Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokushicilela ingundoqo webutho lolawulo-moya, esebenza njengentsokotho egocagocayo kumandla karhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abemi bafumana ulwazi abalufunayo ukuze benze izigqibo zolwazi. Eli lungelo libalulekileyo likhusela iintatheli, imibutho yamajelo eendaba, nabantu abakwiziphakamiso zikarhulumente nabagxalathelanayo, abavumela ukuba bahlole, bapapashe ingxelo, bapapashe iimbono neembono ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Ukuqonda umgaqo osemthethweni okhusela inkululeko, ucelomngeni olufuneka kuyo, nendima yayo ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu enomdla kwimicimbi yoondaba, kwinkululeko yoluntu, okanye kwimibutho yezolawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yeepesenti: Inkcazelo Nendlela Osebenza Ngayo

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eUnited States ikhuselwe ngokusemthethweni luHlaziyo Lokuqala kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa kweZimemezelo uthi: "IKonrefere ayiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Yamkelwa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, njengenye yeziphendulo ezilishumi ezibumba iBhili yamaLungelo.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba lilungelo elikhuselweyo lokupapasha ngokukhululekileyo unxibelelwano kunye neentetho zezimvo ngohlobo oluhlukeneyo lwe media. Le nkululeko ikhusela ilungelo lokuqokelela ulwazi luze lulunike abanye. Lo mngeniselo wenkululeko yokushicilela unwebe kakhulu kunamaphephandaba angokwesithethe kwaye ushicilele amajelo eendaba. Ngelixesha lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokushicilela ngo1791, amaphephandaba akhululekileyo, ngoku asebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zokuqokelela nokunikela ingxelo, ezizimeleyo. Oku kuquka umabonwakude, unomathotholo, iijenali, ii-intanethi, ii-media, iindaba zentlalo, kunye nayo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi iplatfomu esetyenziswa ukusasaza ulwazi nezimvo ebantwini.

Inkululeko yokushicilela ithintela ulawulo okanye ulawulo lukarhulumente kumaziko eendaba, ngaphandle kobona bukhulu bokhuseleko lwesizwe. Enyanzelweni yalo, le nkululeko ithetha ukuba amagunya karhulumente akanako ukumisela oko kupapashwa ziintatheli, akanako ukubohlwaya iintatheli ngokugubungela imibandela ephikiswayo, kwaye akanakukwazi ukucinezela inkcazelo kuba nje igxeka abo banegunya. Olu khuselo luyimfuneko ukugcina ukukhanya, ukuphendula, nokuqukumbela ngokukhululekileyo kolwazi oluxhomekeke kulawulo-demokhrasi.

KwiSixeko seGriffin (1938), uMgwebi omkhulu uCharles Evans Hughes wachaza ushicilelo ngokuba "lonke uhlobo lwempapasho olunika inkcazelo noluvo." Le ngcaciso ibanzi iqinisekisa ukuba ukucinezela ukhuseleko kuvela ngobugcisa kunye nokutshintsha kwemijelo yezixhobo zobugcisa, ukwandisa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwiintlobo ezintsha zonxibelelwano njengoko zivela.

Isiseko Sembali Senkululeko Yokucinezela

Imvelaphi Yamathanga Nezitsalo Zamandulo ZaseMerika

Ukuzimisela kweMerika ukucinezela inkululeko kwavela kumava olawulo lwama-colonia phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane, apho ukugxekwa kolawulo lobukumkani kunokubangela isohlwayo esiqatha. Phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane, ukugxekwa kokumkani kungakufaka entolongweni. Urhulumente walawula ngokuqinileyo amaphephandaba, kwaye ukungavumelani kwaso saphuli-mthetho saphangwa. Oku kusingqongileyo okucinezelayo kwenza abaseki bazazi kakuhle iingozi ezibangelwa kukulawula kukarhulumente ulwazi namazwi.

Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuba nangona amaphephandaba enkulungwane ye-18 ayesoloko ejongene nokhethe oluphezulu kwaye edla ngokuba engenankathalo kumabali awo, iinkokeli zeli lizwe zalujonga ukhuseleko lomaphephandaba njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kurhwaphilizo olunokwenzeka kunye nezenzo ezingekho mthethweni ezisemthethweni. Abaseki baqonda ukuba kwanoomatshini bogcino-lwazi abangafezekanga basebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi ngokulungiselela ijenali yokuxoxa nokubeka amatyala.

Ucelomngeni Lokuqala: Imisebenzi Yokuzimela Neyokuqhayisa

Ukuzimisela ukucinezela inkululeko kwavavanywa kwasekuqaleni kwimbali yaseMerika. Ngo1798, kwiminyaka eli-11 emva kokumkelwa komGaqo-siseko kunye neminyaka esixhenxe emva kokudityaniswa koMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala, iQela elilawulayo loManyano-mkhosi lizama ukuvala ukugxekwa ngeAlien neSeddition Act. NgokweSivumelwano seSedition, ukwenza "inkohliso, ihlazo kunye nezenzo zobungendawo" iingxelo ezimalunga neBhunga okanye umongameli (kodwa isekela-pristant) zazingulwaphulo-mthetho; uThomas Jefferson, iDemocratic Republication, wayengumPreant ophethe isigqendu xa esi senzo sadluliselwa.

Le miqathango yamaphephandaba yayingathandwa kakhulu, ikhokelela ekuncitshisweni kweqela kubume obuncinane emva ko1801, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwaphela ngo1824. UJefferson, owazichasa ngamandla ezo zenzo, wanyulwa umongameli ngowe-1800 kwaye waxolelwa uninzi lwabo babebanjiswe phantsi kwazo. Esi siganeko sabonisa isiqinisekiso somgunyaziso onamandla kawonke-wonke wokucinezela inkululeko kwaye samisela umzekelo obalulekileyo nxamnye nemigudu karhulumente yolwaphulo-mthetho lokugxeka.

Indaleko Ngezigqibo Eziphakamileyo Zenkundla

UMthetho wokuqala ohlaziyiweyo esiwaziyo namhlanje wavela kakhulu kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.IiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqala ukufundeka ngo-1920, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqalisa ukufunda iSihlaziyo Sokuqala ngokubanzi, yaye lo mgaqo wanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yee-1960. Namhlanje, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olunikelwa yiSihlaziyo sokuqala soMmiselo woLawulo loMgaqo-siseko lunamandla kunanini nanini ngaphambili kwimbali yethu.

INkundla yaqinisekisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo njengamalungelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko. Yathi inkqubo efanelekileyo yoMphengululo weshumi elinesine ikhusela la malungelo kwimiqathango karhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oku kwaziwa njengemfundiso yokuququzelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuhlahlela ukhuseleko lwenkululeko kwakusetyenziswa kungekuphela kwizenzo zorhulumente kodwa nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngokuphawulekayo kwandisa umlinganiselo wokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko.

Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lwe-Provies

Ukukhuselwa Kwisithintelo Esingaphambili

Enye yezona zinto zisisiseko zokukhusela inkululeko yokushicilela kukungavunyelwa kwaphambi kokuba kuthintelwe ulawulo lukarhulumente ngaphambi kokuba kuveliswe. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kufutshane ne-Ennesota sayamkela inkululeko yamaphephandaba ngokuyichasa ngokugqibeleleyo imithetho ethintelweyo ngaphambi kokupapashwa, umgaqo owawusebenza ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo kwijuriprudence elandelayo. Inkundla yawisa umthetho weMinnesota obeka izihlalo kubavakalisi bobungendawo okanye bobugqhinga (njengoko kwakusetyenziswa kwiGama-Genesainformation).

INkundla yacacisa ukuba intsingiselo yesixhobo sokushicilela esikhululekileyo kukungabikho kwemiqathango yangaphambili kwiimpapasho. Ngenxa yokuba umthetho wawungumthetho wangaphambili, iNkundla yayisithi ugwetyelwe ngokuchasene nelungelo lokuLandlwa kweSimilo Sokuqala esikhululekileyo. Oku kwaphawula isiqalo semfundiso yokuthintelwa kwangaphambili. Ngoxa kukho iinkalo ezimxinwa kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo ezifana nezisongelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe, ngaphambi kokuba imigaqo ibekwe igqalwe njengengavumelani nemithetho.

Ityala lePentagon

Elinye lamatyala enkululeko yokushicilela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimbali yase-U.S. lafika ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam. Ngoo1970, iThe New York Times yapapasha iPentagon Papers — amaxwebhu abonisa ukuba urhulumente wase-United States ulahlekisile uluntu ngemfazwe. UMongameli Nixon wazama ukuvala impapasho, ephikisa ukuba isongelo lokhuseleko lwesizwe. ITimes yaphikisa uwonke wonke ukuba unelungelo lokwazi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula iTime, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanolwazi oluchukumileyo lunokupapashwa ukuba lunokuzisa umdla kawonke wonke.

Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ulawulo lusilele ukumisela ukuba inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe ephakanyiswe ngokupapasha la maxwebhu avuzayo ingaphezulu kwamalungelo oLawulo lokuqala. Eli tyala ligqalwa ngokubanzi njengoloyiso olukhululekileyo loshicilelo nxamnye noorhulumente. Ityala lePentagon Papers laseka ukuba naxa urhulumente esithi kukho inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe, lithwele umthwalo onzima ukuthethelela ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe umgaqo wokuzinziswa.

Imigangatho echasayo kunye neMigaqo kaRhulumente

Inkululeko yokushicilela iquka ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekumangaleleni amatyala okutyhola okungasetyenziswa ngenye indlela ekuthiyeleni ingxelo egxekayo. KwiNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964), inkundla yaba namaphephandaba ikhululeke kakhulu kwisenzo esingesosiso okanye inkundla ukuba izama ngokunyanisekileyo ukuchaza iindaba ezixhalabisa uluntu; kwaye xa iindaba zibandakanya igosa likawonke-wonke, kwanengxelo ephosakeleyo inomkhamo ophezulu wokukhusela.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yayisithi ukunyeliswa okanye ukusohlwaywa kwakungakhuselwanga yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, kwaye xa isibhengezo sixhalabisa igosa likawonke-wonke, igosa kufuneka libonise ukuba le ngxelo yathethwa nge "esona simo siphambili". INkundla yachaza ubungendawo obufana nokwazi ukuba le ngxelo yayibubuxoki okanye ibonisa ukungakhathaleli ngokungakhathali ngenxa yokukhohlisa kwayo. Oku "bugqnantarha" kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kumagosa kawonke wonke nakumanani kawonke-wonke ukuzuza amatyala ahlab ’ ahlab ’ isidima, ikhusela iintatheli ekuthinjweni ngobuxoki kwana xa besenza iimpazamo zabo ekunikeni kwazo ingxelo yabo.

Imithetho Ekhuselayo Nomthombo Wokhuseleko

Imithombo ekhuselayo eyimfihlo ibalulekile kuphando lwamajelo-ndaba, njengoko amabali amaninzi abalulekileyo exhomekeke kubavuli-sandi nabangaphakathi abaza kuthetha kuphela ngemeko yokungazaziwa. Amazwe amaninzi anemithetho ekhuselayo evumela iintatheli zikhusele imithombo yazo. Kodwa akukho mthetho wesikhuselo wesizwe, ngoko ke ukhuseleko lwahluka-hlukene. Ushicilelo lusoloko lusebenza njengee-oggs zikarhulumente; ngoko ke, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhusela imithombo yolwazi.

Noko ke, imvelaphi ihlala ingummandla okhuphisanayo womthetho wokushicilela. EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iintatheli azinalo ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokungawuvumeli umthombo xa zithe zaphelelwa. Ukususela ngoko, yayingummandla ongwevu osemthethweni osisigxina oxhomekeke kwimithombo efihlakeleyo.

Ukufikelela kulwazi nophuhliso lukarhulumente

Ngelixesha umatshini wokushicilela unezikhuseli ezibalulekileyo ngoko upapasha, amalungelo awo okufikelela ulwazi alinganiselwe kakhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo emininzi ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kwisigqibo sokuba iFree Press Claus ayinikezi mandla ekucinezeleni urhulumente ukuba anikezele ulwazi okanye ngenye indlela anike uphando kulwazi olungenazo uwonke-wonke. Kananjalo, kwiinkalo ezininzi, luphawulo olufuna unyango olwahlukileyo kuhlobo lonyango olunokuthi naliphi na elinye ilungu likawonke wonke linikezelwe kulo.

Noko ke, undaba unamalungelo abalulekileyo okufikelela kwezinye iimeko. KwiRichmond News, Inc. v. Virginia (1980), inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba uLawulo Lokuqala lunelungelo lokuba uwonke wonke kunye noomatshini bokushicilela baye kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Eli lungelo lokufikelela kwinkundla linceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kwinkqubo yokugweba kwaye livumela umatshini usebenze umsebenzi wawo wokugada.

Umsebenzi Wedemokhrasi Woomatshini Abacinezelayo

Ukuveza ukuQonda kukaWonke-wonke nokuQumrhu

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala samalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo namajelo eendaba akhululekileyo ayimfuneko kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngaphandle kwezi nkululeko zikhuselekileyo, intetho yethu ekhululekileyo nengachaphazelekayo ngemicimbi karhulumente neminye imicimbi kawonke wonke iya kuphoswa. Ipapashiwe ngokukhululekileyo yisiseko sedemokhrasi. Ixelela uwonke wonke, igcina iinkokeli zinyanisekile, ibhenca ukungabikho kokusesikweni, yaye iqinisekisa ukuba izinto zibonakala kuyo yonke imibalwane — ukusuka kwisiXeko seeHolo ukuya kwiCapitol Hill.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yachaza injongo yegalelo elikhululekileyo loshicilelo: "Kukho isivumelwano esinguwonke wonke sokuba injongo eyintloko [yokuHlaziya koQala] yayikukukhusela ingxubusho yamatyala karhulumente. Amaphephandaba asebenza kwaye ayenzelwe ukuba asebenze njengesicombululo esinamandla kuko nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kwamagosa karhulumente, kwaye njengendlela ekhethwe ngokusemthethweni yokugcina amagosa enyulwe ngabantu abanoxanduva ukuba bakhonze bonke abantu. ”

Iphephandaba elingalawulwa ngurhulumente lihlala kwiinkundla zenkundla zohlanga njengelungu eligcinayo neligadileyo kumalungelo abantu kwijaji ezimeleyo, ityala elisesikweni kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Lo msebenzi wokujonga uquka onke amasebe kunye nemigangatho karhulumente, unceda ukubhenca ukonakala, ukungafezeki, kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okungaze kuhlale kufihliwe kwimbonakalo kawonke-wonke.

Ukukhusela ilungelo likawonke-wonke lokufumana ulwazi

Inkululeko ecinezelayo ayikukhusela nje kuphela iintatheli − ngokusisiseko ngokukhusela ilungelo likawonke-wonke kulwazi. Inkululeko yokucofa njengomlinganiselo kulawulo lukarhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilungelo alikhuseli nje izinto ezikhoyo zokucofa. Kwakhona likhusela ilungelo likawonke wonke lokufumana ulwazi, ingakumbi ngemicimbi karhulumente neminye imicimbi yoluntu.

UMgaqo-siseko ukhusela, ngokutsho kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuStanley v. Georgia (11999), ilungelo lokwamkela ulwazi neengcamango, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zixabiseke kangakanani na, kwaye ukhululeke ekungeneleni korhulumente ekungeneleni komntu kwimicimbi yakhe yobuqu nasekulawuleni iingcamango zakhe. Oku kunxulumene phakathi kwelungelo lomatshini lokupapasha nelungelo loluntu lokwamkela ulwazi kubonisa ukuba inkululeko isebenza ngemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi engaphaya kwezilangazelelo zemibutho yamajelo eendaba ngokwayo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokulawula Okufanelekileyo

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ihlala iyinkululeko exabisekileyo nebalulekileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuwagxeka amagosa karhulumente, babhenca urhwaphilizo lukarhulumente, baze basasaze izinto phantse nakuwuphi na umbandela, ongenayo imiqathango emininzi yangaphambili nezinye iintlobo zokuhlola. Ngokukhanyisa ngemisebenzi karhulumente, amajelo eendaba anceda ekuthinteleni ukuziphatha okubi aze akhuthaze amagosa ukuba enze oko kuthandwa nguwonke wonke.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha kwiThorrhill v. Alabama (40) ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha neyezitsalo zamaphephandaba eziqinisekiswe ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ibandakanya ubuncinane inkululeko yokuxubusha ngokuphandle nangenyani yonke imicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke, ngaphandle kokuzithintela okanye ukoyika isohlwayo esingaphambili. Oku kukhuselwa kokuxubusha ngemicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke wonke kudala imeko apho izenzo zikarhulumente zinokuqwalaselwa kwaye zixoxwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo ezingcono zemigaqo engokwenzululwazi kunye nolawulo olunelisayo.

Ngubani Okhuselwa Yinkululeko Yokuxinanisa?

Ngaphezu kwemibutho yezorhwebo engokwesithethe

Imithombo yenkululeko iquka nangaphezulu kakhulu kuneephephandaba eliqhelekileyo nesasasazo. I-Press ayiphelelanga kwiimpapasho zobugcisa okanye kwiintatheli kodwa isebenza nakuluphi na uhlobo lomvakalisi. Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ikhusela amaphephandaba, iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, imithombo yezentlalo-ntle, okanye naziphi na ezinye iintlobo zemithombo yendaba ukuze iphande ngokukhululekileyo ize inike ingxelo yolwazi ebantwini.

Nangona bekungaqinisekwanga ukuba abantu abasebenzisa okanye abasebenzisa ezinye ii-websayithi zezentlalo-ntle banelungelo lokukhuselwa yimithetho ye-media ekhuselayo, bakhuselwa yiFree Speech and Free Press Clauss (kungekho nto idibanisa amashishini eendaba kunye nezithethi ezingezo ezentengiselwano). Oku kuthetha ukuba abacholacholi beendaba, abachopheli, abachazi, nabasebenzisi bezixhobo zokusebenza kwezentlalo-ndaba bonke banandipha ukhuseleko lweFirst Amend Amendment kunye nabapapashini xa beqokelela baze basasaze iindaba kunye nolwazi.

Impikiswano Ngezicatshulwa Zekhompyutha

Ngokomzekelo, kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu, enoba "umsebenzi wokushicilela osemthethweni" unelungelo elingakumbi lenkululeko kwimimiselo karhulumente okanye imiqathango kunabantu abangengoxinzelelo, amaqela, okanye amaqabane. IJaji uStewart ithe: "Ukuthetha koMmiselo Wokuqala ngokwahlukileyo kwenkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yamaphephandaba akuyongozi, kodwa ukuvuma indima ephambili efezwa ngamajelo eendaba eMelika.

Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yala ukunikela amalungelo akhethekileyo kumajelo eendaba. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yala ukunikela ukhuseleko olwandisiweyo loMphetho-mvakalo wokuqala kumaqumrhu olawulo kumaziko olawulo ngaphezulu kwabanye abathethi; kwityala elibandakanya imithetho yezemali yephulo, inkundla yalandula i "ugunyaziso lokuba unxibelelwano lwamalungu equmrhu lomaphephandaba asemaqumrhu lunelungelo lokukhusela umgaqo-siseko ngakumbi kunonxibelelwano olukhoyo "ngangoorhulumente abangeyonkonzo yoxinzelelo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokucinezela ifumaneka kubo bonke ababandakanye nokuququluntsa iindaba nokusasaza, hayi imibutho emiselwe nje yezondaba.

Intetho Esemthethweni Nentetho Yentlangano

Le mbambano, iNkundla yabhala kwiBellotti, yayingekokuthethwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kodwa enoba intetho ethintelwayo iyakhuselwa ngabahlaziyi bokuqala ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo kwentlalo-ntle. IsiHlanzo sokuqala sikhusela kwaye sikhuthaza ukucinezelwa kwabantu ngabanye njengosukelo olufanelekileyo, kwakhona kwaye ngokubalulekileyo sinika ungenelo lukawonke-wonke kwingxoxo, ingxoxo, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi neengcamango. Oku kugxininiswa kwixabiso lokuthetha kwibutho labantu, kunokuba kuncede ukukhuselwa ngokunamandla kwamazwi namasiko ahlukeneyo.

Imida Nemida Yenkululeko Yokusebenza

Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko engokwandiswa kwenkululeko yokucinezela

Amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye noshicilelo olukhululekileyo awanamida. Kufuneka alinganiswe nxamnye nezilangazelelo zoluntu norhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamisela imida eyahlukeneyo evumelekileyo kwintetho nakumaziko eendaba. Ngokunjalo, iye yavelisa isiseko kunye nemilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuhlolisisa enoba isenzo sikarhulumente siyavisisana na noMmiselo wokuqala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akasayi kuvalelwa, ahlawulelwe, okanye abeke ityala kubantu okanye kwiintlangano ezisekelwe koko bakuthethayo okanye abakubhalayo, ngaphandle kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ezi meko ziquka iindidi zentetho ezingelulo ukhuseleko loMgcwaliso wokuqala, njengezisongelo zokwenyaniso, eziphembelela kwisenzo esingesomthetho esisondeleyo, kunye nentlobo ezithile zokuziintloni.

Uxanduva lokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ngeli xesha ityala lePentagon Papers lisungulwe ukhuseleko olomeleleyo ekuthintelweni kwangaphambili kwanakulwazi olwahlulweyo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe luhlala kwenye indawo apho inkululeko yokucinezela isenokujongana nemiqathango esemthethweni. Inkundla ekufuphi yamkela "amatyala okungalawuleki" apho uthintelwa kwangaphambili kwakuvumelekile, kuquka: ... ngokubanzi, nokokuba, bagqalwa njengonga basemthethweni. Urhulumente kufuneka ahlangabezane noxanduva oluphezulu kakhulu ukuze athethelele ukuzilawula kwaphambi kwemiqathango yokhuseleko lwesizwe, ebonisa ukuba loo mpapasho izakubangela ngqo, ngokukhawuleza, kunye nengozi engalungisekiyo.

Amalungelo abantu ayimfihlo kunye neendlela zokuqokelela iindaba

Inkululeko yomatshini wokushicilela ayikhuseli nje kuphela impapasho yesikhululo, kodwa ikwakuqokelela iindaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umatshini wokushicilela unamalungelo afanayo nawoluntu yaye awunakuhlasela ukhuseleko lwabucala kwabanye. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka bahlonele imithetho echasene netyala, ukuthumba, nezinye iindlela ezingekho mthethweni zokufumana ulwazi. Ngelixesha umatshini ungazipapasha ngokusemthethweni ulwazi olufunyenweyo kwimicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke, iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukuhlanganisa loo nkcazelo ziphantsi kwemithetho esetyenziswa jikelele.

Imithetho Eqhelekileyo Elula

INkundla iye yagqiba kwelokuba imithetho esetyenziswayo ayiwucaphukisi uMmiselo Wokuqala woLawulo ngenxa nje yokuba ukunyanzeliswa kwayo ngokuchasene noomatshini bopolishi kuneziphumo ezizenzekelayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho esebenza kumntu wonke, njengemithetho yerhafu, imithetho yabasebenzi, okanye imithetho echasene nokholo-mthetho-mthetho, inganyanzeliswa nxamnye nemibutho yamajelo eendaba nokuba ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kubangela ubunzima obuthile kwimisebenzi yayo. Noko ke, iNkundla iye yaqonda ukuba imithetho ejolise kumajelo eendaba, okanye iphathelele iimigaqo eyahlukileyo ekhutshelwayo ngokweenkqubo, maxa wambi isenokungawuchasana noMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala. Umzekelo, irhafunqulelo olujoliswe kumaphephandaba lungamele ukusetyenziswa kuphela kwenkululeko yamaphephandaba.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzama Ukuphelisa Inkululeko

Izisongelo Nogonyamelo Kwabacholacholi - choli Beendaba

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo zomGaqo-siseko, iintatheli ehlabathini lonke kwanakumazwe olawulo-mpukane zijamelene nezisongelo ezingokwasemzimbeni, ukuhlaselwa, nogonyamelo. Ezi zisongelo zingavela kubadlali bakarhulumente, imibutho yezaphuli-mthetho, okanye kubantu abacaphukisiwe yimiqathango erhabaxa. Olo loyiko lunempembelelo embi ekucinezeleni inkululeko, njengokuba iintatheli zisenokuzipheka okanye ziphephe ukufihla imibandela eyingozi ukuze zikhuseleke. Ukubulawa okanye ukubanjwa kweentatheli kumela esinye sezisongelo eziqatha zokucinezela inkululeko, ukugxeka nokungaqiniseki abanye abantu ekufuneni umsebenzi we-Acyugenve.

Ingcinezelo kaRhulumente nokubuyiselwa

Oorhulumente bangazama ukuphelisa ukuchotshelwa okugxekayo okusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukunqanda ukupheliswa okuthe ngqo. Oku kunokuquka ukukhanyelwa kwenkcazelo echaphazelekayo, ukulinganiselwa kokufikelela kwinkcazelo nakumagosa, ukusebenzisa amaqumrhu alawulayo ukuhlasela imibutho yamajelo-ndaba, okanye ukusongela ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba intatheli ityhila ubuqhophololo kwaye urhulumente aphendule ngokuchitha iziqinisekiso, okanye ngokuphelisa ukufikelela? Nguwo umgaqo obomvu — kwaye mhlawumbi ukwaphulwa kweMimiselo Yokuqala. Izenzo ezinjalo zokuhlasela zinokuphumelela ukusohlwaya ukuchaza ngokugxeka ngaphandle kokucombulula umgaqo-mthetho.

Iingcinezelo Zezoqoqosho Kwimibutho Yeendaba

Imodeli yezoshishino iphazanyiswe kakhulu lutshintsho lobugcisa nokutshintsha kwentengiso. Imibutho emininzi yentengiso iye yavala okanye yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo abasebenzi bayo, ingakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Le ngcinezelo yezoqoqosho isongela inkululeko yokucinezela abantu kungengasebenzi ngurhulumente kodwa ngemikhosi yentengiso eyenza kube nzima ukuxhasa ubunewunewu obusemgangathweni. Xa imibutho yeendaba izama ngokwezimali, isenokuba nobuncwane obumbalwa bokunikela ingxelo, ukukhusela okusemthethweni, okanye ukuchaza imibandela ebalulekileyo kodwa engenangeniso.

Imithetho Echasayo Neendleko Ezisemthethweni

Ngeli xesha umgangatho wobubi unika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekunikeleni ingxelo kumanani kawonke-wonke, ukukhusela ekumangalelweni ngokutyholwa ngobuxoki kusenokuba ziindleko ezigqithisileyo. Kwanaxa imibutho yogcino-lwazi ekugqibeleni iphumelela, ixabiso lokunika ingxengxezo lingatshabalalisa ngokwemali, ingakumbi kwii-amps ezincinci. Ityala elithe ngqo ngokuchasene nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu ngokubanzi (isuti ze-SAPP) lingabekwa ngaphandle kokulindela ukuphumelela kodwa libekwe kuxanduva abagxeki ngeendleko ezisemthethweni kwaye lithintele ukuchana kweendleko zexesha elizayo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho echasene ne-SSLAPP ukuze aphendule le ngxaki, kodwa isisongelo sokuzingeniswa kwemali esibiza imali sihlala singucelomngeni esibalulekileyo sokushicilela inkululeko.

Iingxaki Zeminyaka Yamanani

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwadala ucelomngeni olutsha lwenkululeko yokushicilela. Ukuhlaselwa ngoomatshini kunye nokuxinaniswa kweentatheli kungenza amaxhala anzulu. Oorhulumente bangazama ukunyanzela iinkampani zobugcisa ukuba zisuse okuqulethwe yi-teknoloji okanye zinike ulwazi ngemithombo. Ubume behlabathi jikelele be-intanethi buthetha ukuba intatheli zisenokujamelana nezisongelo ezisemthethweni ezivela kumazwe amaninzi anemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yokushicilela. Ngaphezu koko, ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo engeyonyaniso kunye nokukhutshwa kwenkcazelo kubangele ukuba umgangatho ofanelekileyo ubangele ukuba umgangatho ofanelekileyo uchaphazela ugcino-ndaba.

I-Auversence kunye noKhuselo

Ubuchule bokujonga iliso bukarhulumente buye banda kakhulu kwixesha lamanani, kudala izisongelo ezintsha zokufumana imfihlo. Xa unxibelelwano lunokujongwa kwaye kucaciswe ii-data, ukukhusela imithombo eyimfihlo kuba nzima kakhulu. Kusenokufuneka ukuba abacholacholi besebenzise ukhutshelo olufihlakeleyo namanye amanyathelo okukhusela imithombo yabo, kodwa ezi zixhobo azinabungozi. Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kweenkqubo zokhuseleko zesizwe nokukhusela imithombo yeentatheli kuhlala kusel

Inkxalabo Ngemiqathango Yokucinezela

Kuhlolisiso lophando lukaPew lwe-11,889 intatheli zase-U.S. oluye lwaqhutywa ukususela ngoFebruwari 16, 2022, 57% zathi zazingoo "oknakekeli" okanye "wevere" oxhalatyiswe yimiqathango yokushicilela ebekwe eUnited States. Lo mgaqo-ntelezi ophezulu wenkxalabo phakathi kweentatheli ngokwazo ubonisa imbono yokuba ukucinezela inkululeko kujoliswe kwiziso ezinzulu nakumazwe anezikhuseli ezinamandla zomGaqo-siseko.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngenkululeko Yokucinezela

Inkululeko Edityanisiweyo Ezweni Lonke

Inkululeko House, umbutho osekelwe kwi-U.S. ubala i-United States yama-30 kumazwe ali-197 akhululekileyo ekucinezeleni ngo-2014. Ingxelo yayo yancoma ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko onikwe intatheli zaseMelika kwaye yagxeka amagunya ngokubeka imida engafanelekanga ekunikeleni ingxelo yophando egameni lokhuseleko lohlanga. Olo ncedo lunika umongo wokuqonda inkululeko yokushicilela emhlabeni wonke nokuchaza iindawo apho kwanamazwe olawulo-demokhrasi anokuphuculwa khona.

Ukwahlula-hlula Izakhelo Zasemthethweni

Amazwe awahlukeneyo afumana inkululeko yokushicilela ngemiqathango eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni. Amanye amazwe anemiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko efana noMgaqo-siseko weSinyuso Wokuqala wase-U. Ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kwimithetho ekhuselayo okanye kwizivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe. INdibano yeYurophu eMalungelweni Oluntu, ikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kodwa ivumela imiqathango ebanzi kunemiqathango e-U. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokwahlukanayo kunceda ekulinganiseleni kwenkululeko edityaniswe nezinye izilangazelelo zoluntu.

Imiqathango yabagunyathi

Kumazwe amaninzi, inkululeko yokucinezela ithintelwa ngokuqatha ngokuvavanywa, ngokufunwa kwemigaqo, ngolawulo lorhulumente wamajelo eendaba, nangezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezifuna ukugxekwa ngokuqatha. Abacholacholi bamazwe aphantsi kwegunya basenokujamelana nokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuthuthunjiswa, okanye ukufa ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo. Le miqathango ibonakalisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko olungqongqo olusemthethweni lwenkululeko yokucinezela nokuhlala bephaphile ukuze balondolozwe kwanakwibutho ledemokhrasi.

Indima Yobugcisa Kwinkululeko Yokucinezela

Ukusasaza nokusasazwa kwamanani

I-intanethi iye yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo imiqobo yokungena ekupapasheni nasekusasazeni iindaba kunye nolwazi. Nabani na onoqhagamshelwano lwe Internet ngoku angafikelela abaphulaphuli bomhlaba wonke, uthotho lwedemokhrasi olungenisa ingqungquthela kawonke-wonke. Olu tshintsho lobugcisa luye lwanceda iintlobo ezintsha zoomatshini bokungenisa iposi, ukusuka kwii-injini ezizimeleyo ukuya kwimisebenzi yophando edityanisiweyo. Kodwa, luye lwadala imingeni ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lomgangatho, uqinisekiso, kunye nokuzinziswa kwezoqoqosho kolwazi olungoonolwazi.

Iinkcazelo ze CD zoluntu

Iindawo zoshishino-lwazi lwezentlalo-ntle ziye zaba zizibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokusasaza iindaba, kodwa ziinkampani zabucala ezinganyanzelwanga yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala. Izigqibo ezikuko ngomlinganiselo wobungcathu zinokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo ekufikeleleni kolwazi, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kweqonga nomdla woluntu ekufumaneni ulwazi. Ulwalamano phakathi kwemigaqo yenkululeko yesithethe yokushicilela kunye neqonga luhlala lungummandla ochaphazelekayo womthetho nemigaqo.

Izixhobo Zokhuseleko Nokukhowuda

Ukukhowuda kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa zokhuseleko ziye zaba zizixhobo eziyimfuneko kubacholacholi beenkota abasebenza kumabali achukumis'. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinceda ukukhusela imithombo efihlakeleyo, unxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo, nokukhusela izixhobo ezingapapashwanga ekufikeleleni okungagunyaziswanga. Kodwa ke, maxa wambi oorhulumente bafuna ukunqanda okanye ukudambisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, nto leyo ebangela ukungavisisani phakathi kweemfuno zokhuseleko kunye nokucinezela inkululeko. Ubuchule beentatheli ukusebenzisa ukukhuphela ulwazi olunzulu bunokuba yimfuneko ukugcina imfihlelo ngexesha lokuhlola elisasaze jikelele.

Ukukhusela Nokuqinisa Inkululeko Yokuxinana

Utshintsho Nokhuseleko Olusemthethweni

Ukuqinisa inkululeko yonxibelelwano kufuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo olusemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko. Oku kuquka ukumisela imithetho yelo khuselo ukukhusela imithombo eyimfihlo, ukomeleza imimiselo echasene ne-SLAP ukuze kuthintelwe ukumangalelwa okungeyomfuneko, nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yolwazi inika ukufikelela okunentsingiselo kwiirekhodi zikarhulumente. Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kufuneka luguquke ukuze lucombulule iingxaki ezintsha eziphakanyiswa bubugcisa kunye nokutshintsha kwemijelo yamajelo eendaba.

Inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nokufunda

Inkululeko yokushicilela ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kwinkxaso yoluntu nokuqonda. Imfundo yolwazi lokubhala inceda abemi balapho ukuba bahlolisise imithombo yeendaba ngokunzulu, baqonde indima yoondaba kwidemokhrasi, kwaye baqonde ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yokushicilela. Xa uluntu lunemilinganiselo yoluntu kwaye luxhasa ubujongo obusemgangathweni, ibangela intshukumisa yokufumana ingxelo entle kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika yokugcina imigaqo engqongqo engokwasemthethweni.

Imilinganiselo Nemigaqo Yokufundisa

Imithombo yezindaba inembopheleleko yokulondoloza imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yemfundo nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ubujongo obuchanekileyo, obufanelekileyo nobunenkathalo bubangela ukuba abantu bathembeke kwaye buqinisa ityala le nkululeko emandla yokushicilela. Imibutho yoochwepheshe, izikolo zoondaba, nemibutho yamaphephandaba yonke idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imigaqo yokuziphatha nokuziphendulela komsebenzi.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkululeko yokushicilela ingumbandela oya ngokukhula ofuna intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke. Abacholacholi besebenza ngaphaya kwemida bafuna ukhuseleko kwimida emininzi. Imibutho kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zinganceda ekumiseni izithethe eziqhelekileyo kwaye zinikeze inkxaso kwiintatheli ezijamelene nezisongelo. Intsebenziswano kumazwe olawulo-mpuku inganceda ekuthinteleni imigudu yolawulo olungqongqo yokwahlula inkululeko nokuxhasa ulawulo oluzimeleyo kwimimandla ecinezelayo.

Ikamva Lenkululeko Ecinezelweyo

Izifundo zobugcisa ezidityanisiweyo

Ubukrelekrele obenzileyo, obuyinyani, kunye nezinye ii-teknoloji eziphumayo ziza kwenza amathuba amatsha kunye nocelomngeni lobudanga kunye nenkululeko yokucinezela. I-Al inokuba luncedo ngophando nangokukhangela isibakala kodwa ikwanceda ukuchaza okuntsonkothileyo. Amaqonga amatsha neefomati aza kufuna ukutshintsha imigaqo yenkululeko yokucinezela kwiimeko ezintsha. Isiseko sokhuseleko lomatshini kufuneka sihlale sinobungqinelanelwano ngokwaneleyo ukuze sichaze ubugcisa obungekhoyo.

Ukulondolozwa kwezoqoqosho

Ukufumana imizekelo engoosomanda bezoshishino abanobunjani kuseyenye yezona ngxaki zicinezelayo ekuphembeleleni inkululeko. Ulingelo olungeyongeniso yoondaba, imizekelo yamalungu, kunye nenkxaso-mali kawonke wonke konke kunika indlela enokwenzeka. Ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho kwemibutho yezondaba kuchaphazela ubuchule bayo bokukhonza umdla kawonke wonke nokusebenzisa iziyobisi kubangela ukuba abantu bafumane inkululeko ngokunempumelelo.

Ukulungelelanisa Amaxabiso Aqokelelayo

Inkululeko ephambili iza kuqhubeka ifuna ukulungelelanisa nezinye imilinganiselo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokuzimela wedwa, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nokhuseleko kwintetho eyingozi. Olu ngquzulwano lubangelwa kuko nakuphi na ukufaneleka nenkululeko. Ucelomngeni kukubetha ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo olukhusela inkululeko efuna ukucinezela ngoxa uthetha ngenkxalabo esemthethweni, ukuphepha imiqathango egqithisileyo kunye neendawo ezipheleleyo ezingahoyiyo umonakalo wokwenene.

Ucelomngeni Lwedemokhrasi Ehlabathini Lonke

Impilo yenkululeko yokushicilela inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nempilo ebanzi yamaziko edemokhrasi. Njengoko ulawulo-melo lujongene nocelomngeni olusuka kwimpembelelo ephakamileyo, ukuthatyathwa ngokweentlalo, kunye nedemokhrasi, lucinezela inkululeko ngokufuthi phantsi kwengcinezelo. Ukulwela inkululeko yokucinezela kufuna ukukhusela idemokhrasi ngokwayo kunye nezithethe kunye nemibutho eyixhasayo. Ikamva lenkululeko yokucinezela lixhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni ngokuqhubekayo kwimilinganiselo yedemokhrasi nokuphaphela kokuzikhusela kwiingozi ezivela kuyo yonke imithombo.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zezabelo Ezahlukileyo

Kubeendaba Nakumajelo Osasazo

Ukuqonda izikhuseli zenkululeko yokushicilela kubalulekile kumaziko eentatheli nemibutho yamajelo eendaba ukuze asebenzise amalungelo awo ngokunempumelelo. Oku kuquka ukwazi xa uthintelo lungavumelekanga, imilinganiselo yokuhlambela, ukuqonda imida yokukhusela umthombo, nokuqonda amalungelo neembopheleleko xa kuqokelelwa iindaba. Abacholacholi-ndaba bafanele baqonde amanyathelo okhuseleko afunekayo ukukhusela imithombo kunye nolwazi oluchukumileyo olukwiminyaka yamanani.

Kubemi Nabathengi beendaba

Abahlali bayangenelwa ekufuneni inkululeko ngokushicilela inkcazelo efunekayo ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ukuqonda inkululeko yokushicilela kunceda abemi balapho baqonde xa besengozini, nesizathu sokuba ibalulekile. Ukuxhasa ubujoni obusemgangathweni ngokuqesha, ngeminikelo, okanye ngezinye iindlela kunceda ekuxhaseni isiseko sezoqoqosho sokushicilela inkululeko. Ukuhlolisisa ngokucokisekileyo imithombo yeendaba nokuqonda umahluko phakathi kobuncwadi nezinye iintlobo zomxholo kunceda ukulondoloza ixabiso lokunika ingxelo koochwepheshe.

Kumagosa Karhulumente

Amagosa karhulumente anembopheleleko yokuhlonela inkululeko yokushicilela naxa inkcaso inzima okanye inzima. Oku kuthetha ukuthi ukuphepha ukuziphindezela nxamnye nabacholacholi-ndaba abagxekayo, ukunikela unikezelo olunentsingiselo kulwazi, nokuqonda indima yoomatshini abajolise phambili njengeyimfuneko ekuphenduleni idemokhrasi. Amagosa kufuneka aqonde ukuba ukucinezela inkululeko kunceda uluntu ukuba lube nomdla naxa idala iingxaki zexesha elifutshane zezobupolitika.

Kumagcisa Asemthethweni

Abameli benza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni inkululeko yokushicilela ngokubekwa kwetyala, ngokucebisa imibutho yamajelo eendaba, nangokuguqula ukuphuhliswa komthetho weSihlaziyo Sokuqala. Ukuqonda iindidi zemfundiso yenkululeko yokushicilela kunceda amagqwetha amela ngokunempumelelo abaxhasi kwaye abe negalelo kwindaleko yokhuseleko olusemthethweni. Inkxaso esemthethweni yeentatheli nemibutho yeendaba ejongene nezisongelo ezingokwasemthethweni ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekulondolozeni inkululeko yokushicilela.

Izinto Ezibalulekileyo Ezithatyathwayo Nemigaqo Ebalulekileyo

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ingomnye wemibutho esisiseko yebutho ledemokhrasi, ekhuselwe yimiqathango eqinileyo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho kumazwe amaninzi. Ukukhusela koMphetho-mvano wokuqala wenkululeko yokushicilela akusebenzi nje kwizilangazelelo zeentatheli nemibutho yamajelo eendaba kodwa umdla othe kratya woluntu ekufumaneni ulwazi nokuziphendulela korhulumente.

Imigaqo emininzi engundoqo ivela kwisakhelo somthetho sokukhusela inkululeko yamaphephandaba:

  • Ngaphambi kokuba uthintele ukupapashwa kwempapasho phantse kusoloko kungekho semthethweni, yaye kulula ukudlula kwiimeko ezimaxongo
  • Amagosa aseburhulumenteni namadoda ajongene noxanduva oluphezulu kumatyala ahlab
  • Inkululeko ekhuselwayo ifikelela kuzo zonke iintlobo zamajelo eendaba nabavakalisi, kungekhona nje imibutho yeendaba yesithethe
  • Amaphephandaba adla ngokuba namalungelo afanayo nawoluntu, ngaphandle kwamalungelo akhethekileyo okunyanzela ukutyhilwa kwenkcazelo
  • Inkululeko ehlaziyiweyo kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo, kodwa imiqathango kufuneka ilungiswe ngokumxinwa kwaye igwetyelwe
  • Ukukhusela imithombo kuyahluka-hluka ngokwemithetho yelizwe, imigaqo yekhaka inikela umgangatho owahlukeneyo wokukhusela

Phezu kwazo nje iinkuselo ezisemthethweni ezinamandla, inkululeko esetyenziswa kumsebenzi wokushicilela ijamelana nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo olubangelwa zizinto ezisongela iintatheli, ingcinezelo karhulumente, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, ukusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi, kunye nokutshintsha kobugcisa. Ukulondoloza inkululeko eqinileyo yokushicilela kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, inkxaso kawonke wonke, utshintsho olusemthethweni nokuzibophelela kwimilinganiselo yezobugcisa.

Umsebenzi wedemokhrasi wesininzi samaphephandaba akhululekileyo awunakutyunjwa ngokugqithileyo. Ngokuzisa uluntu, lunetyala, luphendulisa amandla, lubhenca urhwaphilizo, kunye nengxoxo ebhencayo kwimicimbi yoluntu, amaphephandaba asebenza njengengqwalasela ebalulekileyo kumandla karhulumente nakwisiko elibalulekileyo lolawulo-demokhrasi. Xa ucinezela inkululeko ibekelwe imiqathango, idemo-demokhrasi ngokwayo iyancitshiswa.

Ukuqonda inkululeko yokushicilela kunye nokhuseleko lwayo olusemthethweni kubalulekile kubo bonke abantu abakwibutho ledemokhrasi, kodwa hayi nje iintatheli kunye neengcaphephe ze-media. Izakhamuzi eziyiqondayo indima nokubaluleka kwenkululeko yokushicilela zixhotyiswe bhetele ukukuxhasa, ukukuqonda ukusongelwa, nokusebenzisa amalungelo azo ukwamkela inkcazelo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintetho yedemokhrasi.

Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha neengxaki ezintsha zivela, imigaqo esisiseko yenkululeko yokushicilela ayiguquguquki: urhulumente akafanele alawule oko inkcazelo ifikelelayo kuluntu, iintatheli zifanele zikhululeke ukuphanda nokunikela ingxelo ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela, kwaye abemi kufuneka bafumane inkcazelo abayifunayo ukuze bazilawule. Le migaqo, esekelwe kumthetho kwaye ixhaswa ngurhulumente, imisela isiseko sokucinezela inkululeko kwibutho labantu elilawulwa yidemokhrasi.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngenkululeko yokushicilela kunye nemixholo enxulumene nayo, oovimba abaxabisekileyo baquka iKomiti yeNkululeko ye-CFLT, enika oovimba bomthetho kunye nobuchule beentatheli, i [ Indlu yenkululeko yonyaka] yenkululeko yokushicilela, i- iSikhundla soosomashishini boosomashishini bobuvangeli [ ukwenzela izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo kunye nenkqubela-phambili, kunye ne-Impyuthothom ye-mthetho ye-Impyutho-M.[FLT][FLT] i-INUNING [F:][FLT] [5] iingxelo zobucala zoluntu ezibandakanya iimfumba-nkululeko. [iiiii-malikn

Ukusebenza ngamandla kwenkululeko yokushicilela kuxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni kwabasebenzi abaninzi: abachopheli beendaba abagcina imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yobugcisa, izifundiswa zomthetho ezikhusela amalungelo omsebenzi wokucofa, amagosa karhulumente ahlonela indima yokugada yoomatshini bokushicilela, kunye nabemi abaxhasa nabaxabisa ubugosa bomgangatho wogcino-lwazi. Zombini, le migudu inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko enyanzelisayo iyaqhubeka isebenza umsebenzi wayo obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi kummandla wamajelo-ndaba ophengulula.