Ukuchaza Imithetho Yamakhaya Neengtshutshiso Zezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika, esekelwe kwisithethe somthetho oqhelekileyo, isebenza kwimijelo emibini ephambili: ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunye nokumangalelwa kwabezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa zombini iindlela zibandakanya iinkundla, abagwebi, kunye namagqwetha, iinjongo ezisebenzayo zidibene ngokucacileyo. Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya yimbambano esemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela abantu ngabanye, amashishini, okanye imibutho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ityala lezaphuli-mthetho liziswa ngurhulumente, kwaye ityala liziswa ngurhulumente (urhulumente) ngokuchasene nomntu okanye iqumrhu elityholwa ngokwenza isenzo abantu abasigqala njengolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente umelwa ngumtshutshisi (njengegqwetha lesithili okanye i-U.S.Attorney), kwaye omangalelwayo lityala ityala [ elixolelwayo] [[]. Injongo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke ngokusohlwaya, ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo, kwaye, kwezinye iintanda-mthetho, ukuphinda kuquke iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukuvalelwa kwetyala, iinkonzo ezintle, iinkonzo zoluntu, okanye kwanesohlwayo sokufa kwimiqatha yemithetho ethile. Ukuqonda okusesikweni kusoloko ukuvavanywa nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na

Ezi nkqubo zimbini azihlukenenga ngokupheleleyo; isenzo esinye maxa wambi singenza ukuba kubekho ityala lamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo owaziwayo yi-O.J. Simpson ityala: wakhululwa ekubulaleni kwinkundla yamatyala kodwa wafunyanwa enelungelo lokufa ngokuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yamakhaya. Esi siphumo sinokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezimbini zisebenza phantsi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yobungqina kwaye zisukela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho ifuna ubungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kwe bar, kwaye inkqubo yamakhaya ifuna kuphela i-prefemifa ephakamele ubungqina (*a) nomgangatho osezantsi kakhulu. Eli nqaku linikeza uhlalutyo olucacileyo kwezi nkqubo zimbini, lubalase iimpawu zazo, iprocculture, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nee-devotives.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Indlela Esisijonga Ngayo Ityala

Umahluko ongundoqo uxhomekeke koko inkqubo nganye yenzelwe ukukucombulula. Iimeko zamakhaya zisombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela angawodwa. Ukuba usayina isivumelwano sokuthenga imoto kwaye umthengisi akaphumeleli ukuyithengisa, ungamangalelwa ukuba uqhutywe umbane obomvu kwaye uhlaselwe kwinqwelo-mafutha yakho, uyakwazi ukubeka umthetho wamakhaya uthetha ngokungakhathali. Umthetho wamakhaya uthetha ngamalungelo oyimfihlo kunye nezibopho. Noko ke, amatyala etyala olwaphulo-mthetho, nokokuba uthetha ngetyala elichasene nexhoba elinye. Nokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luyingozi ngqo kwixhoba elinye, urhulumente umangalela umenzi-tyala ngenxa yokuba isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho sithintela ukuziphatha okunjalo. URobber, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, ubuselana, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubeka uxolo elubala uluntu kunye nocwangco.

Iipati -

Kwityala lamakhaya, amaqela ngamalungu azimeleyo. Urhulumente uqalisa isenzo, kwaye ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente unokuba ngummangali kwiinkundla zamakhaya. Ngomzekelo, xa i-Evironmental Protection Agency iphakamisa inkampani yokwaphula imimiselo yongcoliso. Kodwa urhulumente wenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho, kungekhona njengomtshutshisi. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi ozisa izityholo usoloko engorhulumente, emela abantu. Umba wemeko ufundeka [[FLT: 0]. i-Statent [.] i-Statent okanye [FLT:] United States]. v [FLT:]. ixhoba alilobekuwo iqela lokulungisa, nangona benokuva umahluko okanye benokufumana ityala.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Umthwalo wobungqina ngumahluko ophambili okhoyo phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumthetho wamakhaya, ummangaleli makabonise ukuba imeko yakhe iyinyaniso. Lo mlinganiselo uchazwa njengowokuphelisa ityala kumzekelo [[FLT: 0]. Kuthetha ukuba ubungqina obupheleleyo bubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba akukho `59% phesenti] ukuba ityala le-pectrix liyinyaniso. Lo mlinganiselo uchazwa njengowongamelayo imilinganiselo yokusesikweni kwi-stapletiff. Kukungaqinisekwanga kunyanzelekanga kunyanzelekanga. Xa kukho ukumangalelwa okufanelekileyo, urhulumente umele ubonise ukuba ityala lommangalelwa [[FLT] kunye netyala elimsulwa. [ityala elingesohlwayo elingesohlwayo elibi elingomntu omsulwa. [FLct:3]

Iziphumo Nezicombululo

Iindlela zonyango ezikhoyo kwinkqubo nganye zibonisa iinjongo zazo ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko zamakhaya, unyango oluqhelekileyo lukonzakalisa ngemali ukuhlawulela okukoqobo ukulahlekelwa (iindleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla) kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, iziphumo zokumohlwaya ukuqeqesha isimilo esingalunganga. Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukukhupha amancedo angenakugwetywa, afana nemiyalelo (ukuyalela iqela ukuba liyeke ukwenza okuthile) okanye ukwenza okuthile okukhethekileyo (ukulungelela iqela ukuba liphumeze izivumelwano). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zinokuba yingxaki yokungalawuleki. Iinjongo zinokuba neziphumo zokungagqibeki. Ukunganyani kusenokubangelwa kukubanjwa (intolongo okanye ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukugcinwa kwetyala, ukurhoxilonga, ukuhliswa kwetyala, ukusetyenziswa kwetyala loluntu, okanye ezinye iimeko zenkundla zenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Obunzulu

Umthwalo wobungqina uneenxalenye ezimbini: umthwalo onzima wokuvelisa kunye nomthwalo wokunyanzela. Umthwalo wemveliso ufuna iqela ukuxhasa ngokwaneleyo ukufunyanwa kwento. Umthwalo wokunyanzela ufuna iqela ukuqinisekisa ukuba inyani iziphumo zingqineka ziyinyaniso. Noko ke, umthwalo wemveliso uhlala utshintsha phakathi kwamaqela ngexesha lokuvavanywa. Umzekelo, kwityala loluntu, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqale avelise ubungqina bokuxhasa ityala lawo. Ukuba bayakwenza, umthwalo ubhekisa kummangalelwa ekuphumeleni kobungqina bokuzikhusela. Uxanduva lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko ke, umthwalo wetyala wolwaphulo-mthetho uhlala uhleli neqela. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka kuqala uphumele ubungqina.

Ngaphaya kwe-Doult-mothe-elula isiseko esinzulu somthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwaye iqwalaselwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. njengemfuneko esemthethweni kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwi-winship[[ (1970]), iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba i-Seed Proced Classiasme of the Idefigrance ifuna urhulumente ukuba abonise zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. [ukuthiwa kwe-[FLT] Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela ukumangalelwa okungachananga nokungaqinisekiyo, ifuna ukuba amandla emoyeni asetyenziswe ngokulula; imilinganiselo ye-prebitan, ibonakalisa umahluko, inyaniso ngaphaya kobungqina obuninzi, kodwa obungakholelekiyo, kodwa obuninzi obunganyanileyo obusetyenziswayo. [kungangoko kubungqina obuqhelekileyo, obungaphindileyo:]

Iintlobo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Ukuqonda iindidi eziphambili kunceda ekucaciseni umlinganiselo wempikiswano yesizwe. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo ziquka iimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ii-comments, amatyala entsapho, neempikiswano zempahla.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Iimpikiswano ezidityanisiweyo zivela xa elinye iqela lichaza ukuba elinye iqela liye lasilela ukuzalisekisa izithembiso ezenziwe kwisivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo. Ezi meko zingabandakanya nantoni na esuka kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo ukuthengisa izinto kwizivumelwano zeshishini ezintsonkothileyo. Ukuyekelela ukuchaswa kwesivumelwano kumele kungqine ubukho besivumelwano esisemthethweni, ukwenza okanye ukuthethelela kommangalelwa ekwenzeni izivumelwano, ukwaphula ulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye umonakalo obangelwa kukuchasana. Ngokufuthi ziquka ilahleko yemali ukubeka iqela elingamelelifuni mvume yokufumana izivumelwano ukuba belinokuqinisekisa ukuba isivumelwano singenziwa. Kwezinye iimeko, umthetho ongqalileyo wenkundla ukwenziwa okanye umgaqo wokwaphula iqela ukwenziwa kwesenzo esithenjisiweyo ngokwenene, xa umbandela onjalo unjalo unjalo, njengoko umbandela woqobo unjalo.

Ingxelo Enconywayo

I-tort yomthetho ilungisa iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye umonakalo komnye umntu okanye kwimpahla yayo. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo i-tort kukungakhathali, okufuna ukubonisa ukuba ummangalelwa ubophelele umsebenzi wenkathalo kumntu ochaphazelekayo, wasulela loo msebenzi, kwaye wabangela umonakalo. Iingozi zezonyango, ukungalawuleki kweziphumo zentlekele, kunye neziphumo zetyala letyala elibangelwayo zonke zibangelwa kukungakhathalelwa. Ngokubotshwa kwetyala. Ngokubotshwa kwetyala lomntu obekiweyo, ukuvalelwa kwebhethri, ukuvalelwa ngetyala, kunye nokuhlaziswa kwetyala okungachananga, ukuphoswa kwemali, ukulahleka kwetyala ummangalelwa ngenjongo yokubulala. Ngokunjalo, ityala elirhabaxa eliyingozi, elichaphazela ityala eliyingozi okanye iziphumo eziyingozi, alifuni tyala okanye intengoleko eyingozi.

Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho ngummandla okhethekileyo othetha ngokukhuliswa kwemitshato yasekhaya. Iinkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato zibandakanya ukuqhawulwa komtshato kunye nemibandela engokwasemthethweni enjengeyantlukwano yempahla, inkxaso yomtshato (anti), kunye nenkxaso yabantwana. Iimbambano zokugcinwa kwabantwana zigqiba apho umntwana aza kuhlala khona kwaye angenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ngokukhuliswa kwakhe. Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza ukukhuliswa kwemiqathango yenkundla esemthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ulwalamano olusemthethweni phakathi kwabantu abangahlobenenga siseko sobuntu babo.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Iimpikiswano zempahla zibandakanya ungquzulwano malunga nobunikazi, impahla, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwempahla yomntu siqu. Iingxaki zezindlu zidla ngokubandakanya imida, ukuthomalalisa, ukubekwa kwemiqathango, iziphene, okanye ungquzulwano olukhoyo. Umzekelo, umnini-khaya angamangalela ummelwane wokwakha uthango oluphazamisa izinto zabo. Iingxabano zempahla zobuqu zibandakanya ukuba nempahla exabisekileyo njengemizobo, iinqwelo-moto, okanye impahla yeshishini. Izenzo zesiqu somdla ngokuzinziwa ukusungula ityala elicacileyo lempahla xa kukho impikiswano okanye ifu lomxholo. Ezi meko zidla ngoku kufuna ukuhlolwa kononophelo lwemisebenzi, uhlolisiso, iingxelo zembali.

Iintlobo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho libalwa ngobunzima, obumisela inkundla apho liviwa khona ityala nesohlwayo esinokuvela. Ezi ntlobo zintathu zingundoqo zizinto eziphosakeleyo, iimpazamo, kunye neempazamo.

Iinketho zegama leqela leenkwenkwezi (iyodwa) FAOobject name (optional)

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu kakhulu kwaye zinezigwebo eziqatha. Ziquka amatyala afana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, ukuqweqwedisa, nokurhwasha ngeziyobisi. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kunokubangela ukuba isigwebo sentolongo sidlule unyaka, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukuvalelwa entolongweni okanye isigwebo sokufa. Amatyala angenatyala adla ngokuvela kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwinkundla yesithili, kunye nabamangalelwa banelungelo lokuchotshelwa kwityala lejaji. Imiqathango ye-procedial inokuba netyala eliqinileyo ngenxa yokuba izibo eziphezulu. Amaninzi agwebo agwebayo anokufumana izigwebo ezisemgwebo ezisekelwe kwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezinye iinkundla zezonyango, ezinye ii-grogrisi, zithwala imiqathango yezonganiso egunyazi.

Iimpazamo

Izigwebo ezingalunganga azikho zinzulu kangako, zigwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, kwiinkomfa, okanye kwinkonzo yoluntu. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, ukuqhuba phantsi kwempembelelo (ityala lokuqala), kunye nokumeneka. Amatyala asoloko ephethwe kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, njengeenkundla zekomkhulu okanye iinkundla zephondo. Ngoxa iinkqubo zifana namatyala angoonotyala, iqhele ukuququzelelwa, kwaye abamangalelwayo abasoloko befumana ityala lejaji (kungamandla amaninzi anika elinye ukuba aceliwe). Iinkundla ezimatyala ezingalunganga zinokuba neziphumo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka iingxelo zezolwaphulo-mthetho ezinokuchaphazela imisebenzi, izindlu, kunye nee-ofisi zezoshishino.

uphazamiso

Ukwaphula umthetho, okukwabizwa ngokuba kukuphulwa kwentolongo, zizinto ezincinci ezibi kakhulu kwaye zisoloko zisohlwaywa kuphela ngentengo. Amathikithi omjaho angowona mzekelo uqhelekileyo. Okunye ukwaphula umthetho kusenokuquka ukulahlwa kwetyala, ukuhamba ngentambo, okanye ukwaphula umthetho okuncinane. Ukwaphula umthetho akuthathi thuba lamaxesha entolongo kwaye kusoloko kuphethwe kwinkqubo elula yolawulo. Kumagunya amaninzi, abamangalelwa abanalo ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala eliyijaji. Ngoxa imiqathango encinane ithathwa njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngobuchule, badla ngokuphathwa njengezinto ezingekho mthethweni. Ukungahlawulwa kakuhle komthetho kusenokukhokelela kwimiqathango eyongezelelweyo, njengelayiselelo okanye i-layisensi ehlawulwayo.

Umelo olusemthethweni

Ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni lilelombombo lenkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika, kodwa lisebenza ngokwahlukileyo kumatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iSixwexwe sokuLawulwa kwetyala liqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika nabani na omangalelwe ngetyala elinokuba ngumphumo. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, inkundla kufuneka imisele elinye kwindleko kawonke-wonke. Eli lungelo limiselwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala Gideon v. [1963] [iiiiityala]) ngenxa yetyala likarhulumente elingekho mthethweni kwaye kamva lidluliselwa nakwelinye ityala. Abakhuseli bakarhulumente bangabaqeshiwe abaqeshiweyo. Basoloko beqeshwe yaye beqeshwe phantsi kwenkonzo ezingokwangokwasemthethweni.

Kwizityholo zamakhaya, akukho lungelo lasemthethweni lokufumana umelo olusemthethweni. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka liqeshe igqwetha lalo okanye liqhubeke . ipro (zingqinela). Uxanduva lwemali lokumangalelwa kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni lungaba lukhulu, kwaye abantu abaninzi abanezityholo ezisemthethweni abanalo lokufumana uncedo olusemthethweni. Imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni inikela ngesisa okanye iinkonzo eziphantsi kwiintlobo ezithile zetyala, njengemiba yemiba yendlu okanye imicimbi yomthetho, kodwa ilinganiselwe yemali. Ukungabi nalwazi olufanelekileyo lokululeka kwiimeko zamakhaya kuye kwagxekwa ngokubanzi, ingakumbi kwimicimbi ebandakanya iimfuno zoluntu ezifana nezindlu, ukugcinwa komntwana, nokukhuselwa kobundlo - mkhosi. Ezinye iindawo ziye zavavanywa kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye iinkqubo zomthetho zemali ezikhombangomthetho.

Umahluko

Iinkqubo zamatyala amakhaya kunye nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ziyabelana ngobuninzi obufanayo . zombini zibandakanya ukuncenga, ukufumana, ukuthatha inyathelo, ukuvavanya, kunye nesibheno sommangalelwa. Kodwa kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, inkqubo iqala xa ummangalelwa echophayo ekhalazela ityala kwaye inikela kumntu omangalelweyo. Ummangalelwa makafake iifayile okanye abeke esichengeni somgwebo ongagqibekanga. Ukubhaqwa kusoloko kuphangalele kwaye kuvumela omabini amaqela ukuba acele amaxwebhu, athathe ityala, asebenze amatyala. Iityala zamakhaya ziqheleke phambi komgwebi ngaphandle kokuba inkundla yejaji ifunwa. Imithetho yobungqina ikhululekile xa ithelekiswa namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye umgangatho wobungqina usezantsi.

Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo iqala ngokubanjwa okanye ngokubekwa izityholo ngumtshutshisi. Ukubonakala kokuqala kwazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo namalungelo abo. Ukuchotshelwa kokuqala okanye ukuququzelelwa kwamatyala amakhulu kugqiba enoba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokuqhubeka. Ukufunyaniswa kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho akubi banzi njengakwimeko yabemi, kwaye abamangalelwa banezikhuseli ezikhethekileyo phantsi kweMimiselo yeNtlangathathu neyesithandathu. Iimmangaliso zezaphuli-mthetho zisoloko ziphambi kwejajiji ukuba ummangalelwa ujongene netyala ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu zokubanjwa. Imithetho yobungqina kufuneka ingqine zonke izibakalaniso ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunikela ubungqina okanye ukuhlala ethulileyo, kwaye ukuba ukhetha ukungangqinelani, ijaji engenayo ayinakuxhasa.

Ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kumatyala ezaphuli-mthetho

Abamangalelwa abagwetyiweyo banandipha uludwe lwezikhuseli zomgaqo-siseko ezingafumanekiyo kwimiqathango yamakhaya. UMthetho wesine ukhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula kwaye ufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuze ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphulwa koMphetho-Mpanzi wesi-C5 bungakhutshwa phantsi komthetho [[] womthetho wobuGawulayo . Umphetho-Gandla lwesihlanu lukhusela ukuzikhusela ekuzifuneni ngokwalo kunye nokuxhwala ityala (ilungelo lokuhlala lithulile) kunye nengozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzama kabini icala elinye). Kufuna ukugwetywa okukhulu komthetho ngenxa yetyala lomthetho-mthetho womthetho womthetho. Ukugwetyelwa kwe-o-o-mthetho-okanye oku-6 kuqinisekisa ilungelo lokukhawuleza nokuvavanywa kwetyala, umgwebo lowo ukungabikho kwetyala, nokungazelelwa ngokugqithisongo kwanga.

Abameli abanazo iimvavanyo ezifanayo. Akukho lungelo linye kwigqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla, akukho lungelo lichasene nokuzithethelela ngokwalo (nangona uHlaziyo lwesihlanu lunokubizwa ekugcinweni kwabemi ukuba ubungqina bunokuba bubodwa), kwaye akukho siqobo sichasene nokumangalelwa okuninzi okuvela kwiziganeko ezifanayo. Ukukhusela kweSiphendulo sesine ekuphembeleleni nasekuxhuzulweni akusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuziphatheni ngamaqela azimeleyo, kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente. Kodwa, i-ligigi yoluntu inamalungelo afanelekileyo phantsi kweyo eyesihlanu neyesine, kuquka ilungelo lokuqaphela kunye nethuba lokuva ngaphambi kokuba ihluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Indima Yemijukujelwa

I Juries idlala indima kuwo omabini amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa imithetho iyahluka. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ilungelo lokugwetywa kwetyala naliphi na ityala eligwetywayo ngeenyanga ezintandathu zokuvalelwa. Abachobi kufuneka bangacaluli, kwaye isigqibo sabo kufuneka sihlangane kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asemthethweni. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna izigwebo ezingqubanayo kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu, nangona amanye aye avumela izigwebo ezingangeni mthetho ezingolulo-lulo kwityala elidlulileyo (Inkundla ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba izigwebo ezingeyo zetyala ezingozo zemali zimele zingabi zigwetywa ngokwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ., 2020]

Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, iSichibiyelo seSebethi siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lenkundla yamatyala esizwe kumatyala abandakanya ama-20 000 axabanayo, kodwa eli lungelo alinyanzeliswa kumaphondo. Amazwe amaninzi anikela iityala zejaji kwiimeko zamakhaya, kodwa amanye azithintele kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala. Iijaji zamakhaya ziquka iijaji ezincinane kuneejaji ezigwebayo (ngokufuthi zintandathu endaweni yeshumi elinesibini). Ukunganyani akusoloko kuyimfuneko kwiimeko zamakhaya; imimandla emininzi ivumela izigwebo zetyala le-ografiti, njengesihlanu kwiijaji ezintandathu. Ijaji zamakhaya zigqiba ukuba ngaba ngabagwebi abagwebi bafanele bagwetyiweyo okanye ngabagwebi abagwebi. Ukuba kunjalo, umlinganiselo woko lwetyala. Kuzo zombini, ukugweba ikomiti egweba umthetho, kwaye isebenza kumthetho.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Inkqubo yezibheno nayo iyahluka phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawamatyala angolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko zamakhaya, naliphi na iqela lingabhenela kumgwebo wokugqibela. (umbutho ozisa isibheno) kufuneka achaze iimpazamo zomthetho owenziwe yinkundla yamatyala. Izibheno zidla ngokuviwa yinkundla ephakathi, kwaye uhlolo olubhekele phayaa kwinkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla okanye iU.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Umgangatho wokuhlola okuphezulu uyakwazi ukuphinda ujonge: iziphumo ezicacileyo ziphinda ziphinde zilungiswe ngokwempazamo ecacileyo, ngoxa iziphetho zomthetho ziphinda ziphindwe hayi [ [iFLT] [ict:1] [any]. Izibheno zomvo ezitsha]. Izibheno zomvo zangaphakathi zinokuba zide kwaye zibenexabiso elininzi, kunye nenkundla yenkundla yezomthetho zisenokuqinisekisa, okanye ukubuyisela ukurhoxazulu kwetyala.

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwisiqinisekiso njengemeko elungileyo kwimimandla emininzi. Ityala lidla ngokungakubhena ukuvalwa kwetyala ngenxa yecandelo eliphindiweyo. Noko ke, ityala linokubhena izindululo ezithile zomthetho wangaphambi komthetho okanye imibandela yokugweba. Izibheno zetyala zinokugxininisa kwisigqibo esityholwayo sokwaphula umthetho, njengoncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko, ukuvunywa okungafanelekanga kobungqina, okanye ubungqina obunganeleyo bokuxhasa isiqinisekiso. Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe ukufa, isibheno sizenzekelayo kumazwe amaninzi. Inkundla ye-appellate inokuqinisekisa ukuma, ukubuyiselwa kwayo (ngokunokuba ngumphumo omtsha wetyala), okanye ukuguqula isigwebo. u-Cape cups corpus unika umbal-o ngqalelo olungezelelekileyo, ukuphinda ukuvumela uvavanyo lwe-postvivition, ukuvavanyaniswa kwetyala lawo kwinkundla se-gqesho.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi kokumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunye nokumangalelwa ngamatyala angoogxamesi nje kuphela, iziphumo zokwenene zomntu ngamnye obandakanyekileyo. Amatyala amakhaya anika inkqubo yokucombulula iingxabano zabucala nokubangela amaxhoba engozi. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anceda abantu ngokuba nomdla woluntu ngokubohlwaya nabaphuli-mthetho, ngokukhusela imicimbi yabantu abayingozi. Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yobungqina, imibutho, kunye neenkqubo zonyango zibonakalisa iinjongo ezicacileyo kunye nemilinganiselo ephantsi kwenkqubo nganye. Kubafundi kunye nabafundisi, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko ekufundeni nokubhala phantsi komthetho. Ukuqaphela ukuba imeko ethile ibangela ukuba abantu bafune ukumangalelwa kwabantu abanobungozi, kwaye ukwazi oko kusebenza kumele abantu ngabanye ukuba baqhube inkqubo esemthethweni eluncedo ngakumbi. Umthetho awuyiyo inkqubo ye-monlith; kodwa umiselwe ngendlela elungeleneyo kodwa ulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elungele ulungele uluntu kunye nelungele ulungele ulungele uluntu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho ukwenzela ushwankathelo lwenkqubo yoluntu, i-Junia U.S.I. iinkundla zewebhsayithi zodidi lwenkcazelo, i iMelika Bar Association [ yemibutho yemfundo yoluntu, kunye Justia yezikhokelo eziluncedo. Ezi mithombo zinika ulwazi olugunyazisayo kwabo bafuna ukufikelela ekuqondeni inkqubo esemthethweni yeMelika.