Isiseko somGaqo-siseko saMalungelo aBami

Amalungelo abemi eUnited States asekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko kunye nokulungisa kwawo, okumisela isiseko sendlela oorhulumente abakhusela ngayo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa belondoloza ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyaqinisekiswa ngowe-1791, yaseka isiseko sokhuseleko olusisiseko kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, indibano, kunye nelungelo lokufumana inkqubo efanelekileyo. Emva kweMfazwe yeNombolo, iSindululo soMdanganiso, iSiphendulo soMdalelo ̬ i-13th, kunye ne15 ̬ ubukhoboka obuye barhoxiswa, buqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye nokungavumelani ukucalulwa kohlanga ekuvotelweni. La malungiselelo omthetho asemthethweni abumba izityalo ezikhoyo phezu kwawo onke amalungelo alandelayo asemthethweni wamakhaya.

Oorhulumente kumgangatho wesizwe, wephondo, nowasekuhlaleni bafumana igunya lokukhusela amalungelo abo kumaziko omgaqo-siseko. IsiHlaliso se-14 seSithintelo sika-Claus se-#817; iSikhuseli se-Actal siye saba nempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo, sisebenza njengesiseko esisemthethweni sezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekwathi kwabethwa kuzo zonke iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana komtshato, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ekunyanzelweni kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo izikhuseli zamalungelo abantu zale mihla.

Noko ke, abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba amalungelo awazinqumli. Bafuna ukuba amagosa karhulumente asebenze ngokusemthethweni. Oku kunyanzele ukuba kwenziwe isixhobo esingokwasemthethweni nesolawulo esizinzileyo sokuguqulela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko kwimikhuseli ephathekayo yommi ngamnye.

Imisebenzi Esemthethweni Ekhusela Ukukhululeka Kwabemi

Umthetho obalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu wenkulungwane yama-20 wafika ebudeni beminyaka yee-1960, ixesha lenguqulelo enkulu yentlalo kunye nomsebenzi womthetho. UMthetho wamaLungelo wama-64 umi njengowona mthetho ubanzi wesizwe olwalela ucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Lo mthetho obalulekileyo owenzelwe ukuvalwa kocalulo olusemthethweni kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, uvale uqheliselo lokuqesha ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezezomthetho, kwaye useke isiseko esisemthethweni sokukhulula izikolo neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. UMthetho wamaRhulumente ka-6565 walandela, ngokungqalileyo ukruququlusela uqheliso lokhetho oluhlaziswe kwizigidi zamaMerika, ingakumbi kumaphondo.

ISivumelwano seFair Howard sowe-1968 sokwandisa imigaqo yokukhusela iprojekthi yezindlu, ukukwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukucalula ngokungekho mthethweni ukuthengisa, ukuqeshwa, ukuqeshwa, okanye ukuxhaswa kwemali yezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, kunqulo, kwimvelaphi yobuzwe, kwisini, ngokwesini, ngokwesidimathe, okanye kwisiphene. Kutshanje, uMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Venti Cringes Prevention Act yowaltivel, ukubonelela imithetho yentiyo yomthetho yesizwe, ukunikela ulwaphulo-mthetho wentiyo yolwaphulo-mthetho owezoliyo nowokuthethelela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunomo-mthetho oluphembeleyo oluphenje ngenxa yekhethe. AmaMelika anengxaki enziwe ngo-1990 imela enye incopho, ukunqanda ukunqandwa kwabantu abaqeshwa, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ezothutho, ezokuthutha, ezokuqesha, ezokuthutha zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neendawo zikawonke.

Le mithetho yenza okungaphezulu kunemigaqo emiselwe ngokomthetho. Imisela iindlela zokuxela ukwaphulwa, ukufuna unyango, nokuziphendulela kwabo baphula umthetho. nawuphi na ummi okholelwa ukuba amalungelo akhe oluntu aphulwe unakho ukubeka isikhalazo kumaqumrhu agunyazisa uluntu, ukusungula ityala labucala, okanye ukufuna uncedo kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu. Ukubakho kwezi ndlela kuguqula amalungelo angabonakaliyo abe lukhuseleko olusebenzisekayo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwezingxakeko Nendima Yazo

I- I-Civil Rights Divil Regional of the Service (DOJ) isebenza njengesebe eliphambili lesizwe elijongene nokuqwalaselwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu. Linamagqwetha nabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-600, icandelo liphanda ngezityholo zocalulo kwiimfundo, umsebenzi, iindawo zokuqeshwa komthetho, nezinye iindawo. Iqhuba uphando-mkelo-okanye noqeqesho kumasebe eesikolo, imimandla yesikolo, kunye namaziko okulungisa xa kukho ubungqina bokungalawuleki kwenkqubo. Icandelo kwakhona lingenelela ekumangalelweni okuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo engokomgaqo-siseko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente i&817; ukujongena komthetho-mthetho wesizwe kumelwe kwinkundla.

IKhomishini ye-EEOC inyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente elwalela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi. Kuwo nawuphi na unyaka i-EEOC ifumana amashumi amawaka etyala localulo, iphanda iintelekelelo, inceda ukumangalelwa, kwaye yenza iifayile zokumangalelana xa kuyimfuneko. Ikhomishini ikwanika ukhokelo olunceda abaqeshi baqonde izibophelelo zabo nabasebenzi baqonde amalungelo abo. Ukuhlala, iSebe le Hollar ne-Urban Development (HUD) yenza ulwaleko olufanayo phantsi koMthetho we-Fairbos.

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bongeza le migudu namaqumrhu abo alwela amalungelo abantu. Amaphondo amaninzi aneenkonzo ezifanelekileyo eziphengulula ucalucalulo olukhoyo phantsi komthetho wesizwe nowamarhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sineziko zomthetho ezibekelwe izithuba ezininzi sithetha ukuba abemi banamathuba amaninzi okufuna ukubuyiselwa xa amalungelo abo ephulwa. Kwakhona ubukho bolawulo olulungelelanisiweyo budala ukhuphiswano olusempilweni phakathi kwabameli, njengoko ngamnye ezama ukuphumelela ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho noTshintsho

Amapolisa namaqumrhu okhuseleko anembopheleleko enkulu yokulondoloza ukhuseleko loluntu ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo abantu. Uxanduva oluphakathi kwezi zibopho zombini luye lwabangela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo, uqeqesho, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezicetyelwe ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle. Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho anamhlanje ayenze iinguqu ezicacileyo eziye zasetyenziswa ekusebenziseni umkhosi, ukukhuthaza ubuhlanga, ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu, kunye nokuphendula komphathi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yesebe kuguquke ngokuphawulekayo ekuphenduleni kwiziphumo zophando, ukuphanda, kunye nokukhuthuza uluntu. Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa ngoku afuna ubuchule bokuthomalalisa, athintela okanye asuse imiqathango yokuvala, ungenelelo olugunyazisayo xa abaphathi bejongile amandla agqithisileyo abo basebenza nabo, kwaye bafuna ingxelo ebanzi emva kokusetyenziswa kwesiganeko ngasinye sonyanzelo. Le migaqo inyanzeleka ukuba isetyenziswe kwimicimbi yangaphakathi, iibhodi zohlolo lwabelo lwamapolisa, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ivumela imimiselo ebekwe liSebe logwebo olulandela uphando lweziko-mthetho.

Iikhamera zomzimba zimela enye yezona ziphuculo zezobugcisa zibalulekileyo kumsebenzi wamapolisa kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo. Xa abaphathi benqanawa benxiba iikhamera, ubungqina bevidiyo obuvelayo bunika uxwebhu lwenjongo lokudibana kwamapolisa. Olu xwebhu lunceda ukusombulula izikhalazo zabemi, lunika ubungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ludala ukuphendula. Uphando lubonise ukuba iikhamera zequmrhu zinciphisa izikhalazo ngokuchasene nabaphathi-majoni zize zinciphe amathuba okuba amagosa asebenzise amandla. Ngoku amasebe amaninzi afuna iikhamera ukuze zivuselelwe ngexesha loqhagamshelwano kwaye anemigaqo ecacileyo elawula xa ushicilelo lunokuphinda luhlaziswe kwaye ukuba lumele lugcinwe ixesha elingakanani.

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi kunye nokubonakala ngokucacileyo kuye kwaba sisixhobo esiphambili kwimigudu yamapolisa yokuphendula. IFBI igcina isiseko sogcino-lwazi sesizwe, kwaye amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna abameli bomthetho ukuba baxele iziganeko ezibandakanya ukudubulana kwamagosa kunye nezinye iziganeko ezimaxongo. Le nkcazelo yenza ukuba abaphandi, abenzi benkqubo, kunye noluntu lukwazi ukuchaza impumelelo yemigudu yotshintsho, kwaye igcina amaqumrhu ajongene nokusebenza kwawo. Ukuhambelana nogcino-data oluvulekileyo eProma iye yaguqula oko kwakukhankanyiswe kakhulu ekwenzeni izigqibo zangaphakathi kwinkqubo ecace ngakumbi nebonisa ukuphendula ekuhleni.

Okusesikweni KobuGcisa NobuGqirha

Ingcamango yokulawula ngokusesikweni ifumene intsebenziswano njengesiseko sokuphucula intsebenziswano yamapolisa. Le ndlela igxininisa imigaqo emine esisiseko: ilizwi (linika abemi ithuba lokuchaza icala labo lebali), ubundilele (ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngokusesikweni nangokucacileyo), intlonelo (ukuphatha abantu ngesidima), kunye nokuthembeka (ukubonakalisa inkxalabo yokwenene ngabemi ̱ intsebenziswano). Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa abemi beqonda ukuba amapolisa asebenza kakuhle, babonakala bekulungele ukuthobela imiyalelo esemthethweni, basebenzisana nokuphengulula, nokuqinisekisa umthetho njengomthetho ngokufanelekileyo.

Izikolo ezininzi zamapolisa ziye zadibanisa uqeqesho lwezobulungisa lwemfundo kwizifundo zazo zesikolo, zifundisa indlela yokunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo, yokuqhubana nabemi abacaphukileyo okanye abangakwaziyo ukumelana nazo, kwaye zichaza izenzo zazo ngeendlela ezibonisa intlonelo kubantu ngabanye aba-’ amalungelo. Amagosa asebupoliseni afumana uqeqesho oluqhubekayo oluqinisa obu buchule nokuhlaziya ulwazi lwawo ngenkqubela-phambili engokwasemthethweni echaphazela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula, izilumkiso, kunye nezinye iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko.

Ulawulo lomthetho woluntu luye lwanda ngokuphawulekayo. Iibhodi zohlolo lwamapolisa, abahloli-gosa, kunye namapolisa anika uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lwehambo nenkqubo yamapolisa. La maqumrhu ajonge izikhalazo zabemi, ahlola iinkqubo zesebe, anike iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, aze ancome imicimbi yotshintsho. Xa amaqumrhu ajongelene nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo, akhuthaza ukuthembeka koluntu ekunyanzelweni komthetho kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa abambelele kwimilinganiselo ephakamileyo elindelwe libutho.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nengqibelelo

Ukunika imvume kukwalathisa ekufanelekileyo apho onke amanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni axhomekeke khona. Xa abemi benokuthabatha inxaxheba ngobuchule kunyulo, banegunya lokuba baphendule urhulumente, babumbe inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwaye bakhusele izilangazelelo zabo. Oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba baye basungula iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo banokubhalisa kwivoti, baphosa abavoti babo babalwe ngokuchanekileyo.

ICandelo 5 loMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 lijongwa ngokubanzi njengowona mthetho usebenzayo wamalungelo abantu owakha wamiswa. Yaphelisa iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, irhafu, nezinye izenzo zokukhupha ulwaphulo-mthetho ezaziyichaphaza ngokucwangcisa i-Afrika kunye namanye amaqela amancinane asuka kwivoti. ICandelo 5 lale ntshukumo lakufuna amagunya nembali yocalulo ukuze kufumane imvume karhulumente ngaphambi kokuba kufunyanwe imithetho yokuvota okanye imigaqo yamalungelo abantu. Oku kuyimfuneko kuqulungela ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho yokuvota okanye irhafuthelo. Kwangaphambili kwakusisixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela iinguquko zediski yomlomo phambi kokuba zisebenze. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakakhulu i& 817; izigqibo zika-20137 kwiS. Umbalo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho osetyenziswa ukugqiba imithetho yokukhupha i-mthetho.

Ukuphendula isigqibo se-Shelby County, urhulumente wesizwe kunye namaphondo amaninzi aye athabatha amanyathelo okugcina ukuvota. Iinkundla zoManyeneyo ziye zawisa phantsi imithetho yokuvota emininzi karhulumente eyacalula abavoti abambalwa ngokusekelwe kuhlanga. Amanye amazwe aye amisela ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti, andisa amathuba okuvota kwangoko, kwaye aqalisa ukubhalisa kwangoko ukwenza ukuba ukuvota kube kokulula. Umthetho woncedo lwaseMelika Vote ka-2002 unikeze inkxaso karhulumente kwizixhobo zokuvota zale, uphucula uqeqesho lomvoti, kunye noqeqesho lombhali wovota wemi.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Lokufumana Imali

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ntaba, amalungelo okuvota asaphikiswa. Imithetho yokuvota isaqhubeka. Imithetho yokuvota, unciphiso ekuvotelweni kwasekuqaleni, ukubhaliswa kwenqila, nokungaqiniseki kokuvota kwangaphandle kuye kwachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa, abemi abalupheleyo, nabantu abakhubazekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zawanciphisa amanyathelo okuvota angqongqo kumaphondo amaninzi, zifumanise ukuba bafaka imithwalo engafanelekanga elungelweni lokuvota ngaphandle kokuphumeza izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni zikarhulumente. [[FLT: 0] Brenan Center for Justial[ ibhalise iziphumo zempembelelo yale miqathango yokuvota kunye nokukhuthaza utshintsho olunokufumaneka ngakumbi.

IVoting Rights Act iyaqhubeka inikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo. Icandelo 2 liyaluthintela uqheliselo lokuvota olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwaye luye lwasetyenziswa ngempumelelo ukucel ’ umngeni iiplani zokukhetha ulawulo, iimfuno zokhetho, kunye neminye imiqathango engqongqo. Icandelo lama-203 lifuna amagunya aphezulu namanani abalulekileyo abemi abathetha iilwimi ngaphandle kwesiNgesi ukunikezela ngezinto zokukhetha ezibhalwe ngokwezigaba eziphili-zibini, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi baseNgilani abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bangathatha inxaxheba kunyulo. I-Native American Voting Rights Act yokhuseleko oluthe kratya i-2021 oluthe kratya ukhuseleko olungakumbi lwe-Orive American Coutation ngokufuna iindawo zokunyulwa kwemin

Imigudu yomthetho yokubuyisela nokuqinisa uMthetho wamaLungelo iyaqhubeka. Umthetho kaJohn R. Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, ogama libhekiswe kumfanekiso womqondiso wamalungelo abantu kunye nentlangano yexesha elide, uzakuhlaziya indlela yokumisela ukuba ngawaphi amagunya aphantsi kokubekwa kwangaphambili kwaye uphinde uqinisekise ukuba isigqibo se-Shelby County siyasuswa. Ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, njengoko imiqathango nemiqobo emitsha ivela kuwo wonke umjikelo wonyulo. Abami, imibutho ekhuthaza ukulawulwa kwesizwe, kunye namagosa karhulumente kufuneka basebenze kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaMerika afanelekileyo anokusebenzisa eli lungelo libalulekileyo.

Ukulingana kwezindlu nezoqoqosho

ISivumelwano seFair Howar House sangowe-1968 simela eyona migaqo-nkqubo yokhuseleko olubanzi kumagunya esizwe ekukhetheni izindlu. Esi senzo silwalela ucalucalulo ngokuthengiswa, ukuqeshwa, ukuqeshwa, okanye ukuxhaswa kwemali kwezindlu ezisekelwe kwibala, kwibala, kwinkonzo, kwisini, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, ngokwesini, ngokwesizwana, okanye kwisiphene sobuzwe. Urhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni isoloko yandisa ezi migaqo yokuzikhusela ukuze ziqukelele iindidi ezo zingakumbi ezifana nembonakalo yesondo, ubufana neentlobano zesini, ingeniso, kunye nesikhundla soburhulumente.

Uphando lweziko lobuchule lweSebe leJaji lujolise kubaphathi-zindlu abakhulu, oomatshini bokuphatha impahla, iinkampani zezakhono, kunye namaqumrhu emali abandakanyeke ekucalulweni ngokweenkqubo. Olu phengululo luye lwaveza iindlela ezifana nokuqhuba kohlanga, apho amagosa eendawo ezikhoyo akhokela abathengi bezindlu abajongene nohlanga lwabo, kunye nokubolekisa, apho abangafuniyo ukusungula izalathiso kwimimandla encinane kakhulu. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa ziphumele ekuhlangulweni kwemali kumaxhoba, apho amaziko afuna iinguqulelo zemithetho eluncedo, kunye neengqiniphotho zenkundla ezimiselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela.

ISibonelelo seFair House Act sikwafuna ukuba oorhulumente bafumane imali yezindlu zelizwe ukuze bavume ukuhlaliswa ngokufanelekileyo. Le mbopheleleko ithetha ukuba abantu kufuneka bahlolisise iindlela zokukhetha, bachaze imiqobo yokukhetha izindlu ezifanelekileyo, baze baphuhlise amalungiselelo okuphelisa loo miqobo. Umthetho uye wanyanzeliswa ngokulawula nangokulawula, uluntu olunyanzelekileyo ukuba luthathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okudibanisa nokulingana amathuba okuhlala.

Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa indawo yokuhlala, njengecandelo 8, zinceda amakhaya afumana imali ephantsi ahlawulela izindlu ezifanelekileyo kumashishini angawomntu. Ezi nkqubo zinika inkxaso-mali yokuqesha ebhulorho umsantsa phakathi koko iintsapho zinokukuthenga nokukuthenga. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kweenkqubo zokuqinisekisa kuxhomekeke ekufumaneni kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka kunye nabaninizo abamkela abaxhasi. Amaqela amaninzi aye afaka imigaqo-mali yokukhusela imithombo yengeniso enqabela abanini-mali ukuba bangaqeshi abagcini-zindlu, bandise ukhetho lwezindlu kwiintsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.

Amathuba Ezoqoqosho Nokhuseleko Lomsebenzi

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abemi emsebenzini kunyanzeliswa kakhulu phantsi koMthetho weSihloko se-VII saMalungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964, olwalela ucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. I-EEOC ichaza isiHloko VII ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa, ukuphindwa, nokunganyanyezelwa, kwaye iye yamisela imigaqo ngendlela abaqeshi abamele bahlangabezane ngayo nezenzo zonqulo, ukuthintela ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kuhlawulwa ngokulinganayo. UMthetho olawulayo 11246, osebenza kwizakhiwo zorhulumente, ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba bafumana ithuba elilinganayo lokusebenza.

Imithetho yocalucalulo ngemisebenzi iye yanwenwa yaza yafikelela kwimiba yemisebenzi yanamhlanje. IParenting Discrimination Act yacacisa ukuba ucalucalulo olusekelwe ekukhulelweni, ekuzaleni, okanye kwiimeko zempilo ezinxulumene nayo lulucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni ngokwesini. I-Merika eneziphene ezikhubazekileyo ifuna abaqeshi ukuba banike abasebenzi abaneziphene indawo efanelekileyo yokuhlala. I-Lilly Benefire Fair Pay Act yowatshi yowama-2009 yandisa ixesha lokuhlawula iingxelo zokuhlawula, iqonda ukuba ukuhlawula okungalinganiyo kusoloko kuqhubeka ixesha yaye kusenokungacaca ngoko.

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko oluchasene nokungathotyelwa, oorhulumente basebenzisa iinkqubo zokuphuhliswa kwabasebenzi ezibangela amathuba ezoqoqosho kubantu abasweleyo. Uqeqesho lomsebenzi, inkxaso yemfundo, kunye namanyathelo okuqeshwa ajoliswe kuwo anceda abantu ukuba balwe nemiqobo yokusebenza nokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Ukuphumelela kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwinkxaso eqhubekayo, intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente nabaqeshi, kunye nokuxilonga okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana ubuchule abaqeshi babo ababudingayo.

Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo

IBrown v. iBrown Board of Education yavakalisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwakungekho sigeqe, kubhukuqwa imfundiso eyahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo eyayilawula imfundo yaseMerika ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Esi sigqibo sabangela ukuba umbutho wamalungelo abantu akhoyo kwaye samisela umgaqo wokuba ithuba lokufundisa elilinganayo lilungile. Kumashumi eminyaka ukususela eBrown, oorhulumente baye basungula imigaqo neenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangamahlanga, ingeniso, ingeniso, okanye ukukhubazeka, banolwazi oluphezulu.

Isihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1946 silwalela ucalucalulo ngokufumana izicelo zemali, kuquka nezikolo zikarhulumente. Eli lungiselelo liye lasetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa ukuhlahlela, ukuchaza ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kwimfundo yesikolo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abangamaNgesi bafumane iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo zolwimi. ISebe lezemfundo ̱ i-Ofisi ye-Ofisi yamaLungelo kaNovemba, ukuphengulula ingcelele, kunye nokhokelo lokunceda izikolo zihlangabezane neemfuno zazo phantsi komthetho worhulumente.

Isihloko esithi IX seZigqibo zemfundo zowe-1971 zithintela ucalucalulo ngokwesini kwiinkqubo zemfundo nakwimisebenzi. Isihloko se-IX siye sanceda ekukhuliseni amathuba emidlalo amantombazana namabhinqa, ekuthetheni ukukhathazwa ngokwesini nogonyamelo ngokwesini emakholejini, nasekukhuseleni amalungelo abafundi abakhulelweyo nabangabazali. Iinguqu zakutshanje eziye zabekwa kwizikolo ziye zacacisa indlela ezimele zisabele ngayo kwiingxelo zokuziphethe kakubi ngokwesini, ziqinisekisa ukuba abasindileyo bayakhuselwa ngoxa begcina inkqubo efanelekileyo kubafundi abamangalelwa.

Amalungu anesiphene soMthetho wemfundo (IDEA) aqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abaneziphene bafumana imfundo esemthethweni ekhululekileyo. Umthetho ufuna izikolo ukuba ziphuhlise iinkqubo zemfundo (IEP) ezilungiselelwe umntwana ngamnye i̱ iimfuno ezikhethekileyo, zinika iinkonzo ezinxulumene nayo ezifana nonyango lokuthetha kunye nonyango lokusebenza, kwaye ziquka abafundi abanesiphene kwiklasi eqhelekileyo ukuya kumlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. I-IDEA iye yanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abafundi abaneziphene ezifunekayo ukuze baphumelele kwimfundo nasentlalweni.

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nelungelo lokufihla imbilini yamanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye badala imingeni emitsha yamalungelo abantu ekufuneka iqwalaselwe ngurhulumente. Ukwenza izigqibo zemithetho-siseko emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwityala, nakubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho kungaqhubekisela phambili kwaye kwandise ukwahluka okukhoyo. Oorhulumente baqalisile ukuvelisa iinkqubo ezifuna ukuvela, ukuphendulana, nokusesikweni kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo. Umgaqo wemithetho-algorithm ubamba ukuba izixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili amanani maziphumele kwiziphumo eziyingozi.

Ukhuseleko lwemfihlo lubalulekile ekusetyenzisweni kwamalungelo abantu ngexesha lamanani. Xa abemi besoyika ukuba imisebenzi yabo ye-intanethi igadwe okanye ugcino-lwazi lwabo luyabelwa ngaphandle kwemvume, basenokuzikhusela ngokwabo, bamisele unxulumano lwabo, okanye baphephe ukufuna ulwazi ngemibandela echukumisleyo. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zezolawulo ziye zamisela imithetho ebanzi enika abantu ulawulo lobuqu, ifuna amashishini atyhile imisebenzi yabo yogcino-lwazi, kwaye abeke izigwebo kwimimiselo. Amaziko azimeleyo anyanzelise ukukhuselwa kwemfihlo phantsi kwemimiselo ekhoyo, enjenge-Fairc Ricking Reportning Act neSignesccoms Act.

I- ye-American Liberties Union kunye neminye imibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yaxhasa imiqathango kukhangelo lukarhulumente, iphikisa ngelithi ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluninzi kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola umnatha kuphazamisana neSigqibo Sokuqala kunye namalungelo eSine Solawulo. Iinkundla ziye zaphelisa iinkqubo zokuhlola ezingenawo abaphathi abafanelekileyo okanye abagqithisileyo. Umthetho ofana noMthetho we-USA Free Act uguqule amagunya okuhlola ngokungavumeli ukuqokelelwa kwemininzi kwe-Melika ̱ iingxelo zonxibelelwano kunye nokufuna ukubonakala okugqithiseleyo okungakumbi kwimisebenzi yokuhlola.

Ukwakha Ikamva Elipheleleyo

Oorhulumente abasebenzi bodwa ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Imibutho yabemi, amaqela olawulo lwamakhaya, amaziko emfundo, nabadlali bamacandelo obuqu bonke banegalelo kwimibutho ekhusela amalungelo abantu. Iintlangano ezingancediyo zinikela izalathiso ezisemthethweni kubantu abamalungelo abo aphulweyo, iqhuba uphando oluzisa inkqubela-nkqubo, luze lukhuthaze uluntu ukuba lukhusele amalungelo abantu.

Amaphulo okufundisa uwonke anceda abemi basekuhlaleni baqonde amalungelo abo kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba bangamaxhoba akhuselwe ngokwembali ngamalungelo abantu, kuquka abantu abanobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, abantu abaneziphene nabahlala kwiindawo ezingafaniyo. Oorhulumente basebenzisana nemibutho esekelwe kwintlalo ukufikelela aba bantu ngemijelo efanelekileyo nangendlela yenkcubeko.

Ukukhusela amalungelo asekuhlaleni kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile kwaye ulungelelwano. Njengoko ibutho litshintsha, kuvela izisongelo ezintsha kumalungelo abantu, kwaye ukhuseleko olukhoyo kufuneka luhlaziywe luze lomelezwe. Imbali yamalungelo abantu eMelika libali lokuhambela phambili elifunyaniswe ngokuzingisa nangokuzinzisa amaqumrhu. Oorhulumente ababeka phambili amalungelo abantu bakhusela kungekuphela nje inkululeko yabantu kodwa kwanomanyano lwabantu olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa abemi besazi ukuba amalungelo abo aya kukhuselwa, banokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, bathobele umthetho, baxhase oko kukuthi baxhase ukuthembeka kwabo bonke abantu.

Umsebenzi wokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu awuze ugqitywe. Izenzo zikarhulumente zokugcina abemi bekhuselekile kufuneka ziphinde zithobele imigaqo yokulingana nokusesikweni elawula umgaqo-siseko wethu. Ngokuqonda isiseko somthetho, iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nenkqubo ekhuselweyo ekhusela amalungelo abantu, abemi banokuyixabisa ngakumbi inkxaso abayinandiphayo baze babe nenxaxheba kumgudu oqhubekayo wokwandisa ezo ntabaso kubo bonke abantu. Inyathelo likarhulumente lokugcina abemi bekhuselekile kufuneka basoloko bewahlonela amalungelo abantu, yaye amaqhinga okhuseleko angcono ngalawo abangela ukuthenjwa, aqinisekisa ukuthenjwa, nokuhlonelwabeka isidima sabo bonke abantu.