Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokwamakhaya kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa kakuhle nokhuseleko phantsi komthetho. Esi sikhokelo sinika inkcazelo ecacileyo nelula ukunceda wonke umntu azi ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo akhe, ukuba angawaqonda njani xa ephulwa, kwaye amanyathelo omele awathabathe ukuwakhusela. Amalungelo asekuhlaleni awachaphazeli ngokomthetho.

Ayintoni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni?

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni lukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluthintela ucalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu baphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaphathwa ngokungekho sikweni ngenxa yeempawu ezifana nesizwe, ibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka ngokwesini, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukubonakala kwamalungu eentlobano zesini. La malungelo anyanzelwa ngurhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, kwakunye nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.

Amalungelo oluntu aquka imimandla emininzi yobomi, kuquka ukuvota, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, imfundo, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nokufikelela kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuvota lithetha ukuba akukho mntu unokukhanyelwa amandla okulahla ivoti ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe okanye ubufana. Ilungelo lokufumana amathuba alinganayo emisebenzi lithetha ukuba umntu ofanelekayo akanakugqithiselwa emsebenzini ngenxa yonqulo lwakhe okanye ukukhubazeka. Ilungelo lokuhlala ngokufanelekileyo lithetha ukuba abanini-ndlu abanakukwala ukuqesha omnye umntu ngenxa yobuzwe okanye ubuzwe babo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ukukhululeka kwabemi kukukhusela izenzo zikarhulumente ezithintela inkululeko yabantu, njengenkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yonqulo. Kwelinye icala, amalungelo oluntu ajolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuphathwa nokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kocalucalulo phantsi komthetho. Zombini zibalulekile, kodwa olu khokelo lugxininisa kumalungelo abantu.

Imbali Emfutshane Yamalungelo Abantu EUnited States

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu eUnited States luyilwe ziinkulungwane zomlo, i-active, kunye notshintsho olusemthethweni. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 ungomnye wezona zinto zibalulekileyo zomthetho, ukuvala ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. I-Vatting Rights Act ka- 1965 ingumthetho ovala ucalucalucalulo lobuhlanga, kunye [[FLTLT:] noMthetho ka-Fairparn ka-1968[FLD] [FLD5]

Ukuqonda le mbali kukunceda uqonde amalungelo onawo namhlanje nomsebenzi osele ufuneka ukuwakhusela. Ukujonga nzulu kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, [[FLT: 0] ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe lunika amaxwebhu embali neerekhodi. U.S.Ikhomishoni elinganayo yemisebenzi (EOC) inika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha ngendlela esebenza ngayo le mithetho emsebenzini.

Ukusukela ekudlulisweni kwemithetho yendalo kwii-1960, ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo luye longezelela phakathi kokulungiswa, izindululo zenkundla, kunye nomthetho omtsha. Umzekelo, iMelika enemithetho yokungakhubazeki (ADA) ka1990 yongezelelwa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu abaneziphene, kunye noMthetho we- Ledult Beally Fair Pare Act ka-2009 womeleza ukhuseleko ekuhlawuleleni ukuhlawula. Umthetho wabemi uyaqhubeka ukwamkela iindlela ezintsha zocalucalucalulo kunye nemisebenzi yabo.

Imimandla engundoqo yoKhuselo lwaMalungelo aMasipala

Ngasezantsi kukho eminye yeyona mithetho ibalulekileyo, kunye nenkcazelo ethetha oko ikuko kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lilungelo elingundoqo loluntu. Umthetho womanyano ukhusela ilungelo lommi ngamnye lokuvota ngaphandle kocalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kumalungu eqela lolwimi oluncinane. UMthetho wamaLungelo ufuna amagunya athile kunye nembali yocalulo ukuze ufumane imvume karhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Ukongeza, uMthetho wezwe weVoter Evolustration wenza kube lula ukubhalisa ukuvota, kunye noMTHEtho waseMelika uLowel Vote] unika izicwangciso zokuvota nokufikelela.

Ukuba udibana nemiqobo yokuvota `njengemigca emide, imithetho edidayo, okanye ukoyikisa'] ungayixela kwi U.S. Isebe leJaji yaMalungelo e-Politiki Ulwahlulo. Amazwe amaninzi akwanokhuseleko lwawo olugqitha kumthetho wequmrhu, njengobhaliso oluzenzekelayo okanye ubhaliso losuku olunye.

Amalungelo omsebenzi

Umthetho womanyano uyalwalela ucalucalulo ekuqeshweni, ekudunyisweni, ekunyusweni, ekuhlawuleni, ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi, nakwezinye izinto ezinxulumene nohlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini (kuquka ukukhulelwa, imbonakalo yesondo, kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini), imvelaphi yesizwe, iminyaka engama-40 okanye amadala), ukukhubazeka, okanye ulwazi lwemfuza. I-Equal Pace Act [[FLT: 1] ifuna ukuba amadoda namabhinqa anikwe umvuzo olinganayo ngomsebenzi omnye.

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ucalulwe emsebenzini, ungafaka isityholo nge-[FLT: 0] EOC. Udla ngokuba neentsuku ezili-180 ukusuka kumhla wocalulo ukuya kwifayile (ientsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu kwezinye iindawo). Kubalulekile ukwenza into ngokukhawuleza. IEEOC izakuphengulula kwaye izame ukuvavanya okanye uku fayile ityala ngenxa yakho. Ungafumana kwakhona “ilungile ukukucela isiqinisekiso kwaye uzise ityala lakho labucala.

Amalungelo endlu

UMthetho weFair Home uthintela ucalucalulo kuthengiso, kwirente, kwindlu yokuqesha, kunye nemali yezindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, unqulo, isini (kuquka imbonakalo yesondo kunye ne-sthrom), isimo sobufazi, okanye ukukhubazeka. Oku kuthetha ukuba umnini-fami akanakukwala ukukuqesha, ukubeka amagama awahlukeneyo, okanye ukukukhathaza ngenxa yezi mpawu zikhuselekileyo. Kukwasebenza nokuboleka, abanini-mali bendlu, kunye ne-inshorensive.

Ukuba ucalucalulo lwendawo yokuhlala, ungafaka isikhalazo nge- U.S. Isebe lezindlu nophuhliso lwe-Urban (HUD). I-Ofisi ye-HID yeFair Howation ne-Ouncilition (FHEO) iphengulula iziphatho kunye nemisebenzi yokuzicombulula. Kwezinye iimeko, ungafaka icala kurhulumente okanye kwinkundla yephondo.

Ukufikelela kwiKhalenda

Isihloko II soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 silwalela ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana neevenkile zokutyela, iihotele, iiholo zemidlalo, iivenkile, kunye neetheminali zezithuthi. Oku kuthetha ukuba akunakuhlulwa inkonzo okanye uphathwe kakubi ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, imibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. amaMelika anoMthetho weNguquko afuna ukuba indawo yoluntu ifikeleleke kubantu abaneziphene, kuquka nokususwa okufanelekileyo kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yokwakha kunye nokususwa kwemiqobo yesakhiwo apho kulula ukufumaneka.

Xa ucalucalulwa kwindawo kawonke wonke, unokunikela ingxelo kwigqwetha lelizwe lakho, kwiSebe Lezobulungisa laseUnited States, okanye kwisebe lamalungelo abantu.

Amalungelo emfundo

Abafundi banokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kwizikolo zikawonke wonke nakwiikholeji ezifumana inkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ezi zinto zithintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, ubulwelwe, kunye nobudala. Ngokomzekelo, iSihlomelo seSithili seSiphendu semfundo se-1971 siyaluthintela ucalucalulo ngokwesini, kuquka ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini, kwiinkqubo zemfundo nakwimisebenzi. Izikolo kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo okusingatha nokuthintela inkcalulo, njengokuvelisa imigaqo, ukuqeqesha, nokuphengulula izikhalazo.

Ukuba wena okanye umntwana wakho ufumana ucalucalulo kwimfundo, ungafaka isikhalazo nge- U.S. ISebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yaMalungelo kaNovemba [OCR][[FL:1]. I-OCR ingaphanda kwaye ifune ukuba isikolo sithathe inyathelo lokulungisa.

Amalungelo Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Amalungelo abemi akwakukhusela xa uqhubana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye neenkundla. Ezi ziquka ilungelo lokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngamapolisa, ilungelo lokukhululeka kumkhosi ogqithisileyo, ilungelo lokungaphandwa ngokungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, nelungelo lokufumana umelo olusemthethweni. UMthetho wamalungelo omthetho ka-1871 [Ukhuphozo lonyaka] (unyaka wama1998) ukuvumela ukuba umangalelwe ngamagosa karhulumente aphula amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko.

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe ngamapolisa okanye ngamagosa enkundla, ungafaka isikhalazo ngeRhulumente yeJaji yamaLungelo e-Politiki Icandelo okanye uqhagamshelane negqwetha lamalungelo abantu. Amaqela amaninzi nawo anabo abaveleli abahlola ihambo yamapolisa.

Indlela Yokubona Ukophulwa Kwamalungelo Abemi

Asiyomeko yonke engekho sikweni echasene namalungelo abantu. Isitshixo kukuba uphathwe ngokwahlukileyo ngenxa yophawu olukhuselekileyo `njengesizwe, ubufanasini, isiphene, okanye unqulo' kwaye nokuba olo nyango luphantsi komthetho olwalela ucalucalulo. Nazi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokuba amalungelo akho amakhaya asenokuba aphulwe:

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkonzo: Ivenkile ayivumi ukukunceda, umninindlu akavumi ukukuqesha, okanye ishishini lingavumi ukunikela inkonzo ngenxa yento oyiyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unyango olungalinganiyo: Ufumana inkonzo esezantsi yomgangatho, uhlawulwa amaxabiso aphezulu, okanye ubekwe kwimithetho eyahlukeneyo kunamanye akwimeko ezifanayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uthundezelo okanye ukoyikisa: Uphantsi kwentyotheko, izisongelo, okanye ukwenza imekobume enobutshaba ngenxa yokuba ungubani.
  • Unikezelo: Ujamelana neziphumo ezingalunganga emva kokuxela ucalulo okanye ukuxhasa isikhalazo somnye umntu.
  • [[UMHLA] Imiqobo yokuvota:[[FT:1] Uyathintelwa ekubhaliseni okanye ekuvoteni, okanye udibana nemiqobo echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa namaqela athile.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ucalucalulo lusenokuba lubumfante, yaye ukungqina ulwaphulo kudla ngokufuna ubungqina benjongo okanye indlela yonyango eyahlukileyo. Gcina iingxelo zokwenzekileyo, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, amagama, nawaphi na amaxwebhu okanye nawaphi na amaxwebhu. Ingxelo ebhaliweyo yesi siganeko inokubaluleka.

Amanyathelo Okuwathabatha Ukuba Amalungelo Akho Aphulwayo

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe, ungenza okuthile. Amanyathelo aya kwahluka kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lokwaphula umthetho, kodwa inkqubo eqhelekileyo inje ngolu hlobo:

1. Bhala Yonke Into

Bhala phantsi kanye oko kwenzekileyo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Quka iinkcukacha ezifana nexesha nexesha okwenzeka ngalo, ukuba ngubani obandakanyekileyo, othini okanye owenze, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Gcina nawaphi na ama-imeyili afanelekileyo, imibhalo, iileta, iifoto, okanye ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle. Ukuba unzakele emzimbeni, uxwebhu olunemifanekiso neengxelo zezamayeza. Uxwebhu olulungileyo lisixhobo sakho esinamandla.

Ukukhangela Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo

Inkoliso yamalungelo abantu kufuneka igcinwe kwisithuba esithile sexesha elithile. Umzekelo, ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi ebekwa i-EOC kufuneka lugcinwe kwientsuku ezili-180 (okanye iintsuku ezingama-300 kumaphondo anemithetho yawo elwa nohlanga). Izikhalazo zokuhlala kunye ne-HUD kufuneka zigcinwe kwisithuba sonyaka omnye. Hlola ixesha elimisiweyo lomthetho othile osebenza kwimeko yakho kwaye ungalibazisi.

3. I-arhente efanelekileyo ikhalaza

Kuxhomekeka kummandla wocalucalulo, unokuzisa isikhalazo kwisebe lesizwe, iphondo okanye lengingqi.

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Imposiso: [[UMTL.2]EOC
  • [[UMTLH: 0] Ukunyusa:[[UMTL.1] [[UMTLL:2] HUD
  • [[UMTL:0] Indawo ehlala kuyo iPublic:[[FT:1] [[UMTL:2]U.S. Isebe lamaLungelo aMalungelo eSihlalo soMsebenzi woMsebenzi Ulwahlulo[[FULT:3]]
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imfundo:[ [[UMTL:2] U.S. Isebe le-Ofisi yemfundo yamalungelo abemi
  • Ukuvota: U.S. Isebe lamaLungelo eSihlalo samaLungelo aBalaseleyo [
  • [[UMTLL: 0] I-Diable: ADA.gov inikeza ulwazi ngendlela yokufaka izikhalazo zefayile phantsi kwe ADA.

Amaqumrhu asebenza ngokufanelekileyo, iiofisi ezilwela amalungelo abantu, neeofisi zasekuhlaleni ezilwela amalungelo abantu nazo zinokuvuma izikhalazo yaye ngokufuthi zinokukhuseleka ngakumbi ngaphezu komthetho karhulumente.

4. Funa Amacebiso Asemthethweni

Umthetho wamalungelo amakhaya unzima, kwaye ukuba negqwetha kungenza umahluko obalulekileyo. Amagqwetha amaninzi amalungelo oluntu anikela ukhangelo lwamahala olukhululekileyo, kwaye umsebenzi othile ngesiseko esivumelanayo (ukuthetha ukuba ahlawulwa kuphela ukuba uphumelele). Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni, iikliniki zesikolo, kunye namaqela afana ne- American Civil Liberes Union (ACLU) inganikela ukhokelo okanye imelo kwiimeko ezithile. Ukuba awunakukwazi ukuhlawula igcisa, khangela kunxulumano lwe-proon boo even.

5. Cinga Ngesisombululo Senye Impikiswano

Amanye amasebe acela ukuba ningenelele, apho umntu ongondileleyo enceda wena neqela elityholwayo ukuba nifikelele isivumelwano ngaphandle kokuya enkundleni.

6. Yenza uhlebo ukuba luyafuneka

Ukuba isibonelelo asikusombululi isikhalazo sakho, okanye ukuba ufumene “imvume yokumangalela i-'i-'i-'i-agnes'', ungafaka ityala kwinkundla yetyala karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Imithetho ingabiza imali eninzi kwaye inike ixesha elininzi, kodwa isenokuphumela kwilahleko yemali, imiqathango (imiyalelo ebhaliweyo yokuphelisa ucalucalulo), kunye neenguqu kwinkqubo. Igqwetha lingakucebisa ngamandla etyala lakho.

Apho Unokulufumana Khona Uncedo

Ngaphandle kwamaziko karhulumente, kukho imibutho engafumani ngeniso enikela imfundo, ubungangamsha, yaye maxa wambi inikela uncedo olusemthethweni kwimicimbi yamalungelo abantu. Nantsi eminye imithombo engundoqo:

  • ACLU Alwazi Amalungelo Akho: I-Inani loluntu laseMelika eliphethe iLibheriyo Union linika izikhokelo ezicacileyo kwimiba emininzi yamalungelo abantu, ukusuka kwiimeko zamapolisa ukuya ekuvoteleni.
  • [FLT][1] Iziko lohlanga lwamalungelo eLesbian (NCLR): Ijolise kwintelekelelo esemthethweni ye LGBTQ+ abantu, kuquka umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, namalungelo entsapho.
  • Indawo yokuhlala yelizwe e- Inika ulwazi ngamalungelo alungileyo endlu kwaye ingakunceda uqhagamshelane namasebe asekuhlaleni alungileyo ezindlu.
  • Amalungelo ee-Arizona: Inxalenye yothungelwano lwesizwe lokhuseleko kunye neenkqubo zobugxwayiba kubantu abakhubazekileyo (umbuso ngamnye unombutho ofanayo).
  • [[UMTLL:0] Uncedo lomthetho. org: Inceda abantu bafumane uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo kwimeko yabo.

Urhulumente noorhulumente abaninzi baneeofisi ezigunyazisa amalungelo abantu ezinokuphanda ngezikhalazo zemali baze banike inkcazelo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Akho Nabanye

Ukwazi amalungelo akho emvelo linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo, kodwa ukuze uwakhusele kufuneka ulumke uze wenze okuthile.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Hlala uthe qwa uthe qwa: Imithetho nezigqibo zenkundla zingawatshintsha amalungelo akho. Landela imibutho yamalungelo abantu nemithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo ukuze ihlale ihlaziyiwe.
  • Ukuvota kuzo zonke iinyulo: Amagosa akhatyiweyo kuwo onke amanqanaba enza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu. Sebenzisa ivoti yakho ukuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abakhusela ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kwabo bonke.
  • ucalulo lwengxelo: nokuba awuchaphazelekanga ngqo, ukuxela ucalulo xa ulubona lunganceda ekuluthinteleni luqhubeke. Amanye amasebe amkela izikhalazo zecandelo lesithathu.
  • Imibutho yamalungelo abantu: Amaqela afana ne ACLU, NAACP Esemthethweni Ukhuselo lwezimali, kwaye amanye axhomekeke kwiminikelo nakumatsha - ntliziyo ukulwela okusesikweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yiba ngumbangi: Thetha xa ubona umntu ephathwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Zifundise kucelomngeni olujamelene namaqela agwetyelwe phantsi kwaye usebenzise ilungelo lakho ukwandisa amazwi abo.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo abemi akangomthetho kuphela oqhelekileyo ozikhuselayo qho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba wonke umntu angaphila ngesidima, ngokulinganayo, nangenkululeko. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa nokuwakhusela abanye. Ukuba ngaba uqhuba izindlu, umsebenzi, imfundo, okanye uvota, yazi ukuba unezinto zokukukhusela kwaye kukho izinto zokukunceda ukuba ezo khuseleko ziphulwe. Olu khokelo luthethsiswe ukuba lungaqala. Kwicebiso elingokwasemthethweni, usoloko uqhagamshelana negqwetha elifanelekileyo okanye uqhagamshelana nombutho ofanelekileyo karhulumente.