ICCC. Ingaba ukugwetywa yinkundla yeNkundla yaseAfrika kuxhomekeke ekubeni iNkundla yaseAfrika ithatyalwe "irusahlulo" ngokwentsingiselo ye-20 yeSigqibo se-Romet.Nqaqo lombuzo ongazange ugqitywe ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Ingozi ephindwe kabini ihlala ililitye lamalungelo afanelekileyo kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho bezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kumhlaba owahlukeneyo womthetho kugcwele ubunzima. Ukusukela kwiMiloševië unobumba ukuya kwiGbagbo i-reverse, inkundla isebenzisa uxinezeleko phakathi kokuphela nokuphendula, ngokufuthi ixhomekeke kwimithetho engekho mthethweni kunye notoliko lwezomthetho. Njengoko uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe luqhubela phambili kwinkqubo elungeleleneyo yokusesikweni, ilungelelanisa imithetho ye-ibhegi ye-imouse [FLT]] izikho ezikhoyo. Izintluphendu ezihambelanayo, nokuba zixhomekeke kwisivumelwano sokulungisa okanye ukucaciswa kwetyala, kufuneka zilungelelanise amalungelo okutyholwayo ngokuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwehlabathi olungundoqo.

" Akukho mntu oza kumangalelwa phambi kwenkundla ngenxa yetyala asele ekhululwe okanye egwetywe ngalo ekugqibeleni yinkundla ethile. — Igqwethwe kwi-ICC Rome Sigmentte, Inqaku 20.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga umbhalo osemthethweni we- Imithetho yeRome, iSimiselo somthetho wemithetho yezemfundo , kunye nohlalutyo lwemfundo [[[FLT:]] nezikho kwi-biem kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wezizwe ngezizwe [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [5] [umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zonke] [umthetho wezizwe kunye noMgaqo-mthetho wenani.] Imilinganiselo eyongezelelekileyo ifumaneka kwiZizwe ezimanyeneyo i-ofisi yeMicimbini yemicimbi yomthetho [[FLT:]].C.''''''''.