Inkqubo efanelekileyo imele ibe yenye yezona ndlela zisisiseko zokukhusela kwinkqubo yomthetho ejongene nomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukubahlutha abantu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kokulungiselela iinkqubo zobulungisa kuqala. Kwinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imigaqo efunekayo, iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyaqwalaselwa, ithuba lokuva, nomenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Ezi zikhuseli aziyoengcamango nje ezingekho ngqiqweni; zinamandla, zinyanzeleka amalungelo alungeleleneyo abumba iinkundla, abameli, amagosa, kunye namagosa asebenzisana nabemi. Kuko bafundisa umthetho okanye izivumelwano, inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuqonda ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba imisela ukufaneleka kweziphumo zomthetho kunye nokugcina intembelo ekulawuleni kwenkqubo yokusesikweni.

Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Imothelo ingumgaqo-siseko ofanelekileyo wokuba urhulumente makalandele iinkqubo zobulungisa nezimiselwe ngokomthetho phambi kokuba kuthathwe nasiphi na isenzo esichaphazela amalungelo omntu. EUnited States, le ngcamango ifakwe kuMphetho-mda wesihlanu, osebenza kurhulumente wezwe, kunye noMmiselo weshumi elinesine, oyandisa imfuneko kumazwe. Zombini ezi zindululo zibhengeza ukuba akukho mntu “omiselwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Esi sibizo sibonakala singunolwandiso olulula oluye lwavelisa iinkulungwane, lunyusa iindidi ezimbini ezahlukileyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo.

Inkqubo etyhiliweyo efunekayo ijolise kwiindlela namanyathelo urhulumente amele alandelwe. Iyabuza: Luhlobo luni lwesaziso esifunekayo? Luluphi uhlobo lokuva olufunekayo? Lunjani uhlobo lokuva olumele lunikezelwe? Umenzi wesigqibo amele angabi namkhethe? INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwiimfuno ezahlukahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kumongo, kodwa iziqalelo ezingundoqo zihlala zingaguquguquki: isaziso, ithuba lokuviwa, nenkundla yobundilele.

Inkqubo efunekayo yokwahlula, ngokuchaseneyo, ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokuphakamisa abantwana, nelungelo lokuzilawula liyimfuneko kakhulu kangangokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuphazamisana nabo ngaphandle kokuba unesizathu esinyanzelisayo. Ngelinye ixesha ingcinga ephambili engundoqo yenkqubo ephikisayo nengenayo, inkqubo efanelekileyo eshiyekileyo yenkundla yemihla ngemihla kunye nezenzo zolawulo.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ifikelela kumaxesha aphakathi eNgilani. IMagna Carta ye1215 isoloko ikhankanywa njengembonakaliso yokuqala ebhaliweyo yomgaqo. Isahluko sayo esidumileyo se-39 savakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi abanjwe, abotshelelwe, okanye ahluthwe amalungelo akhe ngaphandle “komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe." Elo binzana, "umthetho welizwe,” ekugqibeleni walinganiswa “nenkqubo ephezulu yomthetho.” Kamva imimiselo yamaNgesi, enjengeSibongo soMthetho we-1628) kunye neSimiselo sikaHabeas Corpus (1679), layiqinisa ingcamango yokuba isithsaba solawulo okanye abalawuli ngaphandle kokulandela iinkqubo ezisemthethweni.

UMagna Carta Nelifa Lakhe

Abalawuli abanyanzela uKumkani uJohn ukuba atyikitye iMagna Carta babexhalabele kakhulu ukunqanda ukuphanda ulawulo lwasebukhosini. Babefuna ukuba iimpikiswano ziconjululwe kwiinkundla ezimisiweyo, hayi ngenjongo yokumkani. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko lwakhula lusuka kubantu abaphezulu ukuya kubo bonke abakhululekileyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni luye kubo bonke abantu abahlala apho. AmaNgesi athe azisa ezi zithethe eMelika, apho afakwa kwimimiselo yombuso wamandulo kwaye ekugqibeleni kwi-U. UMgaqo-siseko wezomthetho ka-mthetho kaFelix Frankfurder wakha waphawula, “ukuwiswa kwenkululeko yaseMelika, akunanto incinci, imbali yendalo."

Uphuhliso EUnited States

Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo1791, uMphetho wesihlanu onikezelweyo onokuthi kungabikho mntu “ohluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Okokuqala, eli binzana lasebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Emva kwemfazwe ye-Kivilm, iSimi se-145th Amendment yayalela urhulumente. uthotho lwezigqibo ezibonisa izigqibo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kunye nasekuqaleni kweye-20, iNkuNkundla ePhakathi ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukuchaza inkqubela yenkqubo elindelekileyo kuzo zombini izithethe nakwabaphuli mthetho. Ityala elifana [[FLT] i-FT] ingulight'ey'. [4] ingumthetho othe ngqo wemvume yoluvo olufanelekileyo kumthetho lwangoku.[FFt.]

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo

Nangona iinkalo zenkqubo efanelekileyo zinokuhluka, imigaqo ethile esisiseko isebenza kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abantu abalawulwa ngokusemthethweni ngurhulumente yaye iimpikiswano ezingomthetho ziyaconjululwa ngokusesikweni.

  • [[FLT: 0] I-linucity: urhulumente kufuneka azise umntu ngaliphi na inyathelo lomthetho elichaphazela amalungelo abo. Isaziso kufuneka siqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze sifikelele iqela elinomdla, sinikwe iimeko. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, oku kuthetha inkonzo yobuqu yezimemo kunye nesikhalazo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanya ukuqokelelwa kwetyala kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesiqinisekiso sokubanjwa okanye ukubizwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Opportiny to Omany: Umntu kufuneka abe nethuba elinentsingiselo lokunikela ubungqina, ukuphikisa ukuma kwabo, nokuphendula kwiimpikiswano. Kwizityholo zasekuhlaleni, oku kuquka ilungelo lokuhamba ngefayile, ukuquka, nokunikela ubungqina ekucinyweni. Kulwaphulo-mthetho, kubandakanya ilungelo lokudibana namangqina, ukubiza amangqina okuzikhusela, nokuphakamisa ukhuseleko.
  • I-Tribunal elinganiselweyo: Umenzi wesigqibo] (=ukuba ngaba ijaji, abachopheli-tyala, okanye umphathi-mikhosi) kufuneka abe nobundilele kwaye angabi namkhethe. Nayiphi na imbonakalo yekhethe, njengomdla wemali kwisiphumo okanye inxaxheba yobuqu kwityala, ichasene nenkqubo efunekayo. Abami banelungelo lokuva ityala labo ngumgwebi ongalicaphuliyo.
  • Ilungelo lokucebisa: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo kwigqwetha, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba eli lungelo libaluleke kangangokuba amatyala kufuneka anike abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukulithenga. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, akukho mgaqo-siseko nelungelo lokucebisa, nangona ezinye izindululo (njengelokugcina umntwana okanye ukuzibophelela ngokuzithandela) zisenokufuna isiluleko esimiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni.
  • Iziphumo ze-Fair kunye nemithetho yobungqina: Imicimbi yesizwe neyolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ilandele imithetho emiselweyo elawula indlela enikwa ngayo ubungqina, ukuba buphi ubungqina obungenakuthenjwa, nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo. Le mithetho ithintela ubungqina obungathembekanga okanye obunekhethe ekungcoliseni isiphumo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ziphumle ngokwesiseko esifanelekileyo.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kuqhubekeko Lwabemi

Inkqubo efunekayo yamakhaya iyasebenza nanini na urhulumente (okanye iqela elizimeleyo elisebenza ngegunya likarhulumente) lifuna ukuthatha impahla yomntu okanye inkululeko. Oku kuquka ukumangalelwa ngezivumelwano, ii-torts, iimbambano zentsapho, ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe kolawulo ngeenzuzo, kwanezenzo zoluleko lwesikolo. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngu: yiyiphi inkqubo efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba sesikweni? Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo iMaws v. Eldidge yamisa uvavanyo oluzinzileyo lwezikolo lokuphendula loo mbuzo. Iinkundla ziqwalasela (1) umdla wabucala oza kuchaphazeleka, (2) umngcipheko wokunganyaniseki kwemigaqo ekhoyo kunye nexabiso lokukhusela okukhoyo, kunye (3) nenzala yooklomelo, kuquka neemfuno zezo zezolawulo.

I Fayile Menu

  • Ukupheliswa kweNkqutyana: Ukumangalelwa akunakuqhubeka ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa waziswe kakuhle. Imithetho eManyeneyo yeProcedial kunye nemithetho engqinelanayo yesizwe ifuna unikezelo lobuqu, inkonzo ngeposi ngemvume, okanye, ngokweemeko ezilinganiselweyo, impapasho. Inkonzo engamkelekanga ingaluphelisa ugwebo.
  • Iphicotho: omabini amaqela kufuneka abe nolwazi olunxulumeneyo. Imithetho yokutyhilwa ivumela iiligigi ukuba zicele amaxwebhu, zithathe, zisebenzise ii-arhente. Ngaphandle kokufunyanwa, iqela lingangakwazi ukuqokelela ubungqina obufunekayo ukungqina imeko yalo, licuthe ithuba lokuviwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo apheleleyo: aBahlali basekuhlaleni banelungelo lokuchophela amatyala ejaji kwiimeko ezisemthethweni (ngokuchasene nokulingana) kunye namangqina akhoyo nobungqina. ABagwebi kufuneka bangakhethi buso, kwaye imicimbi kufuneka iqhutywe kwinkundla evulekileyo ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezithile zifuna ukuba ivalwe.
  • [[NTLA:0] Appals:[ Nangona kungekho mGaqo-siseko lungelo lokubhenela kwiimeko zabemi, uninzi lwamagunya anika enye. Izibheno zisebenza njengesivalo sokhuseleko sokulungisa iimpazamo ezisenokuba zaphazamisa inkqubo efanelekileyo ekulingweni.

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo apho inkqubo efanelekileyo yamakhaya ifumene khona ingqalelo ebanzi yomthetho wolawulo. Iinkonzo ezigqiba ukuba kufanelekile ukuphelisa iingenelo zentlalo-ntle yokhuseleko loluntu, imbuyiselo yokungaqeshwa, okanye ilayisensi yezobugcisa kufuneka zinikeze ukuva phambi komphathi-mikhosi ongathathi-nxaxheba. Goldberg v. Kelly[ [1970] [1970], iNkuvavanywa okuthi phambi kokuphelisa iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele isaziso esibhaliweyo, ithuba lokunika ubungqina kunye nesigqibo esibhaliweyo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [12:] [70] [umthetho]]

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu: ukuphulukana nenkululeko, okanye ubomi. Ngokuvisisana noko, inkqubo efanelekileyo yokhuseleko yomelele ngakumbi kwaye ibekwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwakunye nakwizigqibo zogwebo. UMthetho wokuHlaziya wesihlanu noweSithandathu uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo amalungelo okuchaza inkqubo efunekayo yesaphuli-mthetho njengeqela: ukugwetywa liqela linye: ukugwetywa liququzelelwa lityala elikhulu, ukukhuselwa kwelungelo lokuhlala lithulile, ilungelo lokuhlala lithe cwaka, ukuvavanywa kwasekunene lityala likawonke wonke, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina angenamdla wokufumana amangqina, kwanelungelo lokululeka.

Izinto Eziyintloko Zenkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo: UHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ukuvavanywa “ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko.” Oku kuthintela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga, kuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina buhlala butsha, kwaye kunciphisa ixhala kumangalelwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo lwezemali kwi Barker v. Wingo [ [10] [7]] ukufumanisa ukuba ilungelo liye laphulwa: ubude besizathu, ukulibaziseka, ukuvuma, ukubekwa kommangalelwa, nokucalula ummangalelwa.
  • Ukuvunywa kwe Infekta: Wonke ummangalelwa wesigebengu ucingelwa njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obufanelekileyo. Lo mgaqo, ofakwe kwi kwiwinshir [1970], ufuna ingxengxezo yokuthwala wonke umthwalo wobungqina. Kufuneka uJuries ayalelwe ukuba ukubekwa kwetyala lilungu elingundoqo lokuvavanywa ngokulungileyo.
  • Ekunene Ukuhlala Uthulile: IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikhusela abamangalelwa ekunyanzelweni ukuba bangqine ngokwabo. Isigqibo sophawu lwembali imanda v. Arizona[ (1966] kufuna amapolisa azise abakrokrela ngala lungelo, kunye nelungelo lokucebisa, phambi kokuvavanya. Iingxelo ezifunyenwe ekuchaseni [[FLT: 4.]] imanda [[FLT]]] iqhelekile i-adadmiss.]
  • Ilungelo kwiSiluleko: IsiHlanzi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo kwigqwetha. Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabamba ukuba imisele icebo nabani na ummangalelwa ojongene netyala letyala elingekho gqwetha. Kamva landisa eli lungelo nakweliphi na icala apho ukuvalelwa kunokwenzeka, kuquka nabagwebi.
  • Ekunene kwityala le Jury Ityala: Ngezo tyala ezinzulu (ezithi zigwetywe ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu zivalelwe), iSimendo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala ligwetywa ngumgwebi ongakhethiyo osuka kwicandelo elisesikweni elinqamlezayo loluntu. Umtshutshisi angalichasa elilungelo, kodwa ummangalelwa makabe ngowokuzithandela.
  • [[NTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobungqina bobukhulu:[[FT:1] Phantsi [[FT:2] Brady v. Maryland (1963), abatshutshisi kufuneka bachaze ubungqina obuvumela ummangalelwa kunye nezinto ezinokumvumela ukuba netyala okanye isohlwayo. Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kuyayiphula inkqubo efanelekileyo, nokuba ngaba ingtshutshiso isebenza ngokholo olulungileyo.

Ukongeza kwezi ziqinisekiso zingqalileyo, abamangalelwa bafanele babe nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokugweba ngokufanelekileyo. Oko kuthetha ukuba ijaji mayingabi nakhethe, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala mayingawuchazi kakuhle umthetho, kwaye umoya wenkundla mawungadibanisi. Iinkqubo zenkundla, ezifana nokubekwa kwetyala, ukuva iibheyile, kunye nokuthotywa kwemiqathango, kufuneka zihambisane nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ibheyile ayinakubekwa ngomlinganiselo ophezulu kangangokuba ayimele ikwazi ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, okanye ingabi nakwamkelwa ngaphandle kokuva okuqwalasela ingozi yokubhabhabha nokubeka inqwelo moya kunye nengozi kuluntu.

Iziphumo zokwaphulwa kwenkqubo elindelekileyo

Xa inkqubo efanelekileyo yophulwa, iziphumo zingaba zinzima. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchasana kungakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina, ekugxothweni kwezityholo, okanye ekuphelisweni kwetyala lokubhena. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, izigwebo zisenokungadibani, kwaye amaqela asenokunyanzeleka ukuba aphinde abekwe iliso. Kodwa iziphumo zingaphaya kwamatyala ngamanye. Ukuphindwa kolwaphulo-mthetho kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kwinkqubo esemthethweni kwaye kuvelisa ukugxekwa okusesikweni nokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Imiphumo Yokwaphula Imiyalelo

  • [[NTLT: 0] IiAppele kunye neZivukelo: Abameli abanokubonakalisa ukuba amalungelo abo enkqubo aphulweyo anelungelo lokuhlola imposiso. Ukuba inkundla yenkcazelo ifumanise ukuba impazamo ayibanga nabungozi, kwaye inokuba ichaphazele isiphumo, okanye umgwebo uza kubuyiselwa. Kwezinye iimeko, ityala lingathunyelwa emva ukuze kuvavanywe ukuvavanywa okutsha ngenkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • Umthetho wobuKhawuli: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo (ngokomzekelo, ngokukhangela okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokunyanzelisa ukuvuma izono) bungasuswa ekucinyweni phantsi komthetho wokucalula. Lo mthetho, ngexa uphikiswa, usebenza njengesithintelo nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa kwaye uxhasa ingqibelelo yejaji.
  • [[NTLA:0] IHabeas Corpus: Ababanjwa bangakucell ’ umngeni ukuba kusemthethweni ukuvalelwa kwabo ngelishwa le-habeas corpus, bechaza ukuba inkqubo efunekayo yokuphulwa kwemithetho ibenza bagwetywe ngokusesikweni. Uhlolo lwe-festal habeas lunika uvavanyo lokugqibela kwiimpazamo zenkundla.
  • Public Ocry and Reformation: Ipropati ephezulu efunekayo yokungaphumeleli kwinkqubo ``ekungaqiniseki okuphosakeleyo okuthi kamva kupheliswe bubungqina obuphosakeleyo be-DNA] buye bakhokelela kwimibutho yokuguqulelwa kobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho. Ukutshintsha kwiinkqubo zokwalatha kwamangqina okubona, uqheliselo lokuncina, kunye nemithetho yokufumana konke kunyanzeliswe kukungqubana nenkqubo ebhaliweyo efanelekileyo.

Kwimeko yoluntu, inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuphulwa kwemithetho idla ngokuphumela ekupheliseni izenzo zolawulo, njengokuphelisa iingenelo ngaphandle kokuvalwa kakuhle. Amasebe karhulumente angayalelwa ukuba anike iingenelo ezisebenzayo okanye ilahleko. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo efuna ukuba umbutho ulawule imigaqo yawo.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo yenkqubo efanelekileyo asiyonto yembali; baphila iziqinisekiso eziziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngexesha zigcinwa amaxabiso angundoqo okusesikweni kunye nesidima somntu ngamnye. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya ku. Mathews v. kunye [[FLT]] imanda] [[, umthetho uyakwazi ukwandisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukhuseleko olukhoyo kuwo wonke umntu ojongene nesenzo sikarhulumente. Abafundisi-mastrish kunye nabafundi abafunda ngokufanelekileyo bazuza uxabiso olunzulu ngezizathu zokuba ngabasebenzi benkqubo, kodwa njengendlela yokwahlula umthetho namandla ombane. Ngokuqonda nokukhuthaza le migaqo, siyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iindlela zolwaphulo-mthetho ezikhoyo kunye nezingakhothonga, kwaye zikholeleka nakuko zonke ezolwaphulo-mthetho.