Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kwiiNkcukacha zaNgoku

Ingcamango yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko isebenza njengesiseko esisisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuseka inkqubo engokwasemthethweni nesendlela yokuziphatha ekhusela abantu ekuphathweni yimeko. La malungelo akangozintelekelelo nje ezingekho ngqiqweni; aneziqinisekiso ezinyanzelekileyo ezibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekukwazini ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho. Kubafundisi, oogqirha, kunye nabemi ababandakanyekileyo, ukuphuhlisa ukuqondwa okunzulu kwezi zikhuseli zendalo zisehlabathini jikelele kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ibutho labantu elixabisa ubulungisa, ukulingana, nembopheleleko yezezentlalo-ntle. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi, umda, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, linika ushwankathelo esibanzi ngendlela ezi nkonzo ekuqhelisweni kwale meko yaye kubaluleke ngayo kwixesha lokutshintsha kwezezobugcisa.

Ayintoni Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko?

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngamalungelo asisiseko kunye nemigaqo-siseko yelizwe enika abantu abakwigunya layo. La malungelo asebenza njengokhuselo olusemthethweni oluchasene norhulumente ophangaleleyo, eqinisekisa ukuba amandla orhulumente asetyenziswa kwimida echaziweyo. EUnited States, la malungelo adityaniswe ngokuyintloko kwiBhili yamaLungelo — ulungiso lokuqala olulishumi kwiMigaqo-siseko — eyagunyaziswa ngo1791. Noko ke, ingcamango iyanda ngaphaya kwemidabi yaseMerika, njengoko phantse onke amalungelo olawulo-melo lwangoku abandakanya uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo-siseko okanye amalungelo asisiseko kwisiseko solawulo lwayo.

Enyanzelweni yawo, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anokubekwa ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezininzi ezibanzi: inkululeko yabemi, ekhusela abantu ekungeneleleni korhulumente; amalungelo ezobupolitika, avumela ukuba kungenelwe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi; namalungelo okulingana, awalela ucalucalulo kwaye aqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. La maqela awasoloko ehlukene kwaye aqinisana. Umzekelo, inkululeko yokuthetha (inkululeko yoluntu) ikwayimfuneko ukuze kungenelwe kwezobupolitika, ngoxa ilungelo lokukhusela ngokufanayo phantsi komthetho wonke amanye amalungelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba asetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kumntu ngamnye.

Ukucaciswa nokunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kudla ngokuwela kwisebe lejaji, elinegunya lokuhlola umthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo kumgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo akangomnqweno nje kodwa axhaswa ngamandla eenkundla okulungisa ukwaphulwa komthetho. Iimeko zophawu olunje [[FLT: 0]] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [ii- i-Roe v. [] [iiiiiindlela zokuchaza i-partstiki] ibonisa indlela ukunwebela umgangatho nentsingiselo yokhuseleko ngexesha, ibonisa ukubonakalisa ukubonakalisa amaxabiso nokuqonda.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko namalungelo okuMiselwa kweMimiselo

Kubalulekile ukwahlula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye namalungelo omthetho. Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko afakwe kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe yaye akanakutshintshwa lula ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Asebenza njengomgangatho ophezulu apho yonke eminye imithetho ilinganiswa khona. Amalungelo emithetho, ngokwahlukileyo, adalwe ngamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ngemithetho eqhelekileyo kwaye anokulungiswa okanye abuyiselwe ngokusetyenziswa okulula kwemithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, ngoxa ilungelo lokukhulula ukuthetha liyinkuselo yemithetho esemthethweni, imimiselo ethile elawula iphulo okanye intetho echaziwe ingumthetho osemthethweni kwaye inokutshintsha ngomthetho omtsha. Le mithetho yemigangatho iphambili iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo angundoqo ahlale eqinileyo nanjengooomanjineli bezobupolitika, inika ukuqhubekeka nokuxelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko samalungelo oMgaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kufuna ukuxilonga izithethe zentanda-bulumko ezabangela ukuba zinyuke. Ingcamango yale mihla yamalungelo isuka kakhulu kwiinkcubeko zokukhanyiselwa zenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, kuquka uJohn Locke, Montesquieu, kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Ingcamango yendalo yamalungelo emvelo &— ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla i— ngokungqalileyo yaphembelela uThos Jefferson ukuqulu-mrhulu-m-proftisor-dication of Independent, exhaphayo ukuba bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo athile angangenwa. Le sithethe somthetho sokwemvelo sithetha ukuba amalungelo anxulumene nabantu kwaye azimeleyo urhulumente.

Esinye isithethe esinempembelelo yiPosivivism esemthethweni, ethi amalungelo adalwa ngurhulumente kwaye afumana igunya lawo kwinkqubo yomthetho ngokwayo. Ngoxa ingcamango yamalungelo emvelo igxininisa isiseko sokuziphatha samalungelo, iprosivivism esemthethweni igxininisa kwindlela amalungelo amiselwa ngayo, achazwe, kwaye anyanzelelwa ngayo ngaphakathi kwegunya elithile. Inkqubo ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko zanamhlanje zixubanisa izithethe zombini, ziqonda ukuba amalungelo anemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nesiseko esiwanika impembelelo esebenzayo.

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo i— eqatshelwe ziingcali ezifana neHobbes, Locke, kunye noRousseau — iveza esinye isiseko esingundoqo. Ngokwembono, abantu bayavuma ukulawulwa ukuze bafumane ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abo. Umgaqo-siseko umela imigaqo yesivumelwano soluntu, echaza omabini amagunya karhulumente kunye namalungelo abantu. Oku kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba amalungelo esiseko asizizipho ezivela kurhulumente kodwa endaweni yeemeko zolawulo olusemthethweni abami banokufuna ukuba ahlonelwe.

Ukubaluleka Kokhuseleko Lwendalo Yonke

Ukhuseleko lwehlabathi lubalulekile ekudaleni ibutho labantu apho wonke umntu anokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo nangesidima. Ezi zikhuseli zisebenza kumgaqo wokuba amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kufuneka asebenze kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, okanye imeko yentlalo yentlalo. Ingcamango yokuba indalo iphela ibalulekile kumalungelo abantu anamhlanje, kuquka iSindululo soMbutho Wezizwe Ngezizwe (UDHR), esamkelwe yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngo-19494.

Iingenelo zokhuseleko lwendalo iphela zidlulela ngaphaya kokulungelwa kakuhle kwimpilo yabantu bonke. Xa abantu beqinisekile ukuba amalungelo abo aya kuhlonelwa, basenokubandakanyeka kubomi boluntu, banikele kwintetho yesidlangalala, bafake ingeniso kwiindawo abahlala kuzo. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa ukhuseleko lusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga okanye lukhatywa, ukuthemba kwimibutho eshwangusha, ukuthobeka kwentlalo kuyaba buthathaka, kwaye amaqela aphantsi kwemigaqo-siseko asenokutyhafakelwa kwiinqanaba loluntu.

Izixhobo zokhuselo lwendalo zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho: Akukho mntu okanye qela lingaphezulu komthetho, kwaye wonke umntu unelungelo lokukhusela kunye nonyango olusemthethweni. Lo mgaqo ungundoqo kumthetho kwaye uthintela ukudalwa kwenkqubo yokusesikweni eneziqu ezibini.
  • Ukukhusela ucalucalulo: amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anika isiseko esisemthethweni soqheliselo olulucelomngeni lolwaphulo-mthetho kwizindlu, umsebenzi, imfundo, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. I-Unimement Protection Claus yeSihlaziyiso se-145th Amends ngumzekelo ophambili, osebenza njengesiseko samalungelo abalulekileyo omthetho wemibango.
  • Inkululeko yokukhuthaza ukuthetha nentetho: ukukwazi ukuvakalisa iimbono, ukugxeka urhulumente, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke kubalulekile ukuphendula ngedemokhrasi kunye neengcamango zentengiso.
  • Ukukhusela ilungelo lokuba wedwa: Kwihlabathi elinamanani akhulayo, ukhuseleko lwemfihlo lubalulekile kwilungelo lobuqu, isidima, nokhuseleko. Amalungelo obuqu omGaqo-siseko amisela ulawulo lukarhulumente kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi.

Izixhobo zokhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke nazo zinemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano ezifana neSivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe saMalungelo aBalelwane nawasekuhlaleni (ICCR) kunye neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe esingoqoqosho, soNtlalo neNkcubeko (ICECR) zimisela imilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke amazwe atyikityelwa ukuxhasa. Nangona la macebo engezisoloko zinamandla asemthethweni ngokwenkqenkqele kwiinkqubo zamakhaya, zivelisa amathemba angokwesithethe kwaye zibonelela iinkqubo zokuphendula kwiiqumrhu zezizwe ngezizwe.

Amalungelo angundoqo omGaqo-siseko kubunzulu

Nangona amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ehluka-hlukene ngaphaya kolawulo, ukhuseleko olusisiseko oluninzi lugqalwa njengolusisiseko kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezininzi. Ukuqonda la malungelo ngobunzulu kubonisa amandla awo kunye nokusikelwa kwawo umda.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

Inkululeko yokuthetha isoloko ichazwa njengesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kuba yenza abemi bakwazi ukutshintshisana ngeengcamango, ukugxeka amagosa, nokuxhasa utshintsho. E-United States, uMphengululo Wokuqala uthintela ukuba iBhunga loMkhosi woKhuselo loMda ubekelwe imithetho yokuba inkululeko yokuthetha, kwaye olu khuselo luye lwadluliselwa kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokusetyenziswa kweSibonelelo soLawulo se-Dintellimente se-Delta'sting Resting Read'sting Classiace. Noko ke, inkululeko yokuthetha ayiphelelanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi zentetho ezingakhuselwanga kangako okanye ezingakhuselwanga ntaba nakukhuselwanga ntyo, kuquka ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukungcoliswa, ukungcoliswa, nezisongelo zokwenyaniso.

Umgangatho wokukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha uyaqhubeka usenziwa ngokubhekiselele kubugcisa obutsha kunye nemisebenzi yentlalo. Iingxoxo ezifana nomthetho wezolwimi wentiyo, iphulo lokulungisa inkxaso-mali, kunye nomgaqo wemigangatho yezentlalo-ntle uphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nendawo amabinzana akhuselweyo afanele abe kuyo. Kuninzi lweedemokhrasi, njengeKhanada neJamani, intetho yentiyo ilawulwa ngokungqongqo kunaseUnited States, ibonakalisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwentetho ekhululekileyo kunye namanye amaxabiso afana nokulungelelana kunye nemvilaniso.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Neenkolelo

Ilungelo lokuqhelisela unqulo lukabani — okanye ukungabi naenkolelo zonqulo kuwo onke ama— lukhuselo olusisiseko lomgaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi. Ukwakhiwa koMphengululo Wokuqala ka-Claus no-Free Expression Claus kunye norhulumente kunye wenza isakhiwo apho urhulumente engenako ukuseka unqulo olusemthethweni okanye athintele abantu ukuba baqhelisele ukholo lwabo. Olu khuselo lubini lubonakalisa imbopheleleko kwinkululeko yonqulo nakwimfundiso yonqulo.

Inkululeko yonqulo ayiquki nje kuphela unqulo lwabucala kodwa ikwalilungelo lokubonakalisa iinkolelo ngokufundisa, ngokuqhelisela, nangokugcina. Noko ke, eli lungelo lingasikelwa umda xa uqheliselo lonqulo lungqubana neemfuno zikarhulumente ezinyanzelisayo, njengempilo okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Employment Division v. Smith [1990]] [imithetho esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, yobundilele enokuthi ngokuthelekisa iimfuno zonqulo ngokutyikityo azingquzulani u-mkelo lwenkululeko yoMgangatho ka Claus, iqalisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nokuhlala okufanelekileyo koqheliselo lonqulo.

Ilungile Kwinkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko sisiqinisekiso sokuba ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo yokugweba. Kunemilinganiso emibini engokwesithethe neyokungacaci. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokomthetho phambi kokuncina umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuphawula, ukuva, umelo olusemthethweni, kunye nomenzi wezigqibo. Inkqubo efunekayo, imfundiso ephikisayo, ukukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente naxa kulandelwa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise inkqubo enxulumene nomtshato, intsapho, kunye nolawulo lomzimba.

Imigaqo efunekayo ibalulekile kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, apho izibonda ziphezulu khona. IsiHlanzi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nangokuchotshelwa kwabantu, inkundla yokuchophela ityala engakhethiyo, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko sokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ndinelungelo Lokuzifihla

Nangona igama elithi "privgacy" lingaveli kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuzimela wezobuqu elisekelwe kwiMigaqo yokuqala, yesithathu, yesine, yesihlanu, neyeshumi elinesine. Eli lungelo likhusela abantu ekungeneni kukarhulumente kubomi babo, kuquka izigqibo ezingomtshato, ukuzala, ukuthintela ukuthintela, ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nokuzala umntwana. Kule nkathi yamanani, amalungelo obuqu aye athatha ungxamiseko olutsha njengoko oorhulumente nemibutho iqokelela intywe yogcino-lwazi lobuqu.

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mva wesine wokuphengulula ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula ngumthombo oyintloko wamalungelo obuqu. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Riley v. California[ (2014]) (ikholelwa ukuba amapolisa adla ngokungakwazi ukuphengulula imixholo yemiba yeselfowuni ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuqaphela ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu oluqulathwe zizixhobo zanamhlanje. Njengoko ubugcisa bokuhlola buqhubeka, iinkundla ehlabathini lonke ziyangqubana nendlela yokusebenzisa imigaqo yemfihlo yesiqhelo kwimo entsha.

Imeko yembali kunye nendaleko yamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ukuguquka kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko kuye kwaphenjelelwa ziinkulungwane zokulwa kwezobupolitika, ukuhlaziywa komthetho, nokuguquka kwebutho labantu. Ukuqonda le ngcamango yembali kubalulekile ukuze siqonde izinto eziphunyezweyo nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo.

IMagna Carta, eyatyikitywa ngo1215, idla ngokukhankanywa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko ekuphuhlisweni kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Nangona yayithetha kakhulu ngolwalamano phakathi kokumkani wamaNgesi noophezulu, yamisela umgaqo wokuba amandla okumkani akaphelelanga nokuba amalungelo athile akanakungaxhomekeka ngokwawo. Lo mgaqo karhulumente olinganiselweyo waba lilungu lesiseko lenkqubela phambili kamva yomgaqo-siseko.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wamela inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni amalungelo. Noko ke, umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo awuzange uquke irejista yamalungelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo enzulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokwandiswa. Umanyano lwamaLungelo lwaphikisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo lwalungeyomfuneko kwaye lunokuba nobungozi, njengoko lusenokuthetha ukuba urhulumente unamandla phezu kwayo yonke eminye imicimbi. IAnti-Federalist, exhalabele ukukhuselwa ngokucacileyo, ukunyanzeleka kwimigaqo ecacileyo. Ukongezelela oku kwakukukongeyo iBhili yamaLungelo nge1791, okuye kwasebenza njengemodeli yendlela yokukhusela imigaqo-siseko ehlabathini lonke.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 kwanwenwa ngokuphawulekayo kumlinganiselo wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukuhlaziywa kweMfazwe yamakhaya — ubukhoboka beshumi elinesithathu, obulishumi elinesine, kunye nobweshumi elinesihlanu — ubukhoboka obuye bamisela ubuhlanga kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, kwaye alwamkelwa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Ezi zindululo ngokusisiseko zawuguqula umGaqo-siseko, zanika ukhuseleko lwasemthethweni kubantu abachasene nezenzo zikarhulumente kwaye zabeka isiseko samaLungelo e-Chubenment

ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948), esamkelwa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, saphawula ixesha elibalulekileyo ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo ehlabathi lonke. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lwamisa isiseko esibanzi samalungelo onke afanele ahlonelwe, kuquka amazwe onke, ezobupolitika, ezoqoqosho, nenkcubeko yamalungelo entlalo. Ngoxa iUDHR ingesosivumelwano esinyanzelisayo esisemthethweni, iye yaphembelela umgaqo-siseko wamazwe amaninzi kwaye iye yasebenza njengesiseko samalungelo abantu alandelayo.

Uphuhliso lwakutshanje lomgaqo-siseko lujolise kukhuseleko olwandisiweyo kumaqela asezantsi. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku obergefell v. Hodges (2015) umtshato ongokwahlukileyo wobunyani njengomGaqo-siseko wamalungelo aphantsi kwe-CTIRT Proces and Encilifincible Project Clausspect, ebonakalisa ukuqonda okungaguquguqukiyo kokulinganisa nokuziphatha okuzimele. Ngokufanayo, amazwe amaninzi aye atshintsha imithetho yawo ukuphelisa ngokucacileyo ucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini kunye nembonakalo yesini, ukukhubazeka nezinye iimpawu.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kumalungelo OmGaqo-siseko

Phezu kwako nje ukukhuselwa ngamandla komgaqo-siseko, iingxaki ezinkulu zisongela ukuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo kwala malungelo kule nkulungwane yama-21. Olu celomngeni alungoluthethwa nje; lunempembelelo ecacileyo kubantu nakuluntu.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika nokukhuthuzwa kwentsebenziswano

Ukubekwa kwemiqathango kwezobupolitika kusenokuwathoba amaqumrhu akhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Xa iinkundla zijongwa njengabadlali abalwayo kunokuba zibe ngabaxhasi abangoondilele, ukungomeleli kwabo, kwaye amandla abo okunyanzelisa amalungelo asemthethweni ayancitshiswa. Ngokufanayo, xa amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho evalelwe yimfazwe yamaqumrhu, asenokungakwazi ukucombulula imibandela efuna amalungelo, ashiye imida ekukhuselweni. Kwezinye iindawo, kuye kwazanywa imigudu yokumisela igunya lokulawula okanye ukunqanda ukukhusela komgaqo-siseko ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko, nto leyo ebangela inkxatyiswa kukuqina kwamalungelo abantu kwiindawo ezikwimimandla ephakamileyo ephakamileyo.

Ucalucalulo Nokungalingani Kwenkqubo

Nangona amalungelo omgaqo-siseko elwalela ngokusemthethweni ucalucalulo, ukungalingani kwemigaqo-nkqubo kusaqhubeka kwiindawo ezininzi. Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo kwinkqubo yobulungisa obusesikweni, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho okuthintela ukufikelela kwimiqathango esemthethweni, nokuhlala ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwisini, kwimbonakalo yesondo, nakwisiphene zonke ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba ukukhuselwa okusemthethweni akwanele ngaphandle kokuqiniswa kwamandla kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo. Ukucinezelwa kwemigudu, imigaqo-siseko engqongqo yokufuduka, namathuba angephi nangakumbi okufumana le ngxaki, nto ebangela imeko apho amaqela alungelelanisiweyo ajongene nemiqobo engapheliyo ukuze afumane amalungelo awo.

Imali eninzi namanani kunye nemfihlo

Ukuguquka kwamanani kuye kwadala ucelomngeni olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwamalungelo obuqu. Oorhulumente nemibutho ingaqokelela, ihlaziywe, igcine ubuninzi bolwazi lobuqu, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kolawulo olunentsingiselo okanye imvume yomntu ngamnye. Iinkqubo zokuhlolwa koosomashishini, ukuqhekezwa kogcino-lwazi, nokusetyenziswa kobuchule obungeyonyaniso ekuchazeni kwangaphambili kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yentlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni kuphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokungalawulwa komgaqo-siseko okhoyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqalise ukucombulula le miba, ifuna imfuneko yokuphengulula icell nokwenza umzila weGPS, kodwa inkqubela-nkqubo yobugcisa iyaqhubeka iphakamisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho.

Ukufikelela kokusesikweni nomelo olusemthethweni

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awasebenzi ukuba abantu abakwazi ukunyanzelisa oko. Kodwa ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni kuhlala kungalingani kakhulu, abantu abafumana imali ephantsi ngokufuthi bengakwazi ukunikela isiluleko kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ilungelo lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, elimiselwe Gideon v. Wainwright [1963], liye lathotywa phantsi kwemigaqo kawonke wonke ethwala iityala ezinzima. Kwimicimbi yamakhaya ebandakanya izindlu, umsebenzi, kunye nomthetho wentsapho, ukumela akuqinisekiswanga, kushiya abantu abaninzi besiya kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothile. Lo mda wokufikelela kuthetha ukuba amalungelo akhona ephepheni kodwa angekho ngokulinganayo kubo bonke.

Amalungelo oNyaka kunye noMda wokuQhubelana

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko aqhubekeka ngokuhambelana namacala. Iingxaki ezifana nokuhlola imimandla, ukhuseleko, nokunyanzelisa imigwebo yamanye amazwe ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko wokukhusela. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe unika ukhokelo oluthile, kodwa ubuchule bokunyanzelisa bubuthathaka, kwaye amazwe amaninzi ayalwa ukuqwalaselwa kwangaphandle kweengxelo zawo. Uxatyotyo oluphakathi kolawulo lwesizwe namalungelo endalo luhlala lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukufundisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo

Abafundisi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseleleni abafundi ukuba baqonde, baqhelise, baze bakhusele amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Imfundiso ephumelelayo ngamalungelo iquka ukucatshukiswa kwamalungelo namatyala asenkundleni; ibandakanya ukuhlakulela ubuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo, ukukhuthaza uvelwano, nokunika abafundi amandla okuba ngababandakanyeki abakhutheleyo kubomi bedemokhrasi.

Enye indlela ephumelelayo kukusebenzisa uphando lwabafundi olubonisa ukusebenza kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwehlabathi. Ukuhlolisisa amatyala enkqubano yembali enjenge tenker v. Des Moines [1969], olukhusela ilungelo labafundi lokuqhayisa ezikolweni, okanye imanda v. Arizona [196], eseke ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, inceda abafundi banxibelelane nemigaqo ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni kwiimeko eziqinileyo. Xa abafundi behlalutya izibakala, iingxoxo, kunye neziphumo zeemeko ezibalulekileyo, bavelisa uxabiso olunzulu ngendlela amalungelo achazwa ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngayo.

Ukuxambulisana kwabafundi ngeziganeko zangoku ezinxulumene nemibandela yomgaqo-siseko kulelona cebo elinamandla lokuthetha ngenkululeko kwisikolo, amalungelo obuqu ngexesha lamanani, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwempilo yoluntu nenkululeko yonqulo kunika inkcazelo eninzi yokuxoxa. Iingxoxo zifuna abafundi ukuba bachaze baze bakhusele iimbono zabo, babandakanyeke kwiimbono eziphikisanayo, kwaye baqwalasele iziphumo ezibanzi zezentlalo zezigqibo zomthetho. Le nkqubo yakha ubuchule obufunekayo kubemi bedemokhrasi, kuquka ukungavumelani nengqiqo esekelwe kwimigaqo-siseko.

Abaphulaphuli abamemayo i-— njengamagqwetha, abagwebi, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, okanye amagosa alawula umthetho i— bazisa izifundo kwiklasi. Ngenxa yokuba ezi ngcali zinamava angqalileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho, zinikela iimbono eziluncedo ezingenakuzinikeza iincwadi. Abafundi banethuba lokubuza imibuzo, ukuva amabali obuqu, nokufunda ngeendlela zokusebenza emthethweni naseburhulumenteni.

Imisebenzi esekelwe kuluntu ikwakhulisa ukuqonda kwabafundi amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iprojekthi isenokubandakanya ukuphanda imibandela yasekuhlaleni enxulumene nokuhlaliswa kocalulo, ukufumaneka kovota, okanye ukubekwa ityala kwamapolisa, ize iphuhlise izicelo zokuguqula. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zokugculela, iintlanganiso zeMibuso yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, okanye izivumelwano zombutho wasekuhlaleni zingenza ulwazi lwabafundi olusebenzayo lwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiki lunyuswe ngakumbi.

Ukuphendula Impikiswano Kwigumbi Leklasi

Ukufundisa ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngokungenakuphepheka kubandakanya ukuxubusha imibandela edidayo. Iingxoxo ezinjengokuqhomfa, ukuvuma, kunye nephulo lezemali lezemali zivelisa iimvakalelo ezinamandla kunye neenkolelo ezinzulu. Abahlohli abaphumelelayo benza iimeko zeklasi apho iimbono ezahlukeneyo zinokuchazwa ngentlonelo kwaye zihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Banikela ingqalelo kwiinkqubo zomthetho nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunokuba banikele ingqalelo ekuncedeni abafundi baqonde isiseko sempikiswano engokwasemthethweni ngaphandle kokubeka imigaqo ethile ekhethekileyo. Le ndlela ixhobisa abafundi ukuba bazenzele iimbono zabo eziphandlekileyo ngoxa bewahlonela amalungelo abanye abantu okugcina iimbono ezahlukileyo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo Wokukhusela Amalungelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwendalo yonke asiyonkqubo yemfundo; kukulungiselela okubalulekileyo ukuze sithembise ubumi. Amalungelo esisoloko siwathatha ngokusemthethweni i-— inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukuzimela, kunye nokulingana kombutho we-— ziziphumo zeenkulungwane zokulwa kwaye zihlala zisemngciphekweni wokukhukuliseka. Amalungelo eMigaqo-siseko awazicimi ngokwawo; afuna ukuzikhusela ngokuzivota, ngokuvota, ngokukhuthuza, nangokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo yoluntu.

Kubafundisi-lwazi, umsebenzi kukulungiselela abafundi kungekuphela nje ukuba bazi amalungelo abo kodwa bawasebenzise ngobulumko nangenkathalo. Oku kuthetha ukufundisa isiseko samalungelo asemthethweni kunye neemfuno zomthetho ezihambisana nokuphila kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Amalungelo abandakanya iimbopheleleko: imbopheleleko yokuhlonela amalungelo abanye, ukubandakanyeka kwingxoxo entle yokholo, ukuxhasa amaziko axhasa umthetho, nokusebenza kwibutho apho ukhuseleko lwendalo yonke luyinto yokwenene kumntu ngamnye.

Njengoko sisebenzisa imingeni yanamhlanje enzima i— ukusuka ekuhloleni kwamanani ukuya ekuphuculweni kwemithetho yezobupolitika ukusa kumgangatho wenkqubo wokungalingani kobugqeba — ukuzibophelela kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko kusafuneka kwimpilo yedemokhrasi. La malungelo anika ulwimi olwahlulweyo ukwenzela okusesikweni, umlinganiso wokulinganisa ukusebenza korhulumente, nesiseko sokufuna ukuphendula. Ngokunyusa ukuqonda kwethu amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lwawo lwendalo, sizixhobisa ngokwaso kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo ukuxhasa amaxabiso enkululeko, umlinganiselo, kunye nesidima esichaza uluntu olunedemokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa umbhalo opheleleyo wamalungelo ukusuka kugcino-lwazi lwesizwe, Isibhengezo esingahambelaniyo samalungelo abantu [ esivela kwiZizwe ezimanyeneyo, kunye nobuncwane obukhoyo ngala [[FLT:] i-American Liberes Union[, enika ulwazi lwangoku olunxulumene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko.