Amalungelo evoter akha ibala elisisiseko layo nayiphi na idemokhrasi esebenzayo, eqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi ofanelekileyo unethuba elinentsingiselo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo kwaye nelizwi lawo liviwe. Umgaqo womntu omnye, ivoti enye asiyondlela nje yokuzibophelela; yinkqubo esisiseko yokulingana nokuzilawula. EUnited States, imbali yamalungelo ovotayo ingumzabalazo owendekileyo, ophawulwa ngolo oluzingisileyo, imiqobo eqhubekayo, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yokwandisa ufikelelo lolwano. Ukuqonda le mbali, umthetho ongundoqo oye walungisa umhlaba okhoyo, kunye nocelomngeni ezisafuneka kuye nawuphi na ozinikele ekuthabatheni inxaxheba entle kukhetho olulungileyo.

Imbali Yamalungelo Evoter

Uhambo oluya kwi-athom jikelele eUnited States aluzange lube lula kwaye lungabi lula. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baye bashiya iimfaneleko zokuvota kakhulu kumazwe, kwaye kwimbali enkulu yangaphambili yesizwe, ifranchise yathintelwa kumadoda amhlophe aphethe izinto. Le nkcazelo imxinwa yokuba ngubani onokuvota amabhinqa, ama-Afrika, amaMelika, amaNantavian, kunye nalawo angenamhlaba. Kwienkulungwane ezalandelayo, uthotho lwezipheko-mGaqo-siseko, imiqobo, imiqobo, kunye nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yazidibanisela le miqobo ngokuthe ngceleleko, nangona ukulwa kokungangeni okupheleleyo nokungena kuyaqhubeka namhlanje.

IsiHlomelo Se - 15

Igunyaziswa ngo-1870, uHlaziyo lwe-15 lwamaMerika lwaba linyathelo elibalulekileyo, lichaza ukuba ilungelo lokuvota "lingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe mvalwa nguUnited States okanye nguMbutho ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili" le njongo yayikukukhusela amalungelo okuvota amadoda aseAfrika, ingakumbi lawo ayesandul'ukukhululwa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Kodwa, isithembiso soMphengululo we15 weSiphengululo sasizaliswa ngokukhawuleza ngumazwe aseMazantsi, amisela inkqubo yomthetho yokurhwebela-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, iquka iirhafuthezo, iirhafuno zokufunda, ii-agxafu, kunye noloyikiso olunogonyamelo, ingakumbi lawo ayesele ekwahlulwa ngokuneyo emva kwenkulungwane. La manyathelo ayesaziwa njengemithetho e-Cimorbreat sylvelvel.

IsiHlalisi se-19 noMgaqo-nkqubo wamabhinqa

Intshukumo yamabhinqa ehamba ngesondo, eyayisakha ukhuthazo ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye1919, yaphumelela uloyiso lwayo oluthwele ukhuthuzo oluphezulu ngokudityaniswa koMphetho we-19thmend ngowe-1920. Oku kupheliswa kwalela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngesizathu sesondo, ukunikezela kwamabhinqa kulo lonke ilizwe ngemposiso. Intshukumo yayiliphulo elide nelinzima elibandakanya uhambo, ukulwa, ukuvuselelwa, ukuvuselelwa, nokungathobeli kwemilo. Iinkokeli ezifana noSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Stanton, noAlice Paul Paul banikezela ngobomi babo ngenxa yetyala. Noko ke, kubalulekile ukuba ukungenelwa kwe-19 yesiHlaziselo kungenelwa kakhulu; amabhinqa amaninzi amabhinqa amhlophe, ngokukodwa amabhinqa aseAfrika, aqhubeka ukujongena kwemiqobo kunye neemvavanyo zerhafu yamakhaya ka-19.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laMasipala kunye noMthetho wokuNika amalungelo

Umzabalazo wangoku wamalungelo okuvota wafikelela kwinqanaba elibalulekileyo lotshintsho ebudeni bombutho wamalungelo abantu woo1950 kunye noweminyaka yee1960. Amagosa aququzelela ukuvota, ukuhambelana, kunye nezenzo ezingqalileyo zokuvavanya ucalucalulo lohlanga kwibhokisi yebhotile. USelmal ukuya kuMontgomery, eyadibana nogonyamelo olunobundlobongela lwamapolisa "ngeCawa," yabangela ungquzuzulwano lwesizwe kunye nengxinzelela iKhomishini yesizwe ukuba isebenze. Isiphumo yaba nguMthetho [[FLT.0] [uR.] Umthetho olawula uRhulumente ogunyaziweyo [[FLT.1], inxalenye engqinela ngqo kwimithetho eyayijongenezomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho onyanze i-mthetho wobucala lwamaMerika athe ahlala ngokusuka ekuvotiswa kwe-ontaranti, kunye nolulawulo olugunyaziweyo, lwamanyuselwa kwi-omatiko olubanzi lwama-Blasemazantsi.

Amalungelo eMithetho emikhulu achaphazela uLawulo

Ngaphaya kweVoting Rights Act ka - 1965, eminye imithetho eliqela yelo lizwe iye yalawula indlela yokukhetha amalungelo, nganye isingatha iingxaki ezingqalileyo ezinxulumene nokubhalisa, ukufikelela nokuthembeka konyulo.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo sowe-1965 (Iphakanyisiwe)

UMthetho wamaLungelo weVoing Rights (VRA) ugqalwa ngokubanzi njengowona mmiselo usebenzayo womthetho wamalungelo abantu owakha wamiswa eUnited States. Ukongeza ekuvaleni iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala nezinye iinkqubo zolawulo, iVRA yaseka imfuneko "yokubhalisa" phantsi kweCandelo 5. Eli lungiselelo lafuna amazwe athile kunye neendawo ezinembali yokuchola ukuze kufumane imvume eU.S. okanye inkundla yephondo ngaphambi kokuba yenze naziphi na iinguquko kwimithetho yokuvota okanye iinkqubo zolawulo. Inkundla ye-precraticive isebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela iintlobo ezintsha zokucinezela ivota. Noko ke, kwityala le- 2013 [Foct:] i-S. i-S County [fv:] v [Flact1], iNkumbuso omkhulu weNkundla.U.S.

UMthetho weSizwe we-Ofisi yoMgaqo-nkqubo we-1993 (NVRA)

UMthetho kaNational Voter Brigionation Act ka 1993 wawubizwa rhoqo ngokuba yi "Motor Voter", uMthetho weSizwe woMvote-ebhalisa wayilelwe ukwenza ubhaliso olufikelelekayo nolufanelekileyo. Umthetho wafuna ukuba kunikwe amatyala okuvota amathuba okubhalisa kumasebe emvume yokuqhuba imoto, iiofisi zoncedo lukawonke-wonke, kunye namaziko enkonzo ekhubazekileyo. Kwagunyaziswa ukuba amazwe avumele abemi ukuba babhalise ngeposi kwaye abathintele ekususeni ukuvota ngokubolekisa iiroli ngokubolekisa. I-NVRA inconywe ngokwanda kwexabiso lokuvota abavoti abahliswayo kwilizwe lonke, ingakumbi phakathi kwabahlali-bemi abafumana imali ephantsi kunye nabo bakhubazekileyo. Noko ke, umthetho uye wawalela ekuthinteleni ukubhaliswa kwemi ukuthotywa kwemithetho yawo.

UMthetho woNcedo waseMerika ka-2002 (Hava)

Emva konyulo lomongameli wama- 2000, olwalungcoliswe ziingxaki ezisasazekileyo zokufaka amakhadi ebhayisekile, izixhobo zokubophelela amakhadi, kunye neendlela zokuvota ezidibeneyo eFlorida, iKhomishini yanikezela uMthetho woncedo lwaseMelika Vote ka-2002. I-HARA yanikela inkxaso-mali yesizwe ukuba ithathe indawo yezixhobo zokuvota eziphelelwe lixesha, imisele ubhaliso lobhaliso lwezibheno lwemali, kwaye iphumeze ukukhupha i-odolathi yemali e-U. i-Ecostation Commental Commission enika ukhokelo nenkxaso kubalawuli bonyulo. Ngexesha u-HaVA incedise nkqubo yokhetho olukhoyo kunye nokuphucula unyulo, ikwagxeko olubheko lolwayo lokusamkela ulawulo loomatshini bovolo olusasazelelweyo noluthembekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kumalungelo Okusebenza

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela eyenziweyo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, amalungelo ovoti eUnited States ahlala esengozini. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani elandayo lamaphondo liye lamisela imithetho abagxeki abayila ukucinezela ivoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwemimandla emincinane, amavoti amatsha, kunye nabantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Ezi zinyathelo zisoloko zithwele usukelo oluchaziweyo lokuthintela ukuqhatha kovoti, kodwa uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuqhatha kovota kunqabile kakhulu. Isiphumo singumsebenzi wemithetho edityanisiweyo karhulumente enokuthi ibangele ukudideleka nokunga.

Imithetho yeVoter

Imithetho yokwahlula iphakathi kwemiqathango yokulwa nesasasazayo yokuvota kweli lizwe. Kungonyaka wama-2025, ngaphezu kwama-30 amazwe anendlela ethile efunekayo yevoti, enemithetho engqongqo efuna ukuba urhulumente afumane i-ID yefoto yokuphosa ibhola. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba le mithetho iyimfuneko ukuthi ithintele ubuqhophololo nokuzengeza ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunyulo. Abachasi, noko ke, babonise ukuba izigidi ze-vota, ingakumbi abasebenzi abaphantsi, abafundi, kunye nabantu abanombala, abanayo imo ye-ID. Ukufumana enye ibandakanya ixesha, ukuhamba, iindleko ezidala umqobo. Uphakatho oluninzi luye lwafumanisa ukuba imithetho ekhutshwayo ikhubazeka ngokuphanga kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuvelisa nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye i-ethotho. [UFUT] [UM.U.[0]

Ithambeka le Voter

Ugcino logcino-lwazi olugobekileyo luyinkqubo yolawulo eqhelekileyo ejolise ekugcineni isiseko sobhaliso esichanekileyo ngokususa abavoti abangenakukwaziwa, njengabo baye bafa okanye basuswa ngaphandle kwegunya. Noko ke, ukuhlambulula okunobundlobongela okanye okungalawulekiyo kuye kwaba ngumthombo oziphindaphindayo wempikiswano. Amanye amaphondo aye afumana iindlela zokuqhuba iziphumo zokufumana abavoti abanokufaneleka ukuba basuswe kwiiroli ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye inkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa "kuyisebenzisa okanye ukuyilahla" imithetho, evumela ukususwa kwevoti engaphosi kwinani elithile lonyulo, icelwe ityala. [[FLT:] Iziko leJanulo] libhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho iinkqubo zokucoca ziqhutywe ngokungenayo, nokukhutshwa komngenisela phantsi.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering . Ukuqhelisa ukuzoba imida yesithili sokhetho ukuze kuthandwe elinye iqela lezobupolitika okanye iqela elingaphezulu kwelinye, sisinye isisongelo esibalulekileyo sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo. Ngelixesha ukusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika zaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane, ubugcisa beziko lenza ukuba icace ngakumbi kwaye ibe luncedo. Iingingqi zokulawula iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinokusebenzisa iinkcukacha zomvoti "ucrack" okanye "pack" unyulo lweqela eliphikisanayo kwisithilithili, ukuthoba amandla azo onke okuvota. Oku kululaza umgaqo wonyulo olukhuphiswano kwaye kusenokushiya iivoti zivakalise ukuba iivoti zabo azilutho. Bobabini abalawuli kunye nabalawuli besizwe bacelwcelwe iintsonga enkundla, kodwa imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokunganyaniseki kwe-gtitutia.

Indawo Efihlakeleyo

Ekulandeleni kwesigqibo se- Selby County, amagunya amaninzi ngaphambili awayefuneka ukufumana imvume karhulumente yeenkqubo zokuvota azivale amakhulu eendawo zokuvota. Ezi zivalwa zixinene kakhulu kwimimandla encinci nengenayo, ngokufuthi enyanzelisa abavoti ukuba bahambe imigama emide kakhulu ukuphosa ibholao. Iilayini ezimxinwa, iiyure zokuvota, kunye nokucutha kwemithombo kwindawo ezishiyekileyo zokuvota nazo zingadiza inxaxheba. Ulwanothi oluthe chathayo lukukuba uluntu lujongene "umbanotho lovotation" ngokwexesha eliphezulu, umgudu, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo. Avoctacy aye abiza imiqatha yemida yokubonisa ukubonakala nokungena kwembutho kwiindawo zoothotho.

Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo e Voter

Ngenxa yocelomngeni oluqhubekayo, intabalala yemibutho, abaxhasi nabemi basebenza ngokungakhathali ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo abo. Imigudu yabo yokuvota, ukukhuthaza, ukulungelelanisa iingca nemfundo kawonke wonke.

Imibutho Engundoqo

Amaqela amaninzi esizwe nawasekuhlaleni anikezelwe kumsebenzi wamalungelo okuvota. [[FLT: 0] ALULA inembali ende yemithetho yokucinezela enzima ekhohlo kwaye ikhuthaza imithetho ye-provota. [[[FLT:]] I-Legague yaMabhinqa [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] isebenzisa ubugcisa bokunceda abemi basekuhlaleni, ukujonga ukuba babhaliswe, kwaye ifunde ngeenketho. Eminye imibutho ephawulekayo iquka ubhaliso olungekho kwicala levoti, imfundo, kunye nokungagunyazi. [[FOLT:] i-FOct: 4.] isebenzisa ubugcisa ukuncedisa ukunceda abemi, ukubhalisa ubhaliso, nokuvota. Le migaqo-onye iquka i-mali engundoqo [FFOT] kunye noncedo lwe-octive, ulawulo oluthe .[Foctive, ulwaniso oluthelela ukulwa kwe-Foctive,[Foctive,[5]

Ukungavisisani Nocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Ucelomngeni olusemthethweni luye lwaba sisixhobo esiyintloko sokukhusela amalungelo omvoti phambi kwemiqathango emitsha. Imithetho echaphazela i-ID yomvoti, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuphuma kovota, ukulahla iibhokisi, nokubhalisa ixesha lokubhalisa isoloko icelwwa kwiinkundla zorhulumente nezombuso. Amaqumrhu afana Asemthethweni [[FLT:]] ne-[FOLT] ibonelela ubuchule nokumela kwezi meko. Ngelixa uloyiso lwenkundla lungavingcazelela imithetho eyingozi, inkqubo isoloko iphumele kwimiqathango yexeshana okanye ukhuseleko. I-omatilo lufuna ulawulo olubanzi, njengomthetho obanzi [FFoct:[FT][5] [FFT] [FFFT] [5]

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Emfundo

Imithetho nemithetho yenkundla iyodwa ayanelanga ukuqinisekisa ukuba banenxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo. Izakhamuzi kufuneka ziphinde zaziswe ngamalungelo azo, inkqubo yokuvota, nendlela yokusebenzisa imithetho entsonkothileyo eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwesizwe. Imfundo yoomatshini bokuvota yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, inika abantu amandla okukwazi ukoyisa imiqobo nokusebenzisa imigaqo yabo.

Imfundo Ezikolweni

Isiseko esiqinileyo kwimfundo yoluntu sibalulekile ekulungiseleleni isizukulwana esilandelayo sabavoti. Izikolo zinembopheleleko yokufundisa abafundi kungekuphela nje ngesimo sikarhulumente kodwa kwanangembali yamalungelo okuvota, ukusungulwa konyulo, nokubaluleka kokuba nenxaxheba kwibutho labantu. Ukufunda ngeprojekthi, unyulo lobuxoki, neengxubusho zeklasi ezingemibandela yokuvota zingenza ezi zifundo zibe nendima kwaye zifaneleke.

Ubungqina

Ngaphaya kwegumbi lokufundela, imibutho yasekuhlaleni yenza indima ebalulekileyo kwimfundo yabavoti. Iindlu zokusebenzela, iiholo zedolophu, kunye namaphulo okuhlola abamelwane anceda ukuphelisa imigudu yokubhalisa, ukuchaza imithetho emitsha yokuvota, nokunika inkcazelo malunga nokuvota kwangethuba, ukurhoxa kovotelwa, kunye nokuchonga iindawo. Izakhono zokukhokelwa kwecawa , iintlanganiso zezezezentlalo-ntle, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni asoloko eluncedo kakhulu kubathunywa. Imigudu yokubhalisa ingakumbi kuluntu ekuhlaleni oluye lwajongana nokhetho oluchaphaza, njengoko benokunceda ukuphinda bathemba inkqubo yokhetho.

Oovimba bamanani kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

I-Internet kunye nobugcisa obuhambayo zizinto ezinamandla zokuhlola ubhaptizo. Ii-website ezifana ne- iVote. org kunye ne i-National Association of Ssecreate of State[[ inikezela ngokulula ukuvavanya ubhanki, ukufumana iindawo zokuvota, nokufunda ngeemfuno ze-ID zovota. Amaqonga eendaba asetyenziswa ukusasaza ulwazi kunye nokulwa kwenkohliso. Noko ke, umhlaba wamanani unika ucelomngeni, kuquka ukusasazeka kolwazi olungeyo malunga neenkqubo zokuvota kunye nemihla. Kubalulekile ukuba ivotelse ixhomekeke kwimithombo yezoburhulumente kunokuba ingasetyenziswa kwi-ofisi zezentlalo-ndaba. Urhulumente kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni lusebenze ukuphucula ubukhokhokhokhozo obuchanileyo kwiilwimi ezininzi.

Isiphelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo kunyulo akuyonto ithile ephunyezweyo kodwa ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo ofuna ukuqwalaselwa rhoqo, ukulawulwa kwemali, kunye nemfundo. Imbali yamalungelo abavoti eUnited States ibonisa ukuba inokwenzeka, kodwa kwakhona isenokutshintshwa. Namhlanje, ilungelo lokuvota licelw'ucelwa luludwe lwemiqathango emitsha, ukusuka kwimithetho engqongqo e-ID ukuya kwiinkqubo zokucoca ngokungqongqo ukuya ekuthetheni ngokungqongqo. Ngexesha elinye, umbutho onamandla wemibutho nabemi bakhona ulwa emva kokuzinziswa, umthetho, nokulungelelaniswa koluntu. Njengoko sinoxanduva, sinoxanduva ukuba sincede abanye baqhube inkqubo yokuvota, kwaye sinyanze ukuba ilizwi ngalinye liviwe. Ulawulo-demokhrasi olufanelekileyo lufuna ukuba bonke abantu bafumane imvume yokuvota, ulawulo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko soluntu, ulawulo lwezolongo loluntu, ulungele ukumelana nolawulo lwethu.