Umthetho wamakhaya wakha isiseko somthetho osemthethweni kwilizwekazi lonke, i-Latin America, iMpuma Asia, kunye neminye imimandla emininzi, elawula ukuqhubana kwabantu, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya, ngengqiqo yawo ebanzi, ubhekisela kwisithethe somthetho esisekelwe kwimithetho ebhaliweyo, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo ebanzi yemithetho elawula amalungelo obuqu kunye neembopheleleko. Kwinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni, abagwebi ngokuyintloko basebenzisa imigaqo edityanisiweyo kunokuthembela kakhulu kwimizekelo (izigwebo zomthetho). Oku kuchasene neenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo `e-" ezifunyenwe kuManyano, i-United States, kunye namanye amazwe angaphambili aseBritane alawula amalungelo neembopheleleko.

Igama elithi "umthetho wecavil" lingabhekisela ngqo kwisebe lomthetho elijongene neembambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, ngokuchasene nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kulo mongo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugquma iindawo ezinjengezivumelwano, ii-tort, impahla, ulwalamano lwentsapho, ilifa, kunye nomthetho wenkampani. Injongo esemgangathweni asikokwesohlwayo kodwa sisicombululo: ummangalelwa (umbutho ozisa ityala) ufuna imbuyekezo, umsebenzi othile, okanye umyalelo wokusombulula loo ngxabano.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zenkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

  • [[UMTL:0] Imithetho esemthethweni:[[FT:1] imithetho yemithetho icwangciswe ngokwekhowudi (umz., Ikhowudi yengingqi, yezorhwebo) esebenza njengomthombo oyintloko womthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Icala laBagwebi: Abagwebi basebenza njengabaphengululi nabafumana inyani, ngokufuthi basebenza ngokuqhutywayo, kunokuba baqhubele phambili.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqalo esidityanisiweyo: Ngelixesha izigqibo zangaphambili zinokuba zeyiseko, azibopheleli ngokusemthethweni kwiinkundla zamva.
  • Iinquitorial Procedies: Kumagunya amaninzi omthetho wasekuhlaleni, inkundla ngokwayo iqokelela ubungqina kwaye ivavanya amangqina, ngokungafaniyo nemodeli ye-adversarial eqheleke kumthetho oqhelekileyo.
  • Icebo lokucwangcisa I Joniselo: Indlela ibeka intsingiselo yeqela elilimeleyo kwaye ibuyisela kwindawo yalo yangaphambili yeharm apho kunokwenzeka.

Imvelaphi Yembali

Umthetho wamakhaya usukela kwimvelaphi yawo kumthetho wamandulo wamaRoma, ingakumbi i- Corpus Juris Julvin (Umthetho wamakhaya) oqulunqwe phantsi koMlawuli Justinian ngenkulungwane yesithandathu. Ukufunyanwa kwakhona kwamaXesha aphakathi, umthetho wamaRoma waphembelela inkqubela esemthethweni kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ikhowudi ka-Napoleon ka-1804 yaba ngumzekelo wamazwe amaninzi, igxininisa ukhuphono olucacileyo, unikezelo, kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. Imithetho yamakhaya nawo akhiwe yimikhosi yabemi ehlabathi lonke. Namhlanje, amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu eli- 150 asebenza phantsi kwendlela ethile yomthetho yamakhaya, eyenza eyona nkqubo yomthetho esasaze jikelele jikelele zweni lonke.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya: Ukusuka Kwingcinga Ukuya Kwisigqibo

Ukuqonda indlela eyenzeka ngayo imeko yasekuhlaleni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukusetyenziswa kokusesikweni. Nangona iinkqubo zingafani ngokolawulo, amaqondo jikelele alandela ukuqhubekeka okusengqiqweni.

Iqela elikhokelayo

I-atlantiff iqalisa ukumangalela ngokufaka i- ingcebiso ngenkundla efanelekileyo, ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, izibakala ezithenjiweyo, kwaye isiqabu esifunwayo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sinikezelwe kummangalelwa/a inkqubo eyaziwa njenge inkqubo eqinisekisa ummangalelwa unesaziso esilungileyo. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, enokuthi iquke ukhuseleko, ivumile, kunye nee-claims. Kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zamakhaya, esi sisigaba sijikeleza kakhulu, kunye nomgwebi wesiko okhuselweyo.

Isalathisi esitsha nolawulo lochokoza

Phambi kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo, iinkundla zisoloko zithetha ngemibandela yokwahlula ityala, zimisela ixesha, kwaye zikhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kwemiqathango. Kwinkqubo yokuncinwa kwamakholwa, ijaji ingamisela iingcaphephe, imveliso yoxwebhu, kwaye ichaze iimpikiswano ezingundoqo. Eli qonga lingabandakanya [[[FLT: 0]] iziphene ezinjelelwa kukugxothwa okanye ukupheliswa kwesigwebo esifutshane (kukodwa oko kulandelayo akuqhelekanga kumthetho opheleleyo wamakhaya).

Ukufunyaniswa (okanye Uphando)

Kumatyala aqhelekileyo angomthetho, ukufunyanwa kobungqina obuphangaleleyo, obudityanisiweyo beqela, ukutshintshisana ngobungqina(-ukurhwebelana, ukufakwa koxwebhu, izicelo zoxwebhu. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zidla ngokubeka le mbopheleleko enkundleni. Ijaji ichaza imbambano ize iqokelele ubungqina obufunekayo, kuquka ubungqina kunye neengxelo zengcali. Injongo kukuphepha izinto ezimangalisayo ekucinyweni kwaye ikhuthaze isigqibo esinempumelelo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Nokuva

Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zejaji ezidla ngokuboniswa kumajelo eendaba, amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni kuzo zombini ezi nkqubo aconjululwa ngaphandle kwenkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Kumazwe angowamakhaya, iqela labagwebi (okanye ijaji enye) liyalawula, kwaye ityala liyaqhubeka kwaye liphengulula. Iintlanganiso zinikela iingxoxo ezibhaliweyo, kunye namangqina angaphantsi. EUnited States, amatyala amakhaya asenokuba ngamatyala ebhetrinji (okuphela) okanye amatyala abachopheli-mthetho, kunye neejaji ezigqiba izibakala-ngo kunye nabagwebi abasebenzisa umthetho. Uxanduva oluqhelekileyo "oko lwamangqina obubo bubo bubo busenokuba bungasayina ubungqina" (ngokunjalo awona amangqina).

Umgwebo Nemiqobo

Emva kokuva ubungqina neempikiswano, inkundla inika ityala . Isigqibo singayalela ummangalelwa ukuba ahlawule umonakalo wemali, enze isenzo esikhethekileyo (umsebenzi ongqalileyo), okanye angawenzi ukuziphatha okuthile (ukudityaniswa), amayeza omthetho wasekuhlaleni angaquka ukubuyiselwa (ukubuyisela isivumelwano) okanye ukubuyisela (imfuno okanye iingenelo). Iqela eliphulukanayo lingafuneka lihlawule iindleko ezithile okanye zonke zeqela elilawulayo.

Izibheno

Kusenokuba liqela elidlulisele umgwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo, liphikisa iimpazamo zomthetho okanye imicimbi engekho mthethweni. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, izibheno zidla ngokubandakanya ukuphinda kuhlolwe zombini isibakala kunye nomthetho, ngelixa umthetho oqhelekileyo ugxininisa ngakumbi kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni. Amanye amaziko avumela iinkundla eziphakathi kunye nezibheno zokugqibela kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno zinokukwandisa ixesha elibalulekileyo lengxoxo yamakhaya.

Iindawo Ezikhulu Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho Ochaseneyo

Umthetho ogunyazisayo ulawula izivumelwano ezinyanzeliswayo ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela. Iqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zenziwa/ibhalwe okanye ibhalwe ngomlomo / zibopha kunye nokuqhekezwa kubangela iziphumo. Izivumelwano zomdla ziquka ukuthengiswa kwezinto, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, izivumelwano zenkonzo, kunye nezivumelwano zemali. Iindawo zokwaphula ziquka umonakalo, ukusebenza okukhethekileyo, kunye nokwaphula umthetho. Le ndawo ibalulekile kurhwebo nakwintengiso yemihla ngemihla.

Kwinkcukacha zocalulo lwesivumelwano solwakhiwo nolwaphuko, bona I-Cornell Information yomthetho wesiko lomthetho wesikhokelo somthetho .

Umthetho we Cheyi

Umthetho wetort ulungisa iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela ingozi okanye ukulahlekelwa komnye umntu. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wekontimenti, imisebenzi yetort ivela kwimbopheleleko eqhelekileyo yokungabenzakalisa abanye, hayi kwisivumelwano esithile. Ii-tort eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukungakhathali (umz., iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha, ukungaphili-mafutha), ii-torts ngempazamo (umz., ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukuhlazisa), kunye netyala elingqongqo (umz., imveliso enesiphene). Ii-peantensital ziyakwazi ukubuyisa iindleko zemali zemali zonyango, iintlungu, iintlungu, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, iziphumo, iziphumo zokokubambangozelo ukunqanda ihambo entle.

Umthetho wempahla

Umthetho wempahla uchaza amalungelo abantu abanawo kwizinto eziphathekayo nezingenakubonwa. Ugquma izinto zokwenene (ilizwe nezakhiwo) kunye nempahla yobuqu (izinto ezinokufuduka, impahla yengqondo). Imixholo engundoqo iquka ubunikazi, impahla, ukudluliselwa (isipho, ilifa), kunye neempikiswano ezifana nokungavumelani kwemida okanye imiba enzima. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zinekhowudi echaza amalungelo empahla, ngokufuthi esekelwe kwiingcamango zomthetho wamaRoma.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho ulawula ulwalamano lobuqu, kuquka umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso (i-antion), inkxaso yabantwana, ukukhuliselwa kwabantwana, kunye nokuhlalisana kwamakhaya. Ulungelelanisa ukuzilawula kwabantu ngokobuqu nomdla karhulumente ekukhuseleni amalungu entsapho asengozini, ingakumbi abantwana. Umthetho wentsapho wahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe nangaphakathi kwenkqubo yorhulumente, ubonakalisa imilinganiselo yesithethe neyonqulo.

Ilifa Nomthetho Onempumelelo

Lo mmandla umisela indlela impahla yomntu esasazwa ngayo emva kokufa, mhlawumbi ngomrhumo (ukulandelelana kwelizwe) okanye ngemithetho emiselweyo yomthetho (emasikweni azimeleyo). Umthetho wamakhaya usoloko unyanzelisa imithetho yelifa elinyanzelekileyo, ugcinela izalamane ezisondeleyo izahlulo zemali (umz., abantwana, iqabane lomtshato), emisela inkululeko yokuxhasa. Iinkundla zeprobate ziphatha ulawulo lwemihlaba.

Iinkqubo zehlabathi lokwenene zoMthetho wabemi

Umthetho wamakhaya uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekuthengeni ikofu (isivumelwano) ukuya ekuqhubeni imoto (ityala elisisigxina). Ngapha koko, kukho iindawo eziphambili apho imigaqo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni isebenza khona.

Ishishini Norhwebo

Iinkampani zixhomekeke kumthetho wasekuhlaleni ukuze zenze izivumelwano nabanikeli-mali, abathengi, nabaqeshwa; ukukhusela impahla yenkcubeko; nokucombulula iingxabano ngokusetyenziswa kwelishwa okanye ngokuxoxisana. Umthetho weCorpogate (ukusekwa, ulawulo, kunye nokudityaniswa) siseko lomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukuncitshiswa kwezivumelwano zezivumelwano kuxhaphakile kwishishini, njengoko kusenziwa njalo ngenxa yokuqhatha okanye ukhuphiswano olungekho sesikweni.

Ingozi Neengozi Zobuqu

Xa umntu engxwelerheka ngenxa yokungakhathali komnye umntu (umz., islip kunye nokuwela evenkileni, ingozi yemoto, impazamo yezamayeza), umthetho we-tort unika indlela yokufumana imbuyekezo. Amagqwetha omonakalo womntu anceda amaxhoba omonakalo afumane imbuyekezo yezonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Ukubekwa kwemiqathango kwamakhaya kulo mmandla kusenokuba negalelo eliphezulu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuhlala ngaphandle kwenkundla kodwa kuqulethwe.

Izahlulelo Zokwenene

Ukuthenga indlu kubandakanya uthotho lwezivumelwano zomthetho wasekuhlaleni (isivumelwano esifumileyo, ityala lendlu, i-inshorensi yokuhlomela) kunye nemigaqo yomthetho wempahla. Iimpikiswano zingavela phezu kwemida, ukuthomalalisa, imiba yendawo, okanye iziphene zokwakha. Iinkundla zamakhaya zilungisa ezi mpikiswano, kwaye kwii-ofisi ezininzi, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zezinto okanye inkundla zemicimbi yempahla zikhona.

Imibandela Yentsapho

Uqhawulo-mtshato, amatyala okugcina abantwana, nokufumana abantwana abatsha zonke zibekwe phantsi komthetho weentsapho. Iinkundla zamakhaya zimisela izigqibo ezingezona zilungileyo ngoncedo lomntwana, ukwahlulwa kweemfuno zomtshato, kunye neemfuno zokuxhasa. Ukuququzelelwa kwetyala kusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokucombulula iingxabano zentsapho.

Ukhuseleko lwabathengi

Imithetho emininzi yasekuhlaleni iquka ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kubathengi, ithetha ngemiqathango engafanelekanga ngokwezivumelwano, iimfanelo zemveliso nezibhengezo ezikhohlisayo.

Enye iNkxaso

Asizizo zonke iimbambano zamakhaya eziphela enkundleni. Izivumelwano ziphethukela ngokungakumbi kwezinye iindlela zokonga ixesha, iindleko, nokulondoloza ulwalamano.

  • Uqulunqwa lwendawo: Iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba linceda ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqela ukuba afikelele kwindawo yokuhlalisana ngokuzithandela. Ukukhupha intetho kuyimfihlo kwaye akubopheleli de isivumelwano sityikityelwe.
  • I-Arbitation: Isiphathi sobundilele (okanye indawo yolawulo) siva ubungqina kwaye sinikezela isigqibo, ngokufuthi isidibanisi. I-Arbit iqhelekile kwizivumelwano zorhwebo nakwizivumelwano zemisebenzi. Inokukhawulezisa kwaye ingabi nabucala ngaphezu kwelo libazwe lenkundla.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uququzelo: Amaqela ngokwawo (okanye amagqwetha awo) azama ukuzinzisa ngqo. Amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni ahlala ngokunxibelelana phambi kokufikelela kwityala.

Ulawulo oluninzi lomthetho wasekuhlaleni lukhuthaza okanye lude lufune i-ADR njengenyathelo lokuqala phambi kokubekwa kwetyala, kwaye iinkundla zisoloko zibhekisa amatyala kulawulo. Ukukhangela indlela i-ADR edibana ngayo nemeko-bume yelizwe jikelele yobulungisa, bona i- i-ADR's Association ye-ADR.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya Ehlabathini Lonke

EYurophu: Indawo Ozalelwe Kuyo Umthetho Wamakhaya Wanamhlanje

IFransi, iJamani, i-Itali, iSpeyin, namanye amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu anemithetho yamakhaya elawula umthetho wabucala. Imithetho ye-Frentshi yoLuntu (Computer Napoléon) igxininisa ukucaca kunye nobundlobongela. Imithetho ye-Cuni ye-Jamani (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) yaziwa ngobuchule bayo kunye nesakhiwo sayo. Le mithetho iphembele inkqubo yomthetho kulo lonke ihlabathi, ingakumbi kumazwe angaphambili namazwe afunxa izithethe zomthetho.

Latin America

Inkoliso yamazwe aseMzantsi Merika, anjengeBrazil, i-Argentina, neMexico, azuzwé njengefa izithethe zomthetho wabemi baseSpeyin okanye bamaPhuthukezi. Imithetho yawo idla ngokudibanisa imigaqo yeYurophu namasiko abomthonyama nawasekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, i-Brazil ka-2002 kaNovemba-mthetho ibonisa imilinganiselo yentlalo yanamhlanje ngoxa igcina isiseko somthetho wasekuhlaleni.

I-Mpuma Asia

IJapan, iSouth Korea, neTshayina zinenkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya eziphenjelelwa kakhulu yimifuziselo yamaJamani namaFrentshi. Imithetho yesizwe yaseJapan (1898, ihlaziyiwe) iboleka kwimithombo yamaJamani neyamaFrentshi. Inkqubo yomthetho yeTshayina, ngoxa isebenzisa isoshiyali, isebenzisa imithetho yamakhaya kwimicimbi yabucala, ingenelela urhulumente. La mazwe aye aguqula umthetho wabemi ngokwezithethe nemeko engaqhelekanga yezobupolitika.

Iinkqubo Ezixutyiweyo Okanye Ezixutyiweyo

Amanye amagunya adibanisa umthetho wamakhaya nezinye izithethe. Umzekelo, Louisiana (USA) neQuebec (kanada) zinemithetho yesizwe yomthetho wabucala kodwa isebenza kwizakhiwo zorhulumente. ISkotlani, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neSri Lanka zikwaneenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zixutyiweyo kubalulekile kwizifundo ezingokwasemthethweni ezithelekisa.

Indima Yezandulela Nemithetho Esemthethweni Wamakhaya

Ingcamango ephosakeleyo eqhelekileyo yeyokuba iinkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni azize zilandele umzekelo. Ngenene, ngeli xesha imigaqo yemithetho ingumthombo oyintloko, iinkundla zisoloko zinika ubunzima obubalulekileyo kumthetho osunguliweyo. “‘ ingakumbi izigqibo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Imfundiso ye jurispulcy isidate [ kumthetho wamaFrentshi ithetha ukuba uthotho lwemithetho engaguquguqukiyo lungafumana i-quasi-gunya elibophelelayo. Noko ke, isigqibo esinye asibophini iinkundla ezincinci njengoko zisenza kumthetho oqhelekileyo [[FLT:]] i-disty. [[FLT]]

Ukuntywila okunzulu kwimiba yothelekiso yomthetho woluntu noqhelekileyo, bona [[FLT: 0] ukungeniswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ungaphezulu kakhulu kuneqela lemithetho eyomileyo − lilaphu elinceda abantu kunye nemibutho ukuba basebenzisane ngentembelo, banyanzelise izithembiso, bafune ubulungisa xa besonakele. Ukwenziwa kwayo ngobuchule kunika ucace nokufikelela, ngelixa inkqubo yayo yobuchule inika indlela yokulungisa iimpikiswano. Njengoko ibutho labantu litshintsha, umthetho wamakhaya uqhelanisa imingeni emitsha: izivumelwano ze-atlog, ukuhlabliselwa kwemi, ukubekwa kwengqiqo kobukrelekrele, kunye neempikiswano ezingaphaya komhlaba. Abafundi, ubuchule, iinkqubo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho woluntu akuyo nje indlela yokulungisa iingxoxo.

Enoba ufundela umsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni, ukufundisa amaphondo, okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda indlela esemthethweni ekungqongileyo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unikela isiseko esityebileyo nesibalulekileyo. Imigaqo yawo, esekelwe kwimigaqo yamandulo kodwa eqhubeka isetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo, iyasebenza namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo kwiinkulungwane ezidluleyo.