Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nokuLahla

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengoxwebhu oluphilayo oluchaza ulungiselelo lukarhulumente nokhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngalawo achazwe ngokucacileyo kumbhalo, ingakumbi kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwaye kamva kulungiswa, ngoxa inkululeko yabemi ingumkhuseli obanzi nxamnye norhulumente othe iinkundla zathi zahlulwa ngumGaqo-siseko. Ukungaqondani ngezi ntlekelelo zisasazeke, zikhuthazwe yintetho yezopolitiko, isandi, kunye nemfundo engaphelelanga. Eli nqaku lahlula iintsomi ezizi nezibakala ezicacileyo, linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo ngoko umGaqo-siseko uthi ngokwenene uthetha ukuba ityala lithetha ntoni.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akangomGaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba amalungelo amele alungelelaniswe kwiimfuno zorhulumente ezisemthethweni, njengokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lobuzwe, namalungelo abanye. ULawulo Lokuqala Alukukhuseli ukunyeliswa, iingozi zokwenyaniso, okanye ukuphembelela ukuthatha inyathelo elisondeleyo lokungathobeli mthetho. UMthetho wesibini wokuHlaziyinisa, njengoko uchazwe kwi kwi-Gazelo . Heller[FLT][200LT] [2001], ukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuphatha izixhobo kodwa uvumela imimiselo esengqiqweni njengeehlolo lwezi mbombo nemithetho esemva. Ukuqonda le midabango.

Umthombo Wenkululeko Yabemi

Inkululeko yabemi ivela kumGaqo-siseko, kwiMigaqo-siseko karhulumente, nakwimimiselo karhulumente. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1791, ekuqaleni yasetyenziswa kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe lonke. Ngolawulo lwe-14neth Amendmenṯ i-Screate Process Claus, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe yaquka uninzi lwezikhuseli zamalungelo ekwalamaneni kumazwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekile likhuselwa kuwo omabini amagunya noorhulumente, kwaye okufanayo kusebenza ekulaleni ekucebiseni, ekukhuselweni, ekukhuselweni, nakwenye inkululeko engundoqo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yokuthetha [ – Ikhuselwe kurhulumente orhwaphilisiweyo, kodwa ubunyala, amanyala abantwana, kunye norhwebi alunanto igqunywa.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Icala elilungileyo – iquka ilungelo kwiqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethiyo, imicimbi kawonke-wonke, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko (Uhlaziyo lwesithathu).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ilungelo lokubeka imfihlo - Hayi ngokucacileyo kodwa kuchazwe ukusuka kweyokuqala, eyesine, eyesihlanu, eyeNwenu, neyeshumi elinesine Izihlaziyo, yokugquma, umtshato, kunye ne-console yezamayeza (]Griswrick v.Connecticut, 1965; ]Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015]
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo oluchasene nozinyo luluvo – IsiHlomelo sesihlanu sithintela urhulumente ukuba angakunyanzeli ukuba unikezele kuwe kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iingcamango Eziqhelekileyo Ngokukhululwa Kwabemi Nezibakala Ezibabhencayo

Ukungaqondani kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kusasazekile. Ngeli ngezantsi kukho iingcamango ezine eziqhelekileyo ezilandelwa zizinto eziyinyaniso zomthetho. Intsomi nganye ineziphumo zokwenene xa abemi bengaluqondi ukhuseleko lwabo.

Intsomi 1: UmGaqo-siseko Uqinisekisa Inkululeko Yokuthetha Ngokupheleleyo

[[NT.821] Isigqibo: ISinyuso Sokuqala sithi iNgqungquthela ayiyi kwenza mthetho i-Outhority i-'#820]; ibeka izityholo zenkululeko yokuthetha, i̵ kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqashelwe iindidi zokuthetha ezingafumani khuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo ( Brandenburg v.O[[FLT]]], 1969]), izisongelo zokwenyaniso, amagama, ukudubulana, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, ukuthoba, kunye nokungathethiswa kwabantwana. Urhulumente angakulawula intetho kawonke efana neziko lomkhosi, izikolo, kunye nenkundla. Iiplatifomu ezifana ne-Twitempli azikho phakathi kobuGenegalelo Lokuqala/12; oorhulumente bakhothothothothonga.

Intsomi 2: Ukukhululeka Kwabemi Kusetyenziswa Kubemi Kuphela

I-Fact: IBhili yamaLungelo isebenzisa igama elithi ̴ abantu ” okanye ̵ i” i-̴ i-̴ i-̴ i-Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ukuba ingeyo-mali ekhoyo eUnited States inelungelo lokukhusela umgaqo-siseko wesiseko. ISinyuso seSine seSinyuso ’ ikhusela ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweleyo nabani na phakathi kwe U.S. Imida. Isinyulo somkelo sesihlanu & &817; i-udwelist Clausscle bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yokufuduka. Isigqeshosho se-odmist. Isigqesho siqinisekisa nabani nabani nabani omangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho.

Intsomi 3: Urhulumente Unokuwachasa Amalungelo Ngexesha Lokwenza Izinto Ngoncedo

FULATY]. Ngexesha elivakalisiweyo longxamiseko oludaliweyo "noba ziintlekele zendalo, iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke, okanye izisongelo zokhuseleko] urhulumente kufuneka ayihlonele imida yezomGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabetha imilinganiselo kaxakeka eyahamba kade kakhulu, efana noMongameli Truman ̱ ukuxhatshazwa kwezinyiso zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yekole ([[FLT]2]] ulutsha olusemgangathweni we-mgaqweni we-mpu, u-ntelo, uSawyer[FLT], 1952). Urhulumente akakwazi ukuvala ii-coas ngaphandle kokuba kufunwa okanye ukuhlasela okungagqibele oko, ngejelo ngalinye, ngethuba lokujikeleza kwe-COVDID, i-offral, iimiyalelo ezithenjiweyo, kunye neemigangatho ze-oggroput, ezinye ii-ogggnomenti ezithe ziphantsi zikarhulumente ezi

Intsomi 4: Onke Amalungelo Akhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

FUTHI: Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awalingani onke kumgangatho wokhuseleko lomthetho. Iinkundla zisebenzisa ithala elahlukeneyo lokuhlola kuxhomekeka ekunene nasekulinganiseni okusetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Intetho ekhululekileyo, inkululeko yonqulo, nelungelo lokuvota ukwamkela i-̴ uphando lwezomGaqo-siseko, i̵ intsingiselo karhulumente kufuneka angqine inzala enyanzelekileyo nokulungisa okumxinzeleleneyo. Imimiselo yezoqoqosho kunye namalungelo amaninzi empahla afumana isiseko sokwamkeleka ku-„ ukubukela okubalulekileyo kurhulumente. Imiqathango yezo yobuhlanga iya kuqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo; ukulinganiswa kwemilinganiselo ephakathi kwe-e-compustbons. Ukuqonda la mithetho inceda ukuba ivavanyeke njani amalungelo engomthetho.

Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Embali: IBhili Yamalungelo Nenjongo Yawo Ehlala Ikho

I-Ratimen yamiswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, iBhili yamaLungelo yayiyintsabelo engqalileyo kwiAnti-Federalist inkxalabo yokuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha wawungenazo izikhuseli ezicacileyo zenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. UJames Madison wangaphambili wacebisa ukuba kulungiswe ishumi elinesibini; ishumi lenza ulwahlulo lwamazwe. Zokuqala ezimbini . "ukuqulunqwa kombutho kunye nokuhlawulwa kwamaqumrhu okuqulunqwenga). / "Ayamkelwa" yaye ayizange ifumaneke de kube ngu-192 njengendawo yokuHlayitisela phambili. IBhili yamaLungelo yamalungelo esiNgesi ka169, iingqwele ezingo zoMjikelezo ezifana noJohn Locke neMontesquieult, kunye nee-Collinist ̱ amava ephantsi komthetho waseBritane, yaye iquka ii-operal, i-25 yamajoni, kunye nemiqathashoshoshoshosholo.

IBhili yamaLungelo yayingenzelwanga ukunika amalungelo kodwa ukuvuma amalungelo emvelo akhoyo ngaphambili kunye nokumisela amandla karhulumente. IsiHlanzi se-Ninth sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile aluyi kunikwa i-#820;denayi okanye ukuhlulwa kwabanye abagcinwe ngabantu. i-” olu xwebhu luye lwasetyenziswa ukukhusela amalungelo angenazikhundla afana ne-emfihlo kunye ne-ogractation. Ugcino lweSinyuso seshumi leSinyuso kumazwe okanye kuwo onke amandla anganikwanganikwanga gunya likarhulumente orhulumente orhulumente orhulumente, /a umgaqo ongundoqo ongundoqo oqhubekeka ukubumba impikiswano kulawulo lwemipu, ukulawulwa kwempilo, kunye nemfundo.

IziHlanziso Eziyintloko: Oko Akukhuselayo Ngokwenene

Ngeli xesha iBhili yamaLungelo isekelwe kwisiseko, utshintsho oluninzi lunentsingiselo ekhethekileyo ekulungiseni inkululeko yabemi bale mihla. Nantsi ingqwalasela ngokusondeleyo kwilungiselelo ngalinye elikhulu elinetyala elinxulumeneyo nomthetho kunye neempikiswano zanamhlanje.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Intetho, Unqulo, Uhlaziyo, Indibano Nesibongozo

UHlaliso Lokuqala lubizwa ngokuba yi “ inkululeko yokuqala ̵ kuba abaQaphi bayigqala njengeyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi yokuzilawula. Iyayithintela iBhunga (kwaye ngokudibanisa, amatyala) ukuseka unqulo okanye ukunqanda ukuqhelisela kwalo ngokukhululekileyo, ukusukela ekuthetheni okanye ekucinezeleni inkululeko, nasekuthinteleni indibano kunye nokucela urhulumente ngoxolo.

  • Inkululeko yokuzilolonga u-Claus: Urhulumente akanakujolisa kwiinkolelo zonqulo, kodwa imithetho yobundilele jikelele yokungaxhomekeki isenokuthwalisa umthwalo woqheliselo lonqulo (] olunento efunekayo yokwahlula-hlula-hlula v. Smith[, 1990). Iingqungquthela zaphendula ngomthetho weReligious Freedom Reconsole (RFRA) kumthetho worhulumente, kwaye amazwe amaninzi aneenguqulelo zawo.
  • [[NTL:0] Intetho Ekhululekileyo: ikhusela intetho yezopolitiko embindini, kodwa ikwagquma indlela yobugcisa, intetho yentengiso (ngaphandle kokhuseleko), kwaye kwanentetho yentiyo (ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaza ugonyamelo okanye ibangela ukukhathazwa).
  • Izahlulo:[ Umatshini wokushicilela asilolungiselelo elisemthethweni phantsi komGaqo-siseko kodwa ufumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo njengabantu ngabanye. Imithetho yokukhusela iintatheli ’ imithombo iyahluka ngokwemeko.
  • Imali: Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zakhe kuquka ukumangalelana, ukubhenela, nokuqhatha.

UMthetho Wesine: Ukufuna Nokuzimela

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela i “ ilungelo labantu ukuba bakhuseleke kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, ngokuchasene nokuphendla okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. i ̵ iiWarants kufuneka zixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye zichaze indawo yokukhangelwa kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Iindawo ezingundoqo ziquka: imboniselo ecacileyo, ukuvuma, ukuphendla, iziganeko ezikhoyo, ukukhangela iziganeko zokubanjwa, kunye nezo zihamba ngemoto. [[FLT: 0]] Katz v. United States[FLT: [12] [1967], iNkuquluko lumisele i 𔁤 uvavanyo olucacileyo lolwazi lwendawo yobuqu, olulawula iimeko olufana ne-GPPS, indawo yocingo, kunye nobungqina bolwazi lwe-data. [FTB]

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siqulethe izikhuselo ezininzi ezingundoqo: ilungelo lokufumana ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala kumatyala amakhulu karhulumente; ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini; ilungelo elichasene nolwahlulo olubini (ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba yi-#8220; ukubongoza i-Fread̵); ilungelo lenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho; kunye nokuthatha u-Celauskas efuna intlawulo kuphela xa impahla yangasese ithatyathwelwa ukusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke. I-uqulumo lolwamkelo lomlomo lusebenza ukuqinisekisa ubungqina, hayi isampula engokoqobo njengegazi okanye iminwe. IMiranda ([FL:] Mirda]. v [FLT]], 1966) yimfuneko efunekayo ekhutshwayo ekuphelweni kolu ludwe lwazomthetho, ekwanekwanelwayo phambi kokuncinwa.

IsiHlanziso Sesithandathu: Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Etyala

IsiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa umntu otyholwayo ukuba unelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala elikhawulezayo nelingokwabantu bonke, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethiyo kwisithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke khona, ilungelo lokuziswa ngesityholo, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokucebisana nasemthethweni. Ilungelo lokululeka lisebenza kuzo zonke iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphumela ekuvalelweni, kuquka iimpazamo. Ukuncedwa okusebenzayo kwesiluleko kuyafuneka, njengoko kuqinisekisiwe kwi-[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright [[[FLD:1] [1963], okuthetha ukuba kufuneka kunikeze amagqwetha etyala kwiimeko ezingongoma.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISinyuso seNkqutyana sesibhozo sikwalela ukugqithisa kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa okugqithisileyo, kunye nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Inkundla ihlile imilinganiselo esesikweni ikhokela ukutolika kwayo. Inkundla iye yavala isigwebo sokufa kubantu abakhubazekileyo ( Attins v. Virginia[, 2002) kunye nabasebenzi abancinane ( Rhopers[[FLT] v.[FLT]] [FLT], 2005],. Kutshanje, iNkukholelwa ukuba ubomi obupheleleyo ngaphandle kwemiqathangobuncinci bungangeniselwangangento ([FLT:]] Milver [FFFFL:], 2012], i-exptionssions, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela zentolongo, kunye nokusetyenziswa konyango.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokukhulula Abahlali

Le nkulungwane yama-21 iye yavelisa ucelomngeni olungazange lubonwe oluvavanya imiqathango yokhuseleko lwesithethe somGaqo-siseko. Ubugcisa, ubugrogrisi, nokutshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo yentlalo enyanzelisa iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ukuvumela iimfundiso ezindala zivumelane nezinto ezintsha.

Amanani obuqu kunye nobuninzi bukarhulumente

Ukudubuleka kwenkcazelo yamanani .(emails, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, imbali yendawo, i-biometrics , iguqule ummandla wezobucala. ISine Amendment’ i-#8220; imfundiso yesithathu-partimenti i̵ (ukungaphindwa kwaziswa okunikelwa kwabanye ngokuzithandela akusekho ngasese) kuye kwakhutshwa zizigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. [[FLT:]] ICURLEY[F][FLT][FLT] [20] [iiiiiiindawo yokhuseleko] [iindlela] [iiprojekthi yokhuseleko] (iiNkunye inkundla ye-Geneyi-Geneyivi, ngoko kusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente ezithene (irsethi TSFT]) kunye ne-ATSTIOLT , i-A i-AUTPPS, eqokelelethene, eqokelel e-A

Ukuthetha Kakhululekileyo Kwixesha Eliqhelekileyo

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle athe aba liqonga likawonke-wonke langoku, ukanti ziinkampani ezizimeleyo ezineziGqeba zeNkonzo ezinokuthi zithintele ukuthetha ngaphaya koko kuvunyelwa ngumGaqo-siseko. ULawulo Lokuqala aluzimisi iinkampani zabucala, kodwa kukho impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuba amaqonga afana noFacebook kunye noTuttertha afanele athathwe njengabadlali besizwe xa besebenzisa ulawulo lomhleli. Icandelo 230 leeNkqutyana zoNxibeko-Mthetho lweziNcedo oluKhuthayo lungangeni imigangatho enokuba netyala yomsebenzisi, kodwa lukwagxekwa ngokubangela ukuba izinto eziyingozi nezinokukhusela kakhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-Rhulumente [FT:] Pitalton v. (2017]) i-mediographiaw) ikholelwa ukuba amajelo oluntu amele ahlale kwintetho yezomthetho, aculo-mthetho owezomthetho owehlayo ekwayo ekwayaluwalukileyo ekwayo ekwayo inqaka.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Inkululeko yamakhaya idibana ngokunzulu nokusesikweni kobuhlanga. IsiHlaliso sesine soMphetho-mvandedwa ’ ukhuseleko ekuxhatshazweni kwesifo esingathethekiyo luye lwancinwa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa (Graham v. Connor[, 1989). ULawulo lweSithandathu lokuLandlisa kulungile ukucebisa luthotyelwe phantsi zinkqubo zokuzikhusela zikawonke wonke ezifunekayo kumaphondo amaninzi. Uphando oluzimeleyo oluzimeleyo, kunye noluvingconyo lweminye imigaqo ethile ye-mali luye lwabethwa ngokugqithisileyo.

Ingxelo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe ephikisanayo namalungelo

I-Profta-9/11 iinkqubo ezifana noMthetho we-PATRIOT, iiKhomishini zomkhosi zabanqolobi zirhanela, kunye ne-NSA̱ inkqubo yeminxeba yeminxeba emininzi yeminxeba yeminxeba yeminxeba iye yavavanya umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [2004], iNkuNkundla yama-Uniwa ukuba abemi belizwe be-U.S.A. abameli bemi botshaba kufuneka bafumane inkqubela efunekayo, kuquka ilungelo lokuvavanyanisa phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. .[FLT] v, iNkundla-omatila] (2013]), inkundla ye-omatilathi ne-manygnoasts bazimeleyo bamele ukuvavanywa phantsi komngeniswe yi-FAA, kodwa i-2012, i-RC.

Isiphelo: Indima Ebalulekileyo Yemfundo EkwisiXhobo

Ulwazi lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko yabemi asiyonto ibalulekileyo .Imfuneko yokuba umntu azilawule ngokwakhe. Abaseki bakholelwa ukuba ummi ofundileyo unokuba nguvavanyo olupheleleyo kwingcinezelo. Imfundo ye-COVIC ixhobisa abantu ukuba baqonde xa amalungelo abo echasiwe, ukuqhubana nomthetho, ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwintetho yesidlangalala, nokuze aphendule urhulumente. Ukungaqiniseki ngamalungelo anokukhokelela kwiziphumo eziyingozi: abemi bangaphulukana nemigaqo esemthethweni esemthethweni esemthethweni, okanye ngokuphikisanayo, bafuna amalungelo apheleleyo angekhoyo, ukuphembelela ukuxhaswa komthetho.

Izikolo, amathala eencwadi, nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka ibeke kwindawo yokuqala ukufundisa okubhaliweyo okungokomGaqo-siseko, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo wokwandisa inkululeko kubo bonke.

Ukuhlola okubhekele phaya, jonga kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukwenzela izibonelelo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nombhalo opheleleyo kunye nentcazelo. Iprojekthi eyooz] inika ityala elineenkcukacha kunye nesandi sempikiswano yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. [[FLT:] ALCU] Alwazi Amalungelo Akho [ izikhokelo ezinika ulwazi olusebenzisekayo, ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni. Ekugqibeleni, [[[FLTL:6]] i-fidiary ̱ indawo yokufundisa [FLT:]