Isiseko sasemthethweni Sabezomkhosi

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Kumongo we-fominics, oku kuthetha ukuba ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka kufumane isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuba uhlolo lwekhompyutha, i-cellphone, okanye i-akhawunti yamafu. Isiqinisekiso asiyonto nje eyenzekayo eququlethweyo.=i-'i-'i-'i-'i-procedfolment's's's's's's's's's's's'." Isiqinisekiso asisebenzi nje uvavanyo olugunyazisa amandla olawulo, siqinisekisa ukuba abaphengululi banesiseko esifanelekileyo kwaye ukuphengulula imfuneko kwabo kulinganiselwe.

Imfuneko yemvume ayiphelelanga. Iinkundla ziqaphele umahluko ocacileyo, omxinwa , ofana nemvume, iimeko ezichaphazelekayo, kunye nogunya lokuphengulula umda, kodwa ezi zinxaxhi zitolikwa ngokungqongqo. Kuphando lwamanani, umgca phakathi komsebenzi ovumelekileyo wokungagunyaziswa nokuphengulula okungagunyaziswanga. Iingcali zomthetho, abahloli-majoni, abasebenzi bomthetho, kufuneka baqonde le mida ukunqanda ukucinezelwa kobungqina kunye netyala loluntu.

Unobangela Onokuphunyezwa Nee-nexus Zamanani

Umba onokuthi ukho xa ubuninzi beemeko bungakhokelela umntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo ukuze buphengululwe. Kwizixhobo zamanani, oku kufuna uqhagamshelwano phakathi konogqaliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nesixhobo esithile, ityala, okanye indawo yokugcina idata. Ngokuthe jikelele ukrokrela ukuba umntu unekhompyutha angonele; umenzi we-affidavit kufuneka achaze izibakala ezibo zibotshelelwe kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukrokrexo usebenzise idilesi ethile ye-imeyili ukunxibelelana nabaqhubi, okanye i-loga ibonise ukungangeni ngemvume yokungena kwidilesi yabo ye-IP.

Iinkundla zilindele imvume yokuthetha ngomlinganiso wexesha. Ubungqina bamanani bungadlula, kodwa isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze isakhelo sexesha elifanelekileyo kuphengululo. Isiqinisekiso senyanga ezine esidala esifuna ugcino-lwazi kwisixhobo esisetyenziswayo kuphela ngeveki edluleyo sinokuba singasebenzi ngenxa yokungabi nasizathu esinokwenzeka. Abangenisi-mali kufuneka baquke ezi nkcukacha zikhoyo, ukuqinisekisa unobangela olindelekileyo ngexesha lokukhupha isiqinisekiso.

Intsingiselo: Ukuchaza Into Nendawo

Imfuneko yoMphetho-mda wesine igunyazisa ukuba imvume ichaze ngokungqalileyo izinto ezimele ziphathwe nendawo emaziphendwe kuyo. Uphengululo lwamanani, oku kulucelomngeni ngokukodwa kuba ikhompyutha okanye amafu aqulathe izigidi zeefayile, ezinye zazo zingaba zingenamsebenzi. Isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengulula "isixhobo esinento encinane" yogcino-lwazi olukwisixhobo sisenokuvalwa njengesiqinisekiso jikelele, esikhumbuza ngezixhobo zoncedo ze-makoloni.

Ukwanelisa iprotocol, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka kuchazwe iindidi zogcino-lwazi olufunwayo . umzekelo, ii email phakathi kwemihla ethile equlathe amagama ayintloko athile, okanye iifayile ezinolwandiso oluthile olunxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba isiqinisekiso se- forenic image yesixhobo sonke, uphengululo olulandelayo kufuneka luqhutywe usebenzisa imithetho elandelwayo emisela uhlolo kubungqina obukwindawo yesiqinisekiso. Abameli abaninzi basebenzisa inkqubo yesibini: okokuqala, ukwenza umfanekiso we- forensic yesixhobo esipheleleyo; okwesibini, sebenzisa uphendlo okanye unomfako ukukhupha idata ekwaziyo ukulwamkelelwa. Isiqinisekiso nesicwangciso sokubulala kufuneka zichazwe zombini kwimgwebo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha umthetho ongagqibekanga uthetha ukuba uhlalutyo lwamanani lwefontensic lufuna isiqinisekiso, iindibaniselwano ezininzi ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqhubeke ngaphandle komnye. Ezi zinxaxhi zicaciswe ngokungqongqo, kwaye urhulumente uthwele umthwalo wokungqina ukusebenziseka kwazo. Kwimeko zamanani, umahluko ngamnye uthwala imigibe eyahlukileyo.

Umququzeleli

Ukuvunywa kuyinto eqheleke kakhulu. Ukuba umntu onegunya elikhoyo okanye elicacileyo kwisixhobo uyavuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Kwiikhompyutha okanye ii-akhawunti zamalungu ahlukeneyo, nawuphi na umntu ohlala kunye nonegunya elinye angavuma. Noko ke, ukuba umsebenzisi ongavunyelwanga ukhona kwaye izinto, imvume ingangasebenzi. Ii-Pintegiongration kufuneka zifumane umbhalo, zityikitye naninina kunokwenzeka kwaye zazise umntu wamalungelo awo ukula. Ukuvaleka akunakunyanzelwa, kwaye umthwalo uhlala kwimo ukubonisa amandla ombane. Kummandla wamanani, kwakhona imvume isenokungacaca. Ngoko umzekelo, inkqubo yenkampani echaza ukuba izixhobo zilawulwa ngaliphi na ixesha.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko ezicacileyo zivela xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela utshabalaliso lobungqina, ukuphepha ukukrokra, okanye ukwenzakala kwabanye. Kwiimeko zamanani, ulungiso oluqhelekileyo lubungozi lokuba ugcino-lwazi lungacinywa okanye lungafihliwa. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi ubona ukrokrelo lufikelela kwimfonomfono ngexa esazi ukuba isixhobo sinokucinywa ngomyalelo omnye, ukupheliswa okungenasiqinisekiso kolu cingo kufanelekile. Noko ke, urhulumente kufuneka abonise isiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba usongelo lukufuphi. Iinkundla ziyathandabuza ukuba zonke iifowuni zinokucinywa; izibakalazo ezithe ngqo njengoko intelekelelo yobugcisa ezaziwayo okanye imiyalezo yakutshanje ithetha ukucinywa ngokutsha.

Imbono Ecacileyo Nephulo Lomda

Imbono ecacileyo ivumela abaphathi ukuba bafumane ubungqina obuthi ngokukhawuleza bubonakale njenge tranki okanye bungangeni matyala ukuba zikho ngokusemthethweni. Kuphengululo lwamanani, oku kusebenza kakhulu xa umphathi efumana ngokusemthethweni isixhobo (umz., ngemvume okanye ngesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo) kwaye babone umfanekiso okanye ifayile enxulumene ngokucacileyo nolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, imboniselo ecacileyo ayigunyazi igosa ukuba livule iifayile okanye iincwadi ezingabonakali lula; nakuphi ukukhangela okubhekele phaya kufuneka kuxhaswe yisizathu esizimeleyo.

Igunya lokukhangela umda lomnye umahluko obalulekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele ekubeni ukuphengulula okuqhelekileyo kwabantu kunye nempahla enqumla umda wase-U.S. akufuni siqinisekiso okanye isizathu esifanelekileyo. Oku kusebenza kwizixhobo zamanani kanye. ICFOM and Bord Legate Devition (CBP) kunye ne-Immigration and Custom Enforcementmentment (IE) (ICE) ingahlola ii-laplyphoals, iimfol, kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki ezisemanxwemeni okungenayo ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, kukho imida: [[FLT: 0] kumthetho wokwenziswano.[olsusz'.[FLTM] [FLT:] [208])) uphengululo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nokukrola okuthelelwa kokuthiweyo, kufuneka kurhatyelelwa ukuba kufune ukukrokrala izithekiso, ii-Xhobo zobu-ortmentans"

Izigqibo Ezibalaseleyo ZeNkundla

INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithethe ngqo ngokuphandwa kwamanani nokuphazanyiswa kwemiqathango emininzi echaza indlela ezifumaneka ngayo iimfuno zenziwe ngayo. Ezi zigqibo zidibanisa imigaqo yesithethe yeSine soLawulo noluvo lwangoku lwezixhobo zobugcisa njengendawo yokufumana inkcazelo yobuqu eninzi.

EKhalifoniya (2014)

. Liley v., iNkundla yavumelana ukuba iJaji ibhale ukuba icell phone imele ifumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuphendla iziphumo zekhompyutha ebanjiweyo ukuze ibanjwe. Isigqibo sala impikiswano yokuba ii-cell phone zibophelele kwinto efunyanwa ekroliweyo, njengepakeji okanye incwadi yedilesi. IJaji enkulu i-Jaji yeSigqeba ibhala ukuba icell phone ibambe "ingxelo yolwimi lwamanani yazo zonke iinkalo lobomi [bonke] . [ukusuka kwizinto eziqhelekileyo] ukuya ekusondeleni. Isigqibo esigxininisa ukuba ukuphendla okungenasiqinisekiso kuya kunika ulawulo olungaphezulu kakhulu kulwazi oluphathekayo. Ngoku sifuna ukuphendla lwento ekhoyo ukuze ikhuselwe ukukhusela igosa-odolokhwe ekhuselekileyo kwaye ingasebenzi kulwazini ngenxa yokuba kusetyenziswe, kwaye sisetyenziswe nasiphi nasiphi nasiphi na isixhobo socingo socingo. Isigqibo sisetyenziswa sisetyenziswa ngoncedo sefowuni.

Umqhubi m. United States (208)

. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso se-Quert Act sokufumana unikezelo lukarhulumente kulwazi lwendawo yeseli-embali (CSLI) egcinwe ngabathwali bezixhobo ezinezingcingo. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso /alulo nje inkundla phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wogcino-nxibelelwano weNdlelano-Msebenzi we-(ukufumana imihla engu-112 ye-CSLI yokuphanda yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqiqaqashela ngokupha ngemvelaphi ye-seli. Ingqiqo iguqulelwe kwi "imfundiso yesithathu-catimenti," ngokwesithethe igcina ulwazi lwabelane neqela lesithathu (njengebhanki okanye inkampani yemfono) iphulukana ukhuseleko lwesine sokhuseleko. Inkundla yeNkuphetho lwendlela yezonkalo-o yenkcelo yendlela, xa ithezakhefuza, kodwa ikhupha ezinye iindlela ezintsha ze-endo ze-endo ze-Ap, xa izama i-ondo-ondondo-

Ezinye Izigqibo Ezibalulekileyo

Amatyala awongezelelekileyo acacisa iinkalo ezithile zemithetho yamanani. Florida v. Jardines (2013), iNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba ukusebenzisa i-applican-snifish inja engaphambili yomnyango wendlu kukukhangela okufunekayo nokwenzeka `````umgaqo osetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-digitation'. [[FLT: 2]] United States v. Jones, iNkugqiba kwelokuba ukufaka iGPS kwisithuthi semoto kukwenza uphendlo lwezimendo oluphantsi kwe-GPS ibe ngumsebenzi owesine, uqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba ukungenelwa kwezinto zobuqu akufuneki kwiprojelo lokhuseleko. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zandiswa ukuphendla iingxelo ze-data, i-mediotence, i-mediactive transtences transportant [F]

Isicelo kwiNkcazo yoBuxhakaxhaka

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, amava amatsha aphikisa isiseko sesiseko sesithethe. Ilifu libangela imibuzo malunga nolawulo, ugcino-lwazi lwesithathu nemilinganiselo yokunyanzeleka kukarhulumente.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Yelifu

Xa umsebenzisi egcina idata ekwilifu (_i-Roogle system, i-I-IClaud, okanye ibhokisi Yokurhoxa) bebeka ulwazi lwabo kwilungu lesithathu. Imfundiso yesithethe yenxalenye yesithathu ithi xa unikezele ngesakhono idata kwenye into ekhoyo, ulahlekelwa yiSiphengululo sesine sokhuseleko. Noko ke, [FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] [iphawu lokukhulula] kwimfundiso ethile yemibambo ethile etyhila iinkcukacha ezinzulu. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zicalulwe ngokwazo enoba ugcino lwamafu luyindawo ekwiselini ekhoyo kusini na, kwaye zisebenzisa i-password lesithathu kwingxelo ye-ekhompyutha ekhoyo ye-data ekhuselekileyo, kwaye zifuna unikezelo lwemvume phantsi komthetho onyanze phantsi komthetho womthetho womthetho ogunyazwe. Umthetho othenjiweyo uya kuxhomekeka kumthetho ofunekayo ngenxa yelizo olugunyaza kulawulo lwendlela yelishwa.

Ukuguqulela kunye noMthetho

Ukubhala ngokufihlakeleyo kunika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo: kwanangomthetho ogunyazisiweyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokungakwazi ukufikelela kwi-data efihliweyo. Maxa wambi urhulumente uye wafuna ukunyanzela ukurhanela ukuba kuvulwe izixhobo zokulungela ukusebenzisa i-biometrics (umz., umnwe womnwe okanye ubuso besiqalo) okanye ukunikezela ingcambu) okanye ukunikezela amagama-magama ayimfihlo. Ukhuseleko lwesihlanu lokuzilungisa lusenokusebenzisa kumagama ayimfihlo, kodwa iinkundla ziye zathi ukukhupha i-oklicet ayingqiniseki kuba ayisebenzi, ayichazichazi. [[FLT: 0] Kunye: Izicelo zokukhangela [[FLT:] [FLT] [1] [20], (208], umgwebi womthetho wolawulo oluphezulu ogunyazi phantsi kwemigaqo-mthetho egunyazileyo, yaye i-onke i-octivetivel-ography (e) azina ngokomthetho othe phantsi kwemithetho egunyaza egunyazinziswayo, i-odwa, i-onele phantsi kwemithetho

I - Internet Nezixhobo Ezisemgangathweni

Amacebo asekhaya akrelekrele, anxibekayo, kunye nenkqubo zezithuthi zivelisa ubutyebi bedata − iireyibhusayithi, ii-metrics zezempilo, ii-awunsi zendawo. Ezi zisoloko zigqunywe ngemfuneko enye njengemfono-mfono-mfono kunye neekhompyutha. Kodwa umthamo ophezulu kunye nohlobo oluqhubekayo lwe-data eqokeleliweyo ingandisa ubuchule bukarhulumente bokwenza uphando ngaphandle kwemiqathango ukuba ngaba abakhi bezixhobo. Imigaqo ye- Carpeent ingasebenza kwi-data esuntswhini ebhaliweyo ukusuka kwimizwano ye-IoT. Izihloli-mfono.

Izenzo ezilunge ngakumbi zokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabahloli

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina bemivo obuqokelelwe ngohlalutyo lwe-odoli bungamkeleki enkundleni, amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho kunye neebhereji zobungcali kufuneka alandele ezi ndlela zilungileyo:

  • Lungisa isiqinisekiso phambi kwanayiphina intvavanyo yento yesixhobo, ngaphandle kokuba umahluko ocacileyo uyasebenza. Uxhomekeko kwimvume okanye ubuchule bufuna uxwebhu olunenkathalo kwaye kufuneka lungakhutshiwe phantsi kweposi-[ I-Riley kunye neposi- iimigangatho ze- Carpeter.
  • Izambuku ze-Draft ezifuna intelekiso. quka inkcazelo yesixhobo, ii-akhawunti, uhlobo logcino-lwazi olufunwayo, kunye nolwexesha. Kuphephe ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwe-ibraiperplate; i-affidavit kufuneka ibonise unxulumano olukhethekileyo phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nobungqina bamanani obufunwayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ufako lobundlobongela lwemithetho elandelwayo yokukhangela enciphisa uhlolo lwe data engahambelaniyo. Sebenzisa iiseti zefayile ezaziwayo ezingekho mthethweni, zisebenzisa uphendlo olungundoqo logcino-lwazi olugqithisiweyo kubungakanani bogunyaziso, kwaye ziqulunqa ilungelo okanye izinto ezifihlakeleyo.
  • [[NTLALA: 0] Gcina itsheyina elineenkcukacha lelungelo lokugcina ukusuka kwixesha isixhobo sibanjiwe okanye ugcino-lwazi lufunyenwe. Uxwebhu lonke ufikelelo, ukudlulisa, kunye nenyathelo lohlalutyo. Izixhobo zamanani ze-fontensic zisoloko zivelisa ii-log zokuphicotha ezifanele zigcinwe.
  • Iqeqesha bonke abasebenzi kwiimfuno zangoku zoMgqino-gobo wesine, kuquka ifuthe le Riley kunye Umbindi . Iimpo ezikhokelela ekucinezeleni ubungqina zingaphazamisa ingxwabangxwa ze zimeme iisuti phantsi ko-42 U.S.C.
  • Hlala usazisiwe ngemiba yomthetho karhulumente. Amanye amazwana anika ukhuseleko lwemfihlo oluninzi kune-U.S. umGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuba isixhobo sombane siphengulule isiganeko sokufumana ukubamba nokuba umkrokreni akakho phantsi kolawulo lwenkundla yenkundla. Urhulumente ugocagocagoshe abanyameli kufuneka bavumelane nemithetho kunye nomthetho wetyala.

Abahloli-lwazi be-forensic kufuneka basebenzisane nabatshutshisi ngexesha logunyaziso lokulungisa. Abatshutshisi banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-affidavit idibana nomgangatho wesizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye umlinganiselo wesiqinisekiso awudluli oko imvume izakugunyaziswa yimaji engondilele. Uvavanyo lwasemva, urhulumente kufuneka avelise ukufunyanwa kokhuseleko, kuquka isiqinisekiso, i-affidavit, kunye nesixhobo sokulinganisa naluphi na ugcino-lwazi oluthinjwe ngaphandle komda wesiqinisekiso. Ulwakhiwo olucacileyo lwentelelo olucacileyo lunika ukholo kwaye lunciphise umngcipheko.

Isiphelo

Izimfuneko ezinxityelelanisiweyo zohlalutyo lwezixhobo kunye nogcino-lwazi azizizo izithintelo ezimileyo; zikhusela ngokomgaqo-siseko ezikhusela ukuzimela kwabantu ngabanye ngexa usenza kusebenze ukusebenza komthetho. ISindululo sesine, njengoko sichazwe kwi Riley[, , [Isibagqeba] [[[FLT]]], [isigqumathelo se-anter [[FLT], , kunye nezinye izimiselo, zifuna ukuba umthetho ukulungelelathiso olusemthethweni phambi kokungena koomatshini abaninzi abagcinwe kwizixhobo zolwazi. Iingxelo zobuqu ezigcinweyo. Kodwa zikho kwaye zithe qhotyo kwaye zikhuselwe ngokufanelekileyo. Njengoko inkqubo yobugcisa iqhubeke i-ocomptic projective, ukukhusela okufanelekileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuphicosa imigaqo-oth-oth-ogromes, iyayidiestivey, ilungele lemithetho, imigaqo elungele