Imfundiso Yokungagqibeli: Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi

Isenzo esikhethekayo sisixhobo somgaqo-siseko esisetyenziswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isebenzisa ngaso inkoliso yamalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo ukuba imisele kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngeMsebenzi Wolawulo lwe-Apresence. Le mfundiso isemthethweni ilungise amalungelo asekuhlaleni eMelika ngokusisiseko, isenza umgangatho wokhuseleko lwesizwe ngamnye apho wonke urhulumente amele awuhlonele. Ngoxa umbhalo weBhili yamaLungelo unyanzelelwe ntlandlo kuphela urhulumente wesizwe, intsebenziswano yemithetho yezomthetho, inyanise oko kuqinisekisiwe ngokunyanzelisa okunyanzeliswayo ngokuchasene nemithetho yorhulumente, ukubonelela okulula, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ecacileyo, kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Le mfundiso ayimele iphumelele kwisenzo sexesha elinye kodwa ngenkalo yayo yendaleko, ivumela iinkundla zenkululeko yokutshintsha ilungele ukutshintsha kwemithetho yentlalo, ivumela ukutshintsha kwemithetho yentlalo neyo.

Imvelaphi Yembali NoMthetho - melo Weshumi Eline

Ityala lokubulala leNdlu kunye namalungelo okanye uNondo Claus

Ekupheleni kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iBhunga loMbutho loQoqoshelwano loMdatha we-14 ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo amaNgeniso aseAfrika esanda kukhululwa. ICandelo Elinye liqulethe iingxelo ezintathu ezingundoqo: Amalungelo okanye u-Immunitial Claus, i-Sivumelo se-Celas, kunye ne-Lingane Yokhuseleko lweNdlela ka-Celaus. Amalungelo amaninzi angaphambili akholelwa ukuba amalungelo okanye ama-Immunion Claus aya kunyanzela ukuba amazwe ukuba anike iBhilibonke amalungelo afanelekileyo. Noko ke, iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo ibeke umda othe ngqo kwelo [[FFoct:0] i-Cases Casess-Inames (1873))[FLT], ephethe kuphela ilungelo elincinane lobumizalwano, njengamalungelo okuhamba elungelweni lorhulumente okanye ekungeneni kweekweenkundla sorhulumente.

Ukukhutshwa ukutyhubela inkqubo elindelekileyo

Emva kweSaughter-Ndlu, i-ligigars ijikele kwi-Act Claus Process, ethiye ukuba inqande nawuphi na umntu “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” INkundla yaqalisa ukuchaza“ibhetri” njengamalungelo asisiseko afakwe kwiBill of Rights. Le ndlela, eyaziwa njengendawo ekhethayo, ivumela iNkundla ukuba ihlolisise ilungelo ngalinye kwaye igqibe ukuba inyanise phantse ukuba ikho kusini na kwingcamango yokufumana inkululeko emiselweyo” (njengoko kugwebo lweJaji likaRhobo-odo-odo-odmentmentmentment (njengokozocrientsssss, "Foct:0] Plakko. Confticut [1973737]). Kwinkulungwane elandelayo, iNkugqiba i-19507). INkundla yokuhlola okuthenjiweyo i-Genethi ye-Expt , i-Greadexpt, i-Greempleteexlection, i

Uphawu Lophawu Olubizelayo Ulungiso oluzenzekelayo

Ukungavisisani Kokuqala Kokuhlaziywa

Uhambo lokuqukumbela lwaqala ngoMphetho Wokuqala. Getlow v. New York (1925), iNkundla yathathwa, ngaphandle kokugqiba ngokupheleleyo, ukuba iFree Speecooke yasebenzisa kumazwe ngokugqitha kwi-Aute Sect Programme Claus. Ityala laxhasa ummiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa lavula umnyango wokuququzelela umlomo kunye namalungelo. Ngexesha elilishumi, iNkunye iNkuvolulo [FLT:] Nearch V. Minnesova [1931] [FL:] [31] [31] ngokucacileyo] i- chaza inkululeko yomatshini, igawula phantsi kwemeko yangaphambili yokuzibamba iphephandaba elinoyimfiliba., [FLT], V.[4] VF][40]

Imvukelo Yezaphuli - mthetho

Igalelo eliphawulekayo lokungeniswa kwetyala lenzeka ngexesha leNkundla yaseWarren. Phakathi kowe - 1961 nowe - 1969, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yasebenzisa phantse yonke inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iguqula indlela amapolisa, abatshutshisi neenkundla ezisebenza ngayo kulo lonke ilizwe.

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) yaquka umthetho weSine woMphetho-mda, isithintela amazwana ekusebenziseni ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni kunye nokuxhuzula.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) waquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lweMpanzi-mvume ekululekeni, efuna amaphondo ukunikezela kumagqwetha abamangalelwa kwiimeko ezimandundu.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) yaquka ilungelo lokuHlaziya kweyesihlanu ngokuziphikisa, ithetha ukuba amapolisa azise amalungelo awo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya.
  • [[UMGAQO] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) waquka uHlaziyo lweSithandathu lokuqulunqa ityala labagwebi kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.

Ezi zigqibo zavelisa imigangatho encinane elinganayo ukwenzela iinkqubo zomthetho zorhulumente zolwaphulo-mthetho. Phambi kokuba zifakwe, iimeko zinokukwazi qha ukubeka iliso kukhuseleko lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngomzekelo, emva kweMap, ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kwemvume abuzange bubonakale enkundleni yephondo. Oku kuguqula kwandisa ngamandla ukuphumelela kwamalungelo abantu, njengoko abalawuli be-statiff benokuthi bacel ’ umngeni izenzo zomthetho ngqo kwinkundla yesizwe phantsi U.S.C.

Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-nkqubo weSibini

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, uHlaziyo lwesibini aluzange lusetyenziswe kumaphondo. Oko kwatshintshwa McDonald v. IsiXeko saseChicago (2010), apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ilungelo lokuzigcina nokuphatha izixhobo zolawulo lwayo ngokwayo kwaye zisekwe zingundoqo kwaye zifakwe kwiNkundla yeMsebenzi ka-Claus. [FLT] iNkuhla iNkundla yeSiphendulo yale yesiBili. Kulo lilo iNew York Rifle & Lamp; Prisol Association Association. Brusten 20222222], iNkundla icacisa oko kumele imisele imiqathango yembali. Inkqululo ibonise ukuba i-Genegamscccelo yembali i-Geneccccces; kumele ichaze amalungelo amanani amanani athenjiweyo aqhubekeki kwimbali kunye nemithetho eNine.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Icandelo elikhethekayo elidibanisa umanyano lwezithintelo ezincinci kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo kumatyala abonisa amalungelo oluntu. Loveting v. Virginia (1967), iNkundla yalwahlula urhulumente ekuvalweni komtshato wezizwe ngezizwe, ixhomekeke kuzo zombini izithintelo ze-Ucted Proced Claus (ukuqinisekisa ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata) kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo luka-Clauslee. Kutshanje, berge v. Hodges (20) (20) u-20:5) ukholelwa ukuba ilungelo elilo lokutshata kunye noweshumi elinesine lama-ethekisi, ukuzoba kwinkqubo esezantsi ephakathi kwenkqubo ephakathi. Le meko ibandakanya iimfundiso ezingasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangalusebenzisi kweBhili yemiqatha kodwa nokukhusela iNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla.

Ukuphumelela Kumthetho Wamalungelo Abemi Bale Mihla

Ukungaguquki Kwamalungelo Aphesheya Kwamazwe

Impumelelo ecacileyo yokukhetha ikukungaguquguquki kwelizwe lonke. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe, ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko lommi lwaluxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwilizwe ababehlala kulo. Uphando oluya kuba lungekho mthethweni kwinkundla yephondo lungavunyelwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkundla eqhubekayo. Namhlanje, phantse yonke inkqubo yezolwaphulo-mthetho engundoqo ikhuselwe, umntu omangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho emaphandleni ase-Alabama unelungelo elifanayo lokucebisa njengomntu okwisiXeko saseNew York. Olu vavanyo lunganciphisa ukubhalisa inkundla kwaye luqinisekise ukuba imithetho yesizwe elawula amalungelo abantu esizwe efana nowewaka ka1998434, unyanzeleka ukuba agwetyele ngokucacileyo imigaqo ye-Rhulumente ecacileyo yamalungelo.

Amandla Oonothwal ’ impahlana

Ngokukhetha intsebenziswano enika abantu amandla okuvavanya imithetho nezenzo zesizwe ngqo. I-Plato echaza ukuba intolongo yephondo yalwaphula uvalelo lweSinyuso seNkundla esi-8h kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nesongaqhelekanga ingazisa ityala elinobungangamsha, icaphula imizekelo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo eye yaquka loo mthetho; le mfundiso ikwanceda abantu bakwazi ukumelana namalungelo abantu, njengocelomngeni lokuphelisa imilinganiselo okanye iinkqubo zentolongo. Ngokunika igwebo elicacileyo lomgaqo-siseko, ukuquqululisa: amagqwetha akuyo imfuneko yokuba aphikise ukuba inyathelo elifanelekileyo lifanele lisetyenziswe; kufuneka kuphela babonise ukuba isenzo sorhulumente siphule umjelo osemthethweni.

Imida Nokugxekwa

Isicelo sePixelName

Abahlalutyi bathi ukuququzelela indalo ngokukhetha ingxubevange kushiya izithuba nokungaqiniseki. Asilolungiselelo ngalinye leBhili yamaLungelo eliqulethweyo. Umzekelo, uthintelo lwesithathu loMthambeko aluzange luququkiswe ngokupheleleyo, nangona kungenakwenzeka ukuba kubangele iimpikiswano zale mihla. Imvo entle yabachopheleli-mgwebi abagwebi abagwebi abahlala bengenayo; amaphondo angasebenzisa ukuva kwengcaciso lokuqala endaweni yoko. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ilungelo leSebestindi Amend Rendement elikwityala amagosa ahlala engekho semthethweni, nto ebangela ukudityaniswa kwetyala loluntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba izithuba ezintsolo zihlala zingekho ngqiqweni kumgangatho wesizwe.

Inkxalabo Yomanyano

Ngokusesikweni ukuququzelela okusesikweni kunciphisa ulawulo loburhulumente. Abachasi, ngokufuthi ngokwembono yorhulumente, baphikisa ngelithi le mfundiso inciphisa amandla karhulumente okusebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi. Ngaphambi kokuba iququzelelwa, amaphondo avavanywe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Emva kokuquququzelelwa, iindlu zowiso-mthetho neenkomkhulu kufuneka zivumelane neenkcazelo zomthetho. Olu xinezelelelo lwabonakala kwiziphumo zezomthetho [FLT: 0] McDonald v. Chicago, xa izixeko ezifana noChicago noSan Francisco zanyanzelwa ukuba zilahle ulawulo olungqongqo lwezandla. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi imfundiso iNkumgangatho oPhakamileyo weNkulelo lwezomthetho wolawulo lwesithethe, ngokweeprojektro, kunye nezo zemfundo.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Abahlalutyi abakumacala omabini ezobupolitika maxa wambi batyhola iNkundla yezenzo zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho xa idibanisa iindawo ezintsha. Abaququzeli baye bakwalela ukufakwa kwelungelo lokucebisa nokususa umthetho karhulumente njengobugqwesi; ukuvunywa kweSiphendu sesibini njengemicu yemipu yemithetho yokhuseleko yemipu. Ingxoxo ibonakalisa ukungavumelani okunzulu ngendima efanelekileyo yejajidicari kwinkqubo yorhulumente. Abaxhasi baphendula ngokuthi ukuququzelela nje kukufunda ngokuthembeka isiqinisekiso soMphengululo we-145 , kwaye ngaphandle kwayo, amaLungelo kaRhulumente karhulumente anokuba lidinganga lithemba elipheleleyo kuninzi lwaseMerika.

Inkqubela Yakutshanje Nesimo Sekamva

Ukuvuselelwa Kwamalungelo Okanye Ukutyunjwa KukaClaus

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye abagwebi nabaphengululi baye bacela ukuba uThomas avume kodwa baphikisane ukuba uMmiselo wesibini ufanele ufakwe kumalungelo okanye i-Immunities njengesiseko esivakalayo sokuququzelela. McDonald v. UChicago[, uThomas uVumelwano kodwa uPhinda ukuba uMmiselo wesibini ufanele ufakwe kuMalungelo okhethekileyo okanye i-Immunion Clauslee kunokuba i-Most Clauslee. Intwana yeembono eziphantsi zesivumelwano idibekiwe kule mbambano, kodwa iNkukhosi ayikawiswangaswanga igunya leSameter- House. Ukuba ekugqibeleni iNkundla ifumana amalungelo afanelekileyo okanye i-Immastiens Claus njengendawo yokuqala yokwanelo, inganwe namalungelo angaphezulu, okanye angaphezulu kwelungelo elikhoyo loqoqo lemali, okanye elingenayo elikhoyo loburhulumente eliqhelekileyo.

Imida Entsha: Amalungelo Amanani Nemfihlo

Njengokuba ubugcisa budlula umbhalo weshumi elinesibhozo-phakathi weBhili yamaLungelo, okhethayo uza kujongana nocelomngeni olutsha. Umthetho weSine Somndululo owenziwe ngokungekho ngqiqweni nowe-thuthwayo uye wasetyenziswa kugcino-lwazi lwamanani, kodwa iinkundla zezomthetho kunye nezikhululo zemithetho-mthetho maxa wambi zitsho ngenqanaba elifana nendawo yeselfowuni elandelelwa kuyo kunye nokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi. Isigqibo seNkundlalo Ephakamileyo seNkuNkundla yoLuntulo [FLT: 0] [iCarperter v. United States (208), ekwakukho ukufikelela okungenasizathu kwingxelo yembali yeseli-onke, okuye kwasetyenziswa ukuchaza ukuqulungela amalungelo ekhutshelweyo ekunene okanye ekulandeleleni kwe-akhotho lwe-SDiathomo-SD, ngokuthe ngcembe, ukuchaza ngokuthe ngqo, ukukhuselwa kweNkunga amalungelo eNkunga.

Ukukhetha Kwinkundla Ephenjelelweyo

Ukwahlulwa kwemiqathango yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoku kuphembelela ulwahlulo lwezimvo lokuzibandakanya. Abagwebi abaququzelelayo bathanda ukuxhasa ukuququzelelwa kweSibi soMgqibo sesibini kunye namalungelo empahla, ngelixa ingqwalaselo ephambili yolwandiso lwenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenkqubo efunekayo kwimiba efana nokuqhomfa neLGBTQ+ ukulingana. [[FLLT:] Isigqibo seJack: 0] Dobbs v. IJackyn Health Organization of Health Organization [20222] , iNkundla yenkundla elawula iRoe v. Wade, ibamba ukuba ilungelo lokuqhomfayo alikho kwimbali kwaye ngaloo ndlela ayikhuselwanga yindlela ekhethekileyo yokuzinzisayo yokuzichaza ngokufanelekileyo iiNkuhlela zexesha elizayo.

Isiphelo

Ukukhetha okuqulunqwayo kusenye yezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo zamalungelo abantu baseMelika. Ngokuyandisa iBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe, le mfundiso ivelise umgangatho wesizwe wenkululeko yomntu ngamnye abemi abanokuyinyanzela kwinkundla yephondo. Ityala layo ngenkani, ngoxa ingafezekanga, ivumele umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungelelene neemeko ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba ifune ukuba uphakamiso olupheleleyo lwemithetho yoburhulumente. Imfundiso ayiphumeleli ngokupheleleyo; ishiya imingxube, ikhuphe ungquzulwano, kwaye imeme ukukhuphisana kwemibani. Noko ke, kuba abafuni bamagunya abafuna ukulwela amalungelo asisiseko nxamnye nesenzo sikarhulumente, abakhethayo banika uvavanyo olufanelekileyo, ubuchule obunamandla. Njengoko iNkuNkulwano ephakamileyo iqhubeka ukuconga ukusondela kwayo ngenkqubo ka-Celasko okanye ukuvuselela amalungelo e-Celasmean

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona iCurbenell Information yeCalegin Institute yophatho olukhethiweyo, iProject ye-Oyez yetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ishwankathela [[, kunye ne [[FLT:]SCOUSLYYYYY] uhlalutyo lwezigqibo zakutshanje. Unyango olunzulu lomthetho lungafunyanwa kuhlobo lwangoku lwezomthetho olukwindlela ye-'[FLTLT:].