Imvelaphi Yemithetho Yomtshato Engokwembali

Umtshato uye wasebenza njengesiseko somsebenzi womtshato kulo lonke impucuko, kodwa indlela osetyenziswa ngayo ngokusemthethweni impahla iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Kumthetho wamandulo wamaRoma, ingcamango ye- manus wabeka umfazi phantsi kwegunya elisemthethweni lomyeni wakhe, ithetha ukuba nawuphi na umsebenzi awungenileyo emtshatweni waba nguwakhe. Le nkqubo yaqhelekileyo yaseNgilani, eyathi yaphembelela kakhulu iUnited States kunye nezinye izikhundla zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, ezisebenza phantsi kwemfundiso ezisisigqubuthelelo: ibhinqa elitshatileyo lalinento esemthethweni, yaye lalingenakukwaziwa lilo ngokwalo, kwaye lalingenakudla ilifa, okanye lidle ilifa ifa lempahla ngokwalo. Le nkqubo yahlala iqinile de kwaphakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elineshumi elineshumi elineshumi elinesiXehozo zonyaka eli-19, xa iqalisa ukulawulwa kwabafazi abakwalo lilonke. Imithetho yoqoqo lemeko yoqoqo loluntu yanamhlanje ithe yamkelekile ngokufanelekileyo, ingulo ingumthetho, ingulo ingulo lwemeko yobulungisa yobulungisa yoluntu

Imisebenzi yale mihla engokwasemthethweni yokwahlulwa kweMimandla yoMtshato

Indlela izinto ezahlulwe ngayo kuqhawulo-mtshato ixhomekeke kakhulu kulawulo lwempahla ephantsi kwegunya. Ngokubanzi, aba balawuli bawela kwiindidi ezintathu: impahla yoluntu, ukwabiwa okulinganayo, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo (okanye isiqu esisekelwe kwisiseko). Isakhiwo ngasinye siquka ingcamango eyahlukileyo ngendlela umtshato ofanele uphathe ngayo ingeniso nokuqokelelwa kweqabane ngalinye.

IMisebenzi yoLuntu

U-U.S. u-(Arizona, California, Idaho, i-Louisiana, i-Nevada, i-New Mexico, iTexas, i-Wisconsin . kula mazwe, nawuphi na umnikelo ofunyenweyo ucingelwa ukuba ungowawo omabini amaqabane, nokuba ngubani onikwe igama okanye ohlawulwa yimali. Oku kuquka ifamu, ifaksi yemali ethengelwe ngemali yomtshato, kunye nee-akhawunti zomhlala-mali eziqokelelwe ngexesha lomtshato. Izipho kunye nempahla efunyenwe liqabane elinye ngaphambi komtshato, ihlala yodwa ngaphandle kokuba ithenjiwe ngokwezinto zoluntu.

Ukwahlula-hlula Okulinganayo

Uninzi lwamazwe ase-U.S., kunye namazwe amaninzi (kuquka uManyano, iKhanada, iOstreliya, kunye nenkoliso yamazwe aseYurophu), alandela umzekelo wokusasazwa ngokulinganayo. Apha, injongo yenkundla kukwahlula-hlula impahla yomtshato ngendlela efana “noko kungameleyo. Abagwebi bacinga ngobude obuninzi bemali efunyanwa ngumtshato, iqabane ngalinye, ingeniso nesikhundla salo, ubudala babo nempilo yabo, ngamnye usuke wamkela impawo yekhaya okanye omnye umsebenzi wakhe, kwaye umgangatho wokuphila phakathi komtshato. Ngokufuthi uvumela ukuba uthathe ingeniso eninzi ngaphambi komtshato okanye umnikelo okanye ilahleko olungakumbi, ngaphandle kokuba isoloko ikhuselwe kwicandelo elingaphezulu, ngaphandle kokuba idityane nemali ekufuneka idityaniswe nemali emtshatweni. Ngokufunyani sisenza iziphumo ezithe ngokuqhelekileyo kwimitshatoto ekufuneka idibani, kodwa ivume ingakumbi, kodwa iin evumela ukuba iqabane elingulowo elingumsebenzi elingumsebenzi elingumphayo elingaphezulu.

Iinkqubo zeSihloko esiBalulweyo (Iimpawu zeSakhelo)

Iqaqobana lemithetho, ingakumbi kwiindawo ze-Asia ne-Afrika, lisabambelele kwinkqubo esekelwe kwisiqu apho impahla zahlulwa ngokomntu onegunya elisemthethweni. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, impahla yeqabane elinye kuphela ayihlukani, nokuba ithe yafunyanwa ngexesha lomtshato. Le ndlela iye yagxekwa ngokubanzi ngokutyeshela iinyaniso zezoqoqosho zomtshato, ngokungakumbi iminikelo engeyoyama-demoneta yomntu otshate onokuthi anikele umsebenzi wokulawula indlu. Ngenxa yoko, imikhosi emininzi yale mithetho iye yashukuma kusasazo olufanelekileyo okanye yadala intelelo olungaqhelekanga lokukhusela amaqabane axhomekeke kumtshato.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Ekhokela Inkqubo Yokwahlula

Ukuqonda oku kunokukunceda uhlolisise iziphumo zazo uze uthethe ngokunempumelelo.

Imo yeNkcubeko kunye neMimandla

Ukuzimisela okubalulekileyo nakuwuphi na uqhawulo-mtshato kukuba ifashoni ingumtshato okanye yahlukene. Impahla eyahlukeneyo yeyokuba ayihlulwanga. Impahla yomtshato ixhomekeke kulwahlulo (ngokulinganayo okanye ngokulinganayo). Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zezinto ezahlukeneyo ziquka:

  • Izinto ezithenjiswe liqabane elinye ngaphambi komtshato, ukuba nje azikhange zidibane nezinto zomtshato.
  • Izipho okanye ilifa lalisenziwa liqabane elinye kuphela, kwanokuba lalifunyanwa ebudeni bomtshato.
  • Amabhaso omonakalo wobuqu (ngaphandle komvuzo olahlekileyo obeyakuba ngumvuzo womtshato).
  • Ipropati ikhutshwe ngokuphandle yisivumelwano esisemthethweni sangaphambi kombutho okanye emva kokuvalwa.

Ukukhonkxa-jongisa/umzekelo, ukugcina imali yelifa kwi-akhawunti yebhanki edityanisiweyo.

Ukukhuselwa kweminikelo yezezimali engeyoyoyo

Umthetho wale mihla woqhawulo-mtshato uyaqonda ukuba ukuvelisa ii-akhawunti zomhlala-khaya, ukunika abantwana inkxaso eluncedo, nokuxhasa umsebenzi wobutshana kungumnikelo obalulekileyo. Kumaphondo onikezelo olulinganayo, iqabane elihlala ekhaya ukukhulisela abantwana ngoxa elinye lihambe phambili kumsebenzi linelungelo lokuhlawula imbuyiselo yelo dini. Oku kudla ngokuboniswa kwicandelo le-akhawunti yomhlalaphantsi, ukuvuzwa kolwabelo olukhulu lwekhaya lomtshato, okanye i-almonicium (inkxaso ekhoyo). Umgaqo ‘ wokufumana indleko-yonketho-yo yomsebenzi ophambili uvunywa ngokungaphezulu: ngokungaphezulu komsebenzi wakhe, umenzi wekhaya wenza elinye iqabane lifumane imali engakumbi, kwaye iziphumo zemali ezisebenzayo zokurhoxanduswa nokuqeshwa komsebenzi walo ziyinxalenye yemigudu yakhe.

Imfuno Zexesha Elizayo Nokufumana Amandla

Inkundla ihlolisisa amathemba emali athe afumaneka emva kokuba iqabane ngalinye liqhawule umtshato. Iqabane elikhulileyo, elinempilo enkenenkene, okanye elinobuchule obuncinane bomsebenzi lingafumana isabelo esithe chatha sempahla okanye inkxaso eqhubekayo yemali ehlala ihleli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iqabane elifumana imali eninzi lingalindelwa ukuba lixhomekeke kwingeniso yalo yemali lize lifumane intsalela encinane yempahla yomtshato. Lo mgaqo uzimisele ukuthintela ukuhla okugqithisileyo kumgangatho wokuphila kweqabane elingaphantsi, ingakumbi emva kokuba litshatile ixesha elide.

Ukufuduka Kwetyala

Kanye njengokuba imali ibotshwa, ngokufanayo namatyala omtshato. Amatyala omtshato `amakhadi athelekelelwayo eendleko zendlu yomtshato, imali yemali ebolekiweyo kwikhaya lomtshato, imali-mali yenqwelo-mafutha esetyenziswa kwizithuthi zentsapho/idla ngokwahlulwa ngendlela efanayo nempahla. Amatyala ahlukeneyo (umz., imali-mali-mboleko yabafundi ethathwa ngaphambi komtshato, okanye amatyala enziwe liqabane ngalinye ngenxa yeshishini lobuqu) adla ngokuhlala nalo elo qabane, nangona ngoku imimandla emininzi iphatha iimali-mali-mali-mali-mvume zabafundi njengazokwahlukanayo kwanokuba ziyingenelo emtshatweni, ngenxa yokuba imfundo ingekawomntu ngamnye.

Imiphumo Yerhafu

Ukwahlulwa kwempahla kusenokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, ukudlulisela imali yomhlalaphantsi kuqabane elinye kusebenzisa iMiqathango Efanelekileyo YezoNdlela Zasekhaya ivumela lowo wamkelekileyo ukuba ahlawule irhafu de arhoxe. Ukuthengisa ikhaya lomtshato kungabangela ukukhutshwa kwerhafu, nangona ukulahlwa komnxeba kusenokusebenza ukuba kuthengiswe kwikota ethile yexesha elithile. Ulawulo lwerhafu lwangoku lwase-U.S. (unyaka wama-1620 kuwiso nyaka wama-20) akusafaneleki kuhlawulwa yi-mali yomqeshwa okanye ingeniso yomqeshwa ebhaso-mali. Ukuqonda le mithetho yerhafu (umnyaka wama-202020)

Izivumelwano zangaphambi

Indlela exhaphakileyo yokulawula ukwahlulwa kwempahla sisivumelwano sangaphambi komtshato (sasayinwa ngaphambi komtshato) okanye isivumelwano sasemva komtshato. Ezi zivumelwano zivumela izibini ukuba zizenzele ulawulo lwempahla yazo, zize zilawule imithetho engamiselwanga yegunya lazo. Zithandwa kakhulu ngabantu abanobutyebi obuninzi ngaphambi komtshato, abanoshishino, nabo batshata kamva nabantwana bolwalamano lwangaphambili.

Ukuze isivumelwano sangaphambi kokumiswa sinyanzeliswe, kufuneka sifikelele iimfuno eziliqela: (1) kufuneka zibhalwe; (2) omabini kufuneka azichaze ngokupheleleyo izinto zawo; (3) omabini amele atyikitye ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kwemiqathango; kunye (4) la magama amele angakhutshwanga. Iinkundla ziya kuhlola kwakhona ukuba ngaba iqela ngalinye linethuba lokubuza kwisiluleko somthetho esizimeleyo. Izivumelwano zePstnupt zimele zithotyelwe kwimilinganiselo efanayo, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa uphando olunzulu kuba umtshato sele uphantsi kwendlela.

Enye intsingiselo ekhoyo kukusetyenziswa kwe- “prenuptials” ezichaza oko kwenzekayo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo", umzekelo, umtshato omfutshane kunye nomnye omde. Enye kukuthi uqukuqelo lwemitya yokutshona kwelanga, apho isivumelwano siphela emva kwenani elithile leminyaka, ivumela isibini ukuba sigqibele kwimithetho esesikweni. Njengo [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho [[[FLTL:1] lamaphepha, amaphetshana, ama-prenuptotial awasasebenzi nje kwi-sperrich.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngemitshato

Imitshato yemida kunye neentsapho zezizwe ngezizwe zijongene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga ngenxa yokuba amazwe ahlukeneyo ahlula impahla ngokwahlukileyo. Umzekelo, isibini esitshatileyo kwilizwe loluntu (njengeKhalifoniya) sisenokufudukela kwimo yokwabelana ngokulinganayo (njengeNew York). Nguwuphi umthetho osebenzayo? Ngokuqhelekileyo, indawo apho isibini esihlala ngexesha loqhawulo-mtshato silawula icandelo, kodwa iinkundla zingakhangela kwicandelo lomtshato elinolwazi oluphezulu (apho sihlala khona uninzi komtshato) ukuze sifumane ukhokelo. Kwizibini ezinezinto ezininzi ezikumazwe amaninzi, ukugcinwa komthetho woqhawulo mtshato kusenokuba nzima, ingakumbi ukuba inkundla yelizwe elinye ijonge iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kunezenye.

INdibano yeHague ePhakamisa uMthetho kwiMatrimonial Prefeal Regimes (1978) yazama ukuvisisanisa le mithetho, kodwa liqela elisikelwe umda lezizwe eliyivumile. Ngokutsho koko, izibini ezitshatileyo zezizwe ngezizwe zifanele zifune icebiso kumagqwetha awaziqhelanisayo umthetho wentsapho we-664. Ezinye izibini zikwaphumeza “ukhetho lwe-forum". Iirekhorium kwizivumelwano zazo zangaphambi kokuzalwa, zivuma ukuba nawuphi na uqhawulo-mtshato luza kuphethwe ngomgaqo othile eziwukhethayo.

Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ulawulo olumiselweyo luluhlobo lomntu othe wahlukana ngexesha lomtshato kodwa ulwahlulo lwahlukeneyo. Umthetho waseJamani, umzekelo, “umanyano lwempumelelo) lufuna ukubala umnatha weqabane ngalinye ekuqaleni komtshato nakuqhawulo-mtshato; ulwando oluphakathi komtshato lwahluka-hlukene ngokufanayo. Le nkqubo iyahluka kulawulo nolawulo lwe-U.S. impahla yoluntu ihlala yahlukene de kwaphela. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha kubalulekile kwi-exatriates nakwiintsapho eziphuma kwamanye amazwe.

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Neengxaki Ezimandundu

Umthetho wentsapho uyaqhubeka uguquka. Kumazwe amaninzi aye ahlaziywa imimiselo yawo ukuze aphendule ii-apply projectives ze-almedias , iingxelo zezezentlalo, amashishini e-intanethi, kunye nezinto zenkcubeko. Ngoku iinkundla ezincinane kakhulu zemali zilandela iingxelo zemali ezifihlakeleyo ukuze zilandele iimpahla ezifihlakeleyo. Enye into ekhoyo kukuxabisa kwamaphepha-mvume obugcisa kunye namaqondo. Kwezinye iindawo, ilayisensi yeqabane lezamayeza okanye isidanga eliphezulu lomthetho (kwandiswa kwalo elinako ukukufumana imali enika ingeniso yomtshato, inika intlawulo kumntu othelela iqabane elixhasayo. Kwabanye, asiyo impahla nge-se-se-sethi, kodwa yinkalo esetyenziswa ukuthethelela isabelo esikhulu seminye impahla okanye isixa esiphezulu.

Amalungelo omtshato afanayo, ngoku aqashelwe kwilizwe lonke ukususela kwi-U.S. ukususela kwi-Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), akwanempembelelo kulwahlulo lwempahla. Ngaphambili ku-Obergefell, izibini ezininzi ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zanyanzeleka ukuba zixhomekeke kwizivumelwano zokukhusela izinto zazo. Namhlanje, zinandipha ukhuseleko olungagqibekanga nezibophelelo ezifanayo nezibini ezichaseneyo ze-659x, nangona eminye imithetho yotshintsho entlukwano eshiyekileyo kwizibini ezazitshate phantsi kwemithetho yangaphambili okanye ezifumene isibini semitsha yokukhulisa abantwana.

Ugonyamelo lwasekhaya nokuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho kuye kwazukisa ukubekwa phambili kweengxoxo zokwahlulwa kwezinto. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi avumela ijaji ukuba linike igalelo elingenakulinganiswa lempahla kwixhoba lokuxhatshazwa njengendlela “yobuhenyu.” Ukongezelela, iKhomishini yoMthetho we-Uniforme Pstace and Monified Act Act imisele ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano kuwo onke amazwe, nangona ukugcinwa komntwana kucotha.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okukhusela Izinto Onomdla Kuzo

Nawa amanyathelo anokuthatyathwa ngabantu, enoba batshatile, sele betshatile okanye bacinga ngokuqhawula umtshato:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Gcina ii-akhawunti zemali ezohlukeneyo ukwenzela umtshato namaxabiso azuzwe njengelifa, kwaye uphephe ukudibanisa nemali yomtshato. Umzila ocacileyo wephepha ungalondoloza uphawu olwahlukileyo lwezi zinto.
  2. Uxwebhu olungenayo iminikelo ye-injini emtshatweni [_ngomzekelo, gcina ingxelo yokuncama umsebenzi, iminyaka yomsebenzi wexesha elingu-669, okanye uxanduva lokuqala lokukhulisa abantwana. Obu bungqina bungabaluleka kakhulu kwimeko yokusasaza okuthe kwakhawulezileyo.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Cwangcisa isivumelwano sangaphambi kombutho okanye sasemva konyaka ukuba unezinto ezibalulekileyo, ishishini, okanye abantwana abakwi-mtshato wangaphambili. Indleko yokuyila nokuhlola isivumelwano esinjalo ingaphantsi kakhulu kunexabiso lemali yokufaka isicatshulwa kamva.
  4. Hlaziya amaxwebhu okucwangcisa umhlaba emva kwesiganeko sobomi esingundoqo(ukutshata, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukuzalwa komntwana(ukuqinisekisa ukuba uyathanda, uyathembana, kunye neenkcazelo ezinika umvuzo zihambelana neenjongo zakho.
  5. Funa icebiso lobuchule kwigqwetha lomthetho wentsapho elinobuchule kulawulo lwakho. Imithetho iyahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye kwaneyantlukwano ebonakala incinane phakathi kwamazwe ingaba neziphumo ezingundoqo zemali.

Kwabo sele bekwimeko zoqhawulo-mtshato, kubaluleke ukufumana ubalo olupheleleyo lwempahla namatyala. Oku akuquki nje kuphela izinto ezicacileyo njengezindlu kunye nee-akhawunti zebhanki, kodwa kwaneeplani zomhlala-phantsi, iinketho ze-stock, imbuyiselo ebambekayo, iimayile ezithe rhoqo, iingxowa zemali ezifihlakeleyo, kunye neengxelo zamanani ezinexabiso lemali. i-Nolo ye-'encyclopedia esemthethweni [ inika ushwankathelo oluluncedo loko kufanelekileyo njengempahla yomtshato kwimimandla eqhelekileyo ethetha ukubalaw

Isiphelo

Umgaqo osemthethweni wokwahlula ipropati yomtshato uyinto engakhawuleziyo. Ibonisa ukuhlahlela imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nendima yobufanasini, ubudlelane, nokulunga. Nokuba uhlala kwimeko yempahla yoluntu okanye ulawulo lokwabelana okulinganayo, isitshixo sokukhusela amalungelo akho sisekuqondeni imithetho esebenza kwimeko yakho ethile kwaye, apho kunokwenzeka, ukuceba kusengaphambili. Ngoxa inkqubo inokuba inkxalabo ngokwezemvakalelo, ulwazi lomthetho lunamandla abantu ngabanye ukunxibelelana ngesikhundla sobugocibo kwaye uphephe iimpazamo ezibiza imali. Kumntu ocinga ngomtshato okanye uqhawulo mtshato, ukubuza igqwetha umthetho ofanelekileyo akucetyiswanga nje kuphela. Njengoko i-[FLD [F:] i-Melikan kunye noMbutho weNtsapho woMthetho weNtsapho [FFU:1] ugxininisa ukunikezelwa komthetho wokwahlulwano lwezentengo olusemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba naziphiwolwano lwezahluleko olufanelekileyo lungaluko lungalulwe lungalulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni kodwa lusemthethweni olusemthethweni.