Imvelaphi Engokwembali Yokwahlulwa Kolawulo Oluphakamileyo Lwelizwe

Imfundiso yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni kwelizwe ngokulawulwa ngurhulumente ilandela imvelaphi yayo ukuya kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho ukumkani engenakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe phantsi komgaqo othi "ukumkani akanakwenza okuphosakeleyo. Xa amathanga aseMelika aseka umanyano lwamazwe orhulumente, le ngcamango yayithwaliswa phambili njengokhuselo olusisiseko kumazwe amatsha adalwayo. Abaseki bacinga ukuba urhulumente ngamnye ugcina ulawulo lwakhe lwemfuza, okuthetha ukuba akukho rhulumente unyanzeleka ukuba azikhusele kwiinkundla zomnye umlawuli ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sakhe. Le ngcamango yayingeyonto nje elula; yayibumba isakhiwo solawulo lwephondo lwamaqumrhuluneli kunye nemidanga yegunya karhulumente.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yangaphambili, ezifana ne Chajolm v. Georgia (1793) apho iNkundla yavumela ummi wabucala ukuba asuthe eGeorgia kwinkundla yephondo, yabangela ukuba ukhuseleko lweshumi elinesibhozo luvunywe ngokusemthethweni ngo1795 ukubhukuqa eso sigqibo, iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba amandla esizwe awayamkeli umgaqo wabemi belizwe okanye amazwe asemzini. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkukhubazeni iCoortmentation i-eyenth Demential inyuse umgamfa wokuzi wokuzisela ityala abami balo abahlala kwilizwe labo ngokufanayo, iqinisekisa umgangatho wale mihla wezongameli.

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Nenye Nesicelo Sale Mihla

ISinyusi seshumi elinesine sinikela oku: Nangona oku kubonakala kulinganiselwe kulawulo olulawulayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States ayisayi kujongwa njengeyokwandisa nayiphi na imfanelo esemthethweni okanye esesikweni, eqaliswe okanye emangalelwe nxamnye nenye yee-United States yi-Citizences yelinye iLizwe, okanye yiMisebenzi okanye iZihlalo zoMgaqo-siseko waMazwe angaphandle. Nangona oku kusithiwa kuxhomekeke kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kumgaqo obanzi wokhuselo olulawula urhulumente osebenza phantse kwizenzo zenkundla yelinye iphondo, kuquka nakwezo ziziswa ngabemi belinye ilizwe. Oku kuthintela ukuba kukwanwe kwimimandla nakusetyenziswa kwezo zixhobo zelizwe nezixhobo ezisebenza ngokunempumelelo kwimo yesizwe.

Ngokumanyumnyezi, ukukhusela ukulawulwa kwemithetho elawulayo: kuhlutha iinkundla zesizwe ulawulo lwetyala lomntu onegunya kwiisuti kumazwe angavunyelwanga. Ngenxa yoko, nokuba ityala lomntu ochaphazelekayo livela phantsi komthetho wesizwe, inkundla kufuneka ikhuphe isuti ngaphandle kokuba umahluko uyasebenza. Lo mgaqo uneziphumo ezinzulu zamalungelo abantu, iimpikiswano zesivumelwano, kunye nento yokurhuqa ezibandakanya oorhulumente.

Izahlulelo Ezikhethekileyo Kulawulo Oluphezulu Lwelizwe

Phezu kwako nje ububanzi bayo obupheleleyo, ukhuseleko oluphezulu lorhulumente alugqibekanga. Iindawo eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela amaqela azimeleyo ukuba aweyise amatyala okanye amagosa karhulumente kwinkundla karhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zimkhethe kubaluleke kakhulu kubafuni bee-frectres nxamnye noorhulumente.

I-Waiver okanye iVumelwano

Eyona nto ilula kukuchanabeka kukarhulumente ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lwakhe ngokuzithandela. Urhulumente angavuma ngokuphandle ngolwimi oluchanekileyo okanye ngesivumelwano, okanye ngokubhekiselele kwihambo ebonisa injongo ecacileyo yokuzithoba kulawulo lwesizwe. Iinkundla zifuna ubungqina bokuba injongo ecacileyo karhulumente yokukhusela ukunqanda ukuthintelwa; nayiphi na into engacacanga igqitywa ngokuxhasa ukulondolozwa komzimba. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela izenzo zokuzikhusela kwiintlobo ezithile zentelekelelo kodwa ngokufuthi zifake intelekelelo kwaye zifake iimfuno zentengiso ze-procetural, ezifana nokubonelela. Ngokufanayo, xa izivumelwano zikarhulumente neqela labucala labucala kwaye evuma ukunqulwa kwe-awe, okokuba inguqululo olucalulweyo, okokuba ingumsebenzi wesivumelwano.

Amazwe angaphazamisa ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka ngehambo yawo. Ukuba urhulumente ngokuzithandela ulisusa ityala kwinkundla yenkundla yephondo ukuya kwinkundla yephondo, ngokuqhelekileyo liphazamisa ukuthintelwa kweNkcitho yeshumi elinesi-11 yesenzo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente unokuthi ubeke ityala ngokwawo okanye uthabathe inxaxheba ekumangalelweni ngaphandle kokuphakamisa i-sogo sokhuseleko ungabanjwa njengovumayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kweBhunga

IKhomishini ingasikhusela ekukhuseleni ulawulo lwesizwe xa isenza uphakamiso kumthetho-siseko osemthethweni onika igunya kwaye iyichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yaso yokwenza oko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba iKhomishini ingawuphelisa umgaqo-nkqubo weSigqibo weshumi nenye phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mdangatho we-145, onika iKhomishini amandla okunyanzelisa iziqinisekiso zenkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Umzekelo, amalungiselelo athile amaMerika anengxaki yoMthetho weNdlksko kunye noMthetho wezonyango axhaswa njengegunya elisebenzayo, nokokuba asetyenziswe kubaqeqeshi begunyakazi be-14.

Noko ke, iCongress ayinakuyilwa kweBroquateotic sorticle phantsi kweGatya I (njenge-Chomark Claus) ngaphandle kwengxelo ecacileyo. USELELE FURENT of Florida v. Florida [1996], iNkundla yathi iNkundla ayinalo igunya phantsi kokhuselo lwe-Indiya Commercial Claus kukhuselo lolawulo lwendawo, kwaye amatyala alandelayo andise loo ngqiqo kwiNqaqonga I. Oku kudala umlinganiselo obalulekileyo: imimiselo yequmrhu egunyazisa isuti evumela ukuba i-agconsole evumela ukupheliswa okunga.

Isuti enxamnye namagosa karhulumente: Imfundiso yokuphela kwecandelo

Enye into enzima yimfundiso ye- Ex encinci, evumela iisuti ngokuchasene nabaphathi borhulumente kubuchule babo obusemthethweni bokothula okulindelekileyo ukuphelisa ukuphulwa ngokuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente. Phantsi kwale ntsomi, umphathi uthathwa njengomphathi wesizwe, kodwa urhulumente ngokwakhe akangommangalelwa; kunoko, ihambo engekho mthethweni yegosa ikhutshwa kuphawu lwayo oluphezulu. Le mfundiso yenza abalawuli abachaphazelekayo bavavanye imigaqo-mthetho karhulumente kunye nemithetho yezoburhulumente ngaphandle kokuqhuba ukhuseleko lolawulo lobungangamni.

Inxenye ye-ex e Young umahluko ulinganiselwe kwisombululo esilindelekileyo esilinganayo; awuvumeli iisuti zomonakalo wemali ovela kubuncwane belizwe. Ukuba umkhapheli ufuna umonakalo osebenzayo, igosa lingasenokwenziwa okanye amandla alo ngamanye ngaphantsi kwama-42.S.C, kodwa ukhuseleko lwe-monga-gosa aluwukhuseli urhulumente ngokwawo. Umahluko ongundoqo ngukuba ngaba ukukhulula kuya kusebenza ngokuchasene norhulumente (imintsontela) okanye ngokuchasene negosanye (i-ofisi ingafumaneka ngokufumana ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo, kodwa ukhuseleko lwe-omgalelo-yodwa alungeni kwingxelo).

Isuti Zaphantsi Kwemithetho Yamalungelo Aseburhulumenteni

Xa igosa elithe tye limangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko okanye omthetho, ukufumaneka konyango kuxhomekeke kwindlela eyiyo le mbango. Kumonakalo wemali, umphathi angamangalelwa kumandla akhe, kodwa urhulumente ngokwakhe uhlala engonakele. Kuba ukukhululeka okuchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo, ex ee Young unika indlela. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesixhenxe alugwebi alwenzi umgangatho woburhulumente okanye imikhosi yasekuhlaleni kuba zingathathwa njengezixhobo zikarhulumente ukwenzela ukukhusela. Oku kudla ngokukhokelela ii-partioffssss kumagama karhulumente okanye abaphathi-rhulumente abaqhelekileyo abafuna ukulwela amalungelo orhulumente.

Imfundiso Yokuvumelana Nezibakala

Imfundiso yokuvuma kukuncedisana nokhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu: isivumelwano sikarhulumente sokuba simangalelwe. Ngenxa yokuba ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka kunelungelo elinokulahlwa, ukuqonda indlela nexesha imvume enikwa ngalo iyimfuneko ngamalungu asebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ukuvuma kusenokuthatha iintlobo eziliqela, nganye ineenjongo zayo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imvume yegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) GRUSobject name (optional)

Eyona ndlela icacileyo yemvume kukugunyaziswa kwemithetho echazayo. Amaphondo amaninzi aye agqithisa “izenzo zokuzithethelela ngokugqithisileyo” okanye“ imvume egqithisileyo yokuzikhusela izenzo” ezikhankanyiweyo zikarhulumente ezichaza iindidi ezizakukhuselwa yimeko. Le mithetho idla ngokufuna ukuba abachaphazeli bafake isaziso sokuthetha ngaphakathi kwifestile emfutshane (umz. iinyanga ezintandathu) kwaye isenokufaka isichasi esipheleleyo. Imvume ye-Express isenokuvela kwizivumelwano, apho urhulumente avumelana nomthetho wokwamkelwa okanye agwetyelwe kwinkundla ebizwa ngegama. Inkundla ephakamileyo ifuna ukuba nayiphi nayiphi na into enjalo “engachazichaziyo ichazwe ngokuphazamisayo." Ingxelo eqhelekileyo egunyazamgagamelini kwinkundla." Ingxelo epheleleyo egunyazisayo ngokokungamele ivumelane nemithetho yenkundla ye-Emplinth1; imele ivume yenkundla elawula ityala.

Ivunyiwe

Imvume ephakanyisiweyo ivela kwihambo karhulumente ebonisa ngokucacileyo injongo yokubandakanyeka kwityala. Owona mzekelo uqhelekileyo kukuba urhulumente ususa ityala kwinkundla yetyala. IRemoval lisenzo sokuzithandela esibeka urhulumente kwi-folum karhulumente, ngaloo ndlela sikhusela ukuthintelwa kwesenzo. Omnye umzekelo uxa urhulumente ngokwakhe efaka ityala enkundleni karhulumente, evula ucango lokuchasa amatyala kwintengiselwano enye. Iinkundla zikwafumana imvume ecacileyo xa urhulumente ethatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente ebandakanya ukuthintelwa kwemeko, ukuba oko kunokwenzeka kucacile kwaye kucacile imeko ecacileyo, ekwaziyo urhulumente ukwamkela imali yorhulumente.

Noko ke, imvume ecacileyo ithathwa ngokungqongqo. Ukubonakala kwesizwe kukhuphiswano okanye ukuhambisa intshukumo yokugxotha ngezizathu zokuzikhusela akukuchaphazeli ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka. Urhulumente kufuneka athabathe amanyathelo okuvuma abonisa ukhetho olucacileyo lokuzimela kwiimfanelo zenkundla yequmrhu.

Ukuvalwa Kukungaphumeleli Ukunyusa Ukhuselo

Ukhuseleko lobuSomandla luyinkuselo enokuthi ikhutshwe ukuba ayifakwanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuba urhulumente uthatha inxaxheba ekuhlaseleni ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukhuseleko oluzikhuselayo (ngomzekelo, ngokuphendula isikhalazo ngaphandle kokuquka ukhuseleko ````inkundla'' isenokubona ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba ukukhusela ukunqanda kuthintelwa komcimbi, ezinye iinkundla ziyiphatha njengenkupho yomqobo enokuphakanyiswa nangaliphi na ixesha, kwanakubheno. Ngoko ke iLetigger kufuneka ilumke ize igxininise ukukhusela ngokukhawuleza.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yokubhaliswa Kwamatyala

Kumagqwetha amela amagqwetha achasene noorhulumente belizwe, inyathelo lokuqala lisoloko ligqiba ukuba umahluko ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko oluphezulu uyasebenza kusini na. Ukuba urhulumente uvumile ngomthetho okanye ngesivumelwano, isuti isenokuqhubeka kwifoum echaziweyo. Ukuba ityala livela phantsi komthetho karhulumente, i-Congregaff kufuneka ivavanye ukuba iBhunga lifanele lizibonele enoba ngokusemthethweni lizinzile ukukhusela ukukhusela okungangeni nxamnye neCandelo 5 loMphengululo we 144 okanye ukuba i-Ex proces Yolutsha ivumela isiphumlisi esilindelekileyo. Kwimeko ezibandakanya ukuphulwa komgaqo-mGaqo-siseko, umthetho ungazisa unobangela wesenzo ngecandelo lalo.

Isiluleko sokhuselo selizwe siya kuhamba sisuse kumaziko okhuselo oluphezulu kwangoko kwilixa. Umthwalo uhlala kumgangatho ophezulu ukumisela umahluko osebenzayo. Kwimeko ezininzi zamalungelo abantu, amagama acacileyo akwizibonelelo zikarhulumente kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi ngabanye kubuchule babo bobuqu bokulondoloza zonke iindlela ezinokwenzeka zoncedo. Izibhengezo zegosa elilawulayo zidla ngokugxothwa phantsi kokhuseleko lolawulo, zishiya kuphela izibhengezo zobuqu ezichasene nezonomonakalo kumagosa ozikhuselayo, ezinokuthi ngoko zibe phantsi kovavanyo olufanelekileyo lokuzikhusela.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kokhuseleko lolawulo-lukhulu lwezolawulo lwesizwe kwinkundla yesizwe kunye nemfundiso yomthetho karhulumente yokukhuselwa kwezoburhulumente enkundleni. Amazwe asenokuba nemithetho yawo yokuzikhusela engokwasemthethweni ebanzi okanye ecuthekileyo kunemithetho yeSinyusi seshumi elinesithoba seSihlaziyi soMbini. Xa ityala liziswa kwinkundla karhulumente ngokuchasene netyala elikhohlawulwa ngurhulumente kwingxelo yomthetho karhulumente, umthetho wokhuseleko lwesizwe uyalawula, hayi uMphengululo weshumi elinesithobane. Le nkqubo idityani ifuna ukuba amagqwetha ahlasele umgaqo orhulumente nomthetho karhulumente ngenyameko.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje

INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka icoca imida yokhuseleko lolawulo lwesizwe. Ngamazwi akutshanje, iNkundla ithethe ukuba imimiselo ethile karhulumente igunyaze ukukhusela ukuhlaziywa phantsi koMthetho we-14th Amendment nokuba amasebe karhulumente afaneleke njengezixhobo zikarhulumente ukwenzela iinjongo zokukhusela ukukhusela. Umzekelo, Allen v. [20] [20], iNkuvukelo yeNkundla ibambelele kwelokuba uKhulu lweLumkelo lwe-Clary Confictiveification Active Act ingasebenzi kakuhle ngenxa yokuba iBroatment arvectory yemithetho elungele ukuchatshaniswa kwegunya likarhulumente ekwanokuthethelelwa phantsi kweCandelo 5. Esi sigqibo sixhasa imfuneko sokuqulul-progrobethi ye-gromethi ye-gracracration elungele ukulawulwa kwegunya kunye ne-bugractive.

Enye intsingiselo ebalulekileyo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko oluzimeleyo kwizizwe nemimandla. Ngoxa izizwe ngokuqhelekileyo zinokukhuselwa ngokweemeko, iNkundla iqalisile ukulinganisela ukuthintelwa kwezo meko ezithile, njengaxa iinkampani zezizwe zibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yezorhwebo. Ezi zihlolo zikhumbuza abakhuphi ukuba ukukhusela ukulawulwa kolawulo oluphezulu akumi ndawonye; kuyaguquka ngomthetho nangenkcazelo egwetywayo.

Isiphelo

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwesizwe luhlala lungomnye wemiqobo eyoyikekayo yokuchasa oorhulumente belizwe. Imvelaphi yalo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi kunye noMphetho-Mdambi weshumi nenye ibangele ukhuseleko olunamandla oluthi lufake isuti ezininzi zomonakalo wemali kwinkundla karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba imvume karhulumente iyasebenza okanye imvume ebhalelweyo. Imfundiso yemvume, nokuba ichazwa okanye ichazwa, ngundoqo obalulekileyo, sisitshixo esivula umnyango wendlu yenkundla yamatyala kubalawuli abaninzi abaqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda ukudityaniselwa kwe-mente phakathi kwe-agrafectal, ukucandaza, [[FFLT:0] inxalenye ekhoyo okanye imfundiso esetyenziswayo, yimfundiso efunekayo okanye imigaqo yesizwe, yisiseko esiyimfuneko kumacala oluntu afuna uncedo kunye namagqwethawe-o akhusela uluntu. Njengoko iNkuNkulawula okuphezulu kuqhubeka okucacisa le midaba ityala elifanelekileyo lokulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, jonga iCornell Legal Information ye-arhente ye- ukhuseleko olulawulayo , hlola umbhalo opheleleyo we Evereth Demendment[, kwaye hlola isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [[FLT:] 4.] SAMINOLE V. Florida.