Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iYurophu iye yafumana iinguqulelo ezinzulu kulwamkelo olusemthethweni lolwalamano olusondeleyo. Ulwahlulo lwamalungelo omtshato kunye nomanyano lwabemi ngoku lubonisa ukuba ilizwekazi lixakene neenjongo eziqhubekayo kunye nokuxhathisa okunzulu kwenkcubeko. Ukusuka kwimithetho yobuvulindlela yaseNetherlands ukuya kukwalelwa komGaqo-siseko kwiindawo ezithile zeMpuma Yurophu, ukubekwa kweliso elisemthethweni phakathi kwezibini ($6-sex okanye ezichaseneyo) kuyaqhubeka ukuguquka. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olunamandla lwemvelaphi embalini, imeko yangoku, imodeli, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kobugxalanisa kweYurophu, ukubalasela phakathi kolawulo lobuzwe, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokutshintsha komthetho woluntu.

Indaleko Yomthetho Womtshato EYurophu

Ukutshata eYurophu kwakungasoloko kuyinto ephambili ngokwemigaqo yale mihla. Kangangeenkulungwane, eli lungiselelo lalilawulwa ngokuyintloko zizivumelwano zabucala, imfundiso yonqulo, nesiko lasekuhlaleni. Ngokuthe ngcembe iCawa yamaKatolika yaqinisa ulawulo emtshatweni ngexesha lamaxesha aphakathi, ifuna imvume, izifungo zikawonke wonke, kunye nentsikelelo yabefundisi. Lo mthetho wasemthethweni wawuchaza umtshato njengongagqibekanga nongagqibeleliyo phakathi kwendoda nomfazi.

Ukusuka Kunqulo Ukuya Kumtshato Wamakhaya

UHlaziyo nonyuko lwamazwe lwalandela uluvavanya igunya lobufundisi kumtshato. UHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti lwavumela uqhawulo-mtshato kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, kodwa ingcamango yomtshato wamakhaya yaqalisa ukunyanzeliswa ngumthetho. IFransi yasungula umtshato onyanzelisayo wamakhaya ngowe-1792, isusa icawa yegunya elingokwasemthethweni yaye ibeka umtshato phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente. Lo mzekelo wanwenwa eYurophu ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinethoba elinethoba, amazwe afana neJamani, i-Itali, kunye noManyene eUnited Kingdom emisela imithetho yomtshato yamakhaya eyayinxulumene nezithethe zonqulo. Ukuyingela ulawulo loburhulumente kuseka isiseko sotshintsho kamva, njengoko ngoku kuvusenoko umtshato olungileyo ngaphandle kokuthobela imfundiso yecawamacawa.

Ukwanda Kwemithetho Yoqhawulo - mtshato Nomgangatho Weentlanga

Kuqala kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwabonwa utshintsho olusemthethweni kumthetho womtshato. Uqhawulo-mtshato lwaba semthethweni kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, nangona ngokufuthi kuqikelelwa imithetho enzima enjengeyokrexezo okanye inkohlakalo. Iintshukumo zamalungelo abesifazane zoo-1960 kunye no-1970 zanyanzela ukuba zilingana phakathi komtshato, ziphelisa imfundiso yokugquma isiqu ekwakubekwa kwebhinqa ekusemthethweni phantsi komyeni walo. Amazwe afana neSweden kunye neDenmark akhokela ekusebenziseni imithetho yomtshato, ukususa iimfuno zomfazi ukuba athabathe ifani yomyeni wakhe, anike amalungelo alinganayo kwimpahla kunye nelungelo lokugcina. Ezi zinguquko zabeka isigaba sobucala esiphambili somyeni wakhe: ukugqalwano oluphambili: ulwalamano olufana nolwe-dex.

Ukuqhambuka Komaqabane Angaphakathi Njengokwamkeleka Okusemthethweni

Ngaphambi kokuba umtshato osisigulo esifanayo ufikeleleke, umanyano lwabemi lwavela njengolwamkelo oluqhelekileyo. Ingcamango yangoku yasungulwa eDenmark, eyathi ngowe- 1989 yadala ulawulo lokuqala olubhalisiweyo lwehlabathi lobudlelane nezibini ezingokwasemgceni. Eli lungiselelo litsha elisemthethweni lanika amalungelo amaninzi kunye neembopheleleko zomtshato ./ukufumana ilifa, ukulandelelana, neengenelo zentlalo-ntle (lokungalithi "umtshato" kwaye ngokufuthi ishiya umsitho wonqulo kunye nokwamkelwa kwabantu. Imodeli yeDenmark yangqinempembelelo.

Imvelaphi Nokunwenwa Kwayo Yonke IYurophu

Emva kwe-Denmark, amanye amazwe ase-Nordic amkela umanyano olubhalisiweyo: iNorway (1993), iSweden (1995), iIceland (96), neFinland (2002). INetherlands yasungula ubudlelane obubhalisiweyo bezibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kunye nezichaseneyo neentlobano zesini ngo1998, ilindele ukulingana okupheleleyo komtshato ngo-2001. IFransi yadala iPacte Comn de Sonalité[[FLT] [1] [PACS] [1] ngo-1 ngonyaka ka-1, umlinganiselo ongekhoyo ovulekelelwayo kuzo zonke izibini. uBukumkani obumanyeneyo, noSwitzerland zavelisa imithetho yabo phakathi ko-2001 no-200000. Ngophakathi kwe-200000, izinxulumani zoluntu zazenza umgangatho osemthethweni wokukhetha okuzikhusela okupheleleyo kwe-Europe.

Amalungelo kunye nezigunyaziso phantsi kweenqanawa zobuGcisa zaMasipala

Nangona ulwalamano lwabemi lwahlukile ngokwelizwe, kukho izinto abazenzayo:

  • Ukwamkelwa komthetho kugunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni, okudla ngokufuna iinkqubo zokwahlukana ezifana noqhawulo-mtshato.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi namalungelo okudla ilifa: ubuchule bokufumana ilifa ngaphandle kokuthanda, ukhuseleko lwamalungu, kunye nokukhulula kwirhafu yelifa.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] ukhuseleko lwemali kunye neenzuzo zempesheni: Unikezelo kwimpesheni yempesheni ephumayo, intlawulo ye-inshorensi yempilo, neenzuzo zentsapho.
  • Ufuduko nohlanga: Ilungelo lokuxhasa iqabane ukuze lihlale okanye libe ngummi kwimimandla emininzi.
  • Uxanduva lwabazali: Lumbi umanyano luvumela ukufumana abantwana abadityanisiweyo okanye ukuqwalaselwa ngokwalo ngokwabazali abantwana abazalelwe kulo mbutho.

Noko ke, umanyano lwasekuhlaleni lwalusoloko lunemiqathango. Kumazwe amaninzi, aluzange luvumele ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana kunye, yaye lwalungavumeli ukuba kwenziwe umbhiyozo wonqulo. Iimbambano zokuhlala nabantwana abazalwa ngaphambi kolwalamano zisenokuhlala zingenakuphela.Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi ngxaki zabangela ukuba amaziko awahlukeneyo angabi nakulingana ngokwemvelo.

Umanyano lwabemi kwizibini ezikwindawo enxuseneyo

Inkqubela ebalulekileyo ikukukhula komanyano lwabemi nezibini ezingoonobufanasini. I-Netherlands, iFransi (PACS), neBelgium sele ivumele oku. I-United Kingdom yavula umanyano lwabemi kwizibini ezinxulumani ezingokwabelana ngesondo ezikwiminyaka yonyaka wama 2019 emva kokulawula kweNkundla Ephakamileyo. iFinland, i-Ireland, kunye neLuxembourg zinika izibini ezininzi ukhetho olubhalisiweyo. Izibini ezininzi, izibini zasekuhlaleni zimela enye indlela efunekayo emtshatweni.

Umtshato Ofanayo: Utyekelo Olukhulayo EYurophu

Unxulumano lwabemi lwalusoloko lugxekwa njengeqela lesibini. Abameli bale ngxelo bathi ukwahlukana kwakungalingani, ingakumbi xa amaqabane akhutshwa amalungelo okutholwa okanye ukuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo kwezentlalo. Ukunyanzeliswa kokulingana komtshato kwaphumelela kuma 2000, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe neenkundla ezikhokela indlela.

Amazwe Obuvulindlela Nemithetho Ebalaseleyo

I-Netherlands yaba lilizwe lokuqala ehlabathini ukubhalisa umtshato ofanayo ngo-2012, i-France ngo-2013. I-Belgium yalandela ngo-2003, iSpeyin, ngo-2005, nge-Norway ne-Sweden ngo-209. Ngo-2010, i-Iceland (ngokumiswa komsitho odumileyo emhlabeni wonke ngumphathiswa yiNkundla yayo) i-Denmark ngo-2012, kunye neFransi ngo-2013. Ngo-2013. Ngonyaka we-2013, i-Europe (kuhlanganise no-2014, i-Unish eSkotlanithe ngo-2020) kunye ne-Novesithi ye-Ostrish ngo-2017, i-Maltavian ingulwe yinkundla yeNkuhlela yezongalo yoMgaqo-mthetho, ngo-R201717.

Indima YeNkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu

INkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu (ECHR) iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo kodwa elumkileyo. Kwityala eliphawulayo Schalk kunye neKopf v. (2010], inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ayikhange ivume ukuba inikezele ukuba izivumelwano ezifanayo ze-689, kodwa yamkela ukuba ulwalamano oluphakathi komtshato luwe ngaphakathi kwengcamango ye "yobomi bekhaya"." Kamva, [iii-“Oril] kunye nezinye. I-Itali[FLT:] [20] [20], inkundla ifumanise ukuba i-Itali ayizange inikezele izivumelwano ezisemthethweni ngokunika nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na ingqinisekiso yomthetho yezo migaqo-mthetho yezo zivumelwano. La mazwe azisangakhange ayenze nayiphi na indlela yokubhalisa i-mthetho yemithetho yesizwe, kodwa ayenze amagunya amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani amanani asemthethweni ahlukeneyo awona athe phantsi komnye kwi

Umthetho we-EU namalungelo entlangano

Umthetho we-European Union uxonxiwe nale ndawo. Umgaqo we-EU wokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwabantu usebenza kumaqabane angoonozakuzakuthana akwilizwe awaziyo umtshato, kodwa iingxaki ziphakama xa isibini sisuka kwimo yomtshato "esona silinganayo sisiya kwimeko engaliqondiyo ilungu. Coman kunye naMany [2018], iNkundleko yeJaji ye-EUM, ingumthetho we-EU, ikholelwa ukuba iqabane elinye elingu "spouse" kwinjongo ye-EURGU' Free Movectionive, nokuba imeko yomququzeleli ayimvume ukuba umtshato ofanayo utshatiswe . Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Romania ifanele inikwe amalungelo eMelika e-Romania. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iqabane elinye le-cellxpressasethission lingakwazi ukuthoba inyathelo lomtshato wesizwe, nangona ingawuthobeki ngokweethe ngokomthetho lomtshato.

Ukuhlala Ujamelene Nocelomngeni Nezinto Ozibekileyo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ephawulekayo, ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwezibini ezingoonongogo kuhlala kungangqinelani.

IMpuma Yurophu Nokuvalwa KomGaqo-siseko

Amazwe amaninzi aye atshintsha umgaqo-siseko wawo ukuze awuchaze ngokucacileyo umanyano phakathi kwendoda nomfazi. IPoland, iHungary, iLatvia, iLithuania, iCroatia, neSlovakia anawo amalungiselelo anjalo. Ngo-2020, iHungary ikwawudlulisa umthetho owenqabileyo ukutholwa kwabantwana ngokusemthethweni ngabantu abatshatileyo ngokufanayo. IPoland ayivunywanga ngokusemthethweni izibini ezifanayo ezingokwase-689x ezitshatileyo, yaye imigudu yepalamente yokusungula umanyano lwamakhaya iye yasilela ngokuphindaphindiwe. EHungary, umgaqo-siseko awuzange unikezeli mtshato ofanayo kodwa ukwahlukana nomthetho osemthethweni, ushiya izibini ezingakhuselekanga kwili, ukutyelelwa kwesibhedlele, okanye ilifa. Oku kuthintelwa komthetho kudla ukukhuthazwa yinkcaso yezo yezopolitiki namaqela oqhelekileyo owecawa.

Izithethe Neembono Ezithandwayo

Imigudu yokwandisa amalungelo iye yabuyiselwa emva ngama-palement. ESlovenia, ngo-2012 i-arhenteum yawubhukuqa umthetho wobudlelane obukhoyo obuye wawiswa yipalamente, nangona kamva ngo-2015 i-arhentemu yomtshato owenziwe ngomtshato osulelweyo yasilela (umthetho womtshato wadluliswa yipalamente). ERomania, i-arhendendu yonyaka ka-2018 yafuna ukuvala umtshato ofanayo kumthetho-siseko, kodwa yasilela ngenxa yokungaphumi. I-Referendentum zizixhobo ezibangela ukwahlukana okunzulu kwezentlalo-ntle ephakathi kwezizwe kunokuba ibonise ukuvumelana okucacileyo kwamalungelo abantu.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo neSikolo seNtshona Koloni

Ukwamkelwa okusemthethweni kolwalamano oluphakathi kobufanasini neendlela ezintsonkothileyo. Kumazwe avumela kuphela uqhawulo-mtshato oluchaseneyo noknano, umtshato usenokutshintshwa ukuba umntu otshintshayo umtshato utshintsha ngokusemthethweni emva kokutshata, ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unika imvume ecacileyo yokuqhubeka komtshato. Inkoliso yamazwe aseNtshona Yurophu ngoku ivumela abantu abatshate ngokusemthethweni ukuba batshintshe ubufana babo ngaphandle kokuba bafune uqhawulo-mtshato, kodwa oku akuyonto indalo iphela. EHungary nasePoland, ukuvalelana kwemithetho esemthethweni enyanzelela ukuchasa abantu abatshate ngokuneyo okanye ukuhlala bengatshatangani.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokwamkelwa Ngokomthetho

Ngaphandle komtshato nomanyano lwasekuhlaleni, amazwe aseYurophu aye avelisa imigaqo emininzi esemthethweni yezibini ezingalulungelelaniyo ulwalamano lwazo.

Ukungabhaliswanga komthetho

Ukuhlalisana okungabhaliswanga ngokomthetho . Ngokungafaniyo, kumazwe amaninzi aseMpuma Yurophu, ukuhlalisana kuthwala ipesenti eninzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Noko ke, iziphumo zomthetho ziyahlukahluka. ESweden naseFransi, amaqabane ahlala kunye angazifumana iimfuno ezithile ngexesha elithile, njengamaqela empahla emva kokwahlulwa okanye ilifa ukuba kukhankanyiwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumazwe amaninzi aseMpuma Yurophu, ukuhlalisana kuthwala abambalwa kumalungelo azenzekelayo. Ezinye izithuba, njenge United Kingdom (iintsomi zomtshato eziqhelekileyo), zinika ukhuseleko olulinganiselwe olufuna imeko ye-6by - pasisicapegita. Kubantu abaninzi abatshatileyo, umanyano olubhalisiweyo luhlala luneyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo ngaphandle komtshato.

Ukwahluka kwamazwe kumalungelo okufumana abantwana

Amalungelo okufumana abantwana abatsha abangoogxa bakhe abonisa ukwahluka okuseleyo. Kumazwe alinganayo ngokuzeleyo emtshatweni, njenge-Netherlands, iSpeyin, kunye neUnited Kingdom, izibini ezingoonobufanasini zinokufumana intsebenziswano. Noko ke, kumaphondo amaninzi asekuhlaleni, ukuvunywa kwabantwana abangomnye kusekwahlulelwa. EPoland, eHungary, naseSlovakia, ukutholwa kwabantu abatshatileyo abafanayo kuvaliwe ngokucacileyo. I-Surcogate, esetyenziswa zezinye izibini ezingamafanasini, yenye indawo apho imithetho eyaphulwe ngokunzulu, ekwahluleleneyo (e, eFransi) ukumisela imida esemthethweni (e, e-UK). Ukungahoywa kwamalungelo abazali afanayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo kudala "ukubhabhabhabhayo" apho umntwana ozalwa nabazali ababini kubazali abangomnye kuphela kwelinye ilizwe.

Ulwalathiso Nesigqibo Sexesha Elizayo

Ukwahlula Kuchasene Nobunzulu EYurophu

Ikamva lokuvunywa kolwalamano eYurophu lixhomekeke ekuxinzeleneni kwemiqathango yesizwe nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe. IBhunga leBhunga laseYurophu elikwiNgqungquthela yamalungelo abantu liye lachazwa ngokuthe ngcembe, kodwa ingcinezelo evela kwiNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu isenokuqhubeka inyanzela imilinganiselo encinane. IEU ithatha amanyathelo amancinane: isigqibo sePalamente yaseYurophu esicela ukuba kuqwalaselwe umgangatho weentsapho kumazwe angamalungu, nangona engabopheleliyo, imisela isalathiso sohambo. Noko ke, nawuphi na umthetho onyanzelayo uya kufuna izivumelwano ezingomqathango zimele zidibane, nto leyo engenakufane inikezelwe yinkcaso yamazwe amaninzi aseMpuma.

Indlela Eya Kumgangatho Opheleleyo

Abaququzeleli bezomthetho kunye nabaphengululi bomthetho bayavuma ukuba eyona njongo iphambili kukulingana ngokupheleleyo: ukubakho komsantsa womtshato nowemibutho yabemi (okanye isiko elinye) kuzo zonke izibini kungakhathaliseki ukuba zingowaphi isimilo, ubuni okanye isini. Oku bekuya kuphelisa imfuneko yolawulo olwahlukeneyo olusoloko lukhuthaza ukungalingani. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Ireland noLuxembourg, ahambelana ngokulinganayo, aqhutywa yinkundla yezomthetho, iqhinga lomthetho, kunye noluvo oluthe bheno-wonke.

Ukuvunywa okusemthethweni komtshato kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni eYurophu kusengumsebenzi onamandla. Ngoxa eli lizwekazi liye lenza inkqubela ephawulekayo ukususela oko iqhina lokuqala elibhalisiweyo ladalwa eDenmark ngo 1989, izithuba ezibalulekileyo ziyaqhubeka. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho echaphazela ubomi bokwenene /iindawo zokunyamekela impilo-ntle, ilifa, ukuthathelwa amaqabane, kunye nokufuduka. Ukuqhubeka kobugqeba, ukudityaniswa kwemithetho kuyimfuneko ekuvaleni ezi zikhephelo. Njengoko ukuqondwa kweentsapho nolwalamano lwe-Europe kuqhubeka kuhambelana nokuguqula, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni kufuneka ilungelelanise ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bayabathanda, bani, bangakha amalungelo abo bathanda, banokuzinzisa, bakhusele iintsapho.

Ukuphinda ufunde, i- ikhonkcoli yelizwe lamalungelo abantu eYurophu. inika ushwankathelo lomthetho wetyala elinxulumeneyo. I-ILGA--Eunikopeni iMaphu ye-IM [[FLT:] inikela i-izwekazi elikwixesha lomhla 76]. Uhlalutyo lwe-Academic lolawulo lweComan kunye neziphumo zayo zingafunyanwa kuMthetho we-[FLT: 4.] i-Eulonton Blog. Ekugqibeleni, [FLT:]