Le mitshato ingumsebenzi onamandla wokuthandana nolwalamano olungaphaya kwemida yonqulo, kodwa ikwaneengxaki ezikhethekileyo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni, kwiimfundiso zonqulo, kwizithethe, nakwindlela yolwalamano oluqhelekileyo. Ngoxa inani lezibini ezimanyeneyo ziqhubeka zisanda, zisoloko zihamba kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo ezinokuvavanya ulwalamano lwazo yaye zifuna inkxaso eqinileyo.

Imisebenzi Esemthethweni Yomtshato Odibanisayo

Ukuvunywa nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwemitshato emanyanisayo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu kumazwe nemimandla, nto leyo ebonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezibonisa ukuba abantu balingana ngamalungelo abo nemithetho yonqulo. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo yezomthetho kubalulekile kwizibini ezicinga okanye ezisele zisekumanyaneni konqulo.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Zehlabathi Nezonqulo

Kumazwe aneenkqubo zomthetho wehlabathi, njenge-United States, iKhanada, kunye neYurophu, imithetho yomtshato yamakhaya ngokuqhelekileyo ayikuthinteli ukumanyana okusekelwe kunqulo. La mazwe anika amalungelo alinganayo nokugqalwa kwamalungelo kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yamaqabane okholo. Indima yelizwe kukunika imvume yomtshato, kwaye nawuphi na umsitho wonqulo wahlukile kwaye ungowokuzithandela. Oku kusingqongileyo okusemthethweni kunika izibini ezimanyeneyo indlela ecacileyo yokutshata nokufikelela amalungelo omtshato.

Noko ke, kumazwe apho umthetho wonqulo ulawula imicimbi yobuqu, umtshato womanyano lwecawa ungathintelwa kakhulu okanye ungabi nakwenzeka. Amazwe amaninzi kuMbindi Mpuma nakwimimandla ye-Asia asebenzisa imithetho yonqulo. Umzekelo, kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi azimeleyo, indoda engumSilamsi isenokuvunyelwa ukuba itshate ibhinqa elingumKristu okanye umYuda, kodwa ibhinqa elingumSilamsi limele ukutshata nendoda engekho ngummikazi. Ezo zithethe zomthetho zidala ukungalingani okunzulu kunye nokunyanzela izibini ukuba zivumelane, zifune imitshato, okanye zifune umtshato kwelinye ilizwe ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni.

Imizekelo Ebalaseleyo Yelizwe

Indiya: umthetho wehlabathi waseIndiya uvumela umtshato wamakhaya phantsi koMthetho womtshato okhethekileyo ka 1954, ongafuni izibini zilahle iinkonzo zazo. Noko ke, umanyano lwemitshato oludityanisiweyo lusoloko luchaswa ngokwentlalo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, yaye ngamanye amaxesha izibini zijamelana nokukhathazwa ngamaqela abambelele kumthetho. Ukhetho lukhona, kodwa ukunyanzelisa nokukhokelwa kwentsebenziswano.

I-Israel uSirayeli: ayinawo umtshato wamakhaya; yonke imitshato ilawulwa ngamagunya onqulo (kwisiYuda, amaSilamsi, kumaKristu, iDruze). Imitshato ye-Provies ayikwazi ukuqhutywa kweli lizwe. Izibini mazitshate kwelinye ilizwe (umz., iSipro) ze ibhalise umtshato noBulungiseleli belizwe lakwaSirayeli, obungasoloko bunika ingqwalaselo kodwa bungasoloko bungenamiqobo.

ILebanon:[ Umtshato wamakhaya waqaliswa kuphela ngetyala elisemthethweni; izibini zingakhetha ukutshata kwamakhaya ukuba azifaki ngxelo yonqulo lwazo kwingxelo zasekuhlaleni. Oku kunqabile kwaye kudala impikiswano. Izibini ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo zitshata kwelinye ilizwe, zijongene nemibandela efanayo nakwaSirayeli.

Indonesia: Phantsi koMthetho womtshato, imitshato kufuneka yenziwe ngokwenkonzo yeqabane ngalinye. Kwizibini ezidityanisiweyo, iqabane elinye limele liguqukele kunqulo lomnye ukuze litshate ngokusemthethweni. Izibini ezingavumiyo ukuguqula abantu ngamanye amaxesha ziwuphepha umthetho ngokutshata phesheya, nangona umtshato ungabhaqwa ngokwendlela yasekhaya.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba imigaqo engokwasemthethweni inokuwenza lula okanye ithintele amaqhina okumanyanisa, ngokufuthi nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imiphumo ephawulekayo yokufumana ilifa, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana nokuhlala kwabantu.

Iimbono Zonqulo Kumanyano Lweecawa

Iimfundiso zonqulo zinendima enkulu ekuchaseni umtshato oxubeneyo.

UbuKristu

Iimfundiso zamaKristu ezingokwahlukahlukana komtshato. Iinkonzo ezininzi eziphambili zamaProtestanti (umz., amaLuthere, amaTshetshi, amaWesile) zidla ngokwamkela imitshato yokudityaniswa kweenkonzo, nangona zikhuthaza izibini ukuba zixubushe ngemibandela yokholo zize zikhulise abantwana kwisiseko sonqulo esahlulwe kunye. ICawa yamaKatolika ifuna ukuba ibhaptizwe ngubhishophu wasekuhlaleni ukuze atshate umKristu ongengomKatolika, kwaye iqabane lamaKatolika lithembise ukuqhubeka liqhelisela ukholo lwalo kwaye lenze konke okusemandleni alo ukubhaptiza nokukhulisa nabani nabantwana abangamaKatolika. ICawa yamaKatolika isenokuwabeka imiqathango engakumbi, ngokufuthi ikhuthaza amakholwa ukuba atshate ngokholo olusekelwe kwizibhalo olufana neyesi-2 Korinte 6: 14.

UbuSilamsi

Umthetho wamaSilamsi uvumela amadoda angamaSilamsi ukuba atshate "Abantu Bencwadi" (maKristu namaYuda). Noko ke, amabhinqa angamaSilamsi, asoloko evalwa ekutshateni namadoda angengomaMuslim, ngokusekelwe kwinkcazelo engokomthetho wesithethe. Isizathu esisoloko sicatshulwa sikukuqinisekisa abantwana ukuba bakhuliswe elukholweni lwamaSilamsi. Kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi-major, lo mthetho udityaniselwa kumthetho. Abanye abaphengululi bexesha langoku baphikisa ukuba ukwalelwa kwamabhinqa kusekelwe kwimeko yentlalo-ntlalo kwaye kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwimbono ekhoyo, kodwa le mbono imbalwa.

UbuYuda

Umthetho wamaYuda wamandulo (uHalakha) awuvumi ukutshata ngokuma kunye. UbuOthodoki buhlala bukuthintele oku kugatya. UbuYuda obumanyeneyo nabo bakwalela ukutshata kodwa bubonakala bumkela amaqabane angengomaYuda kubomi bendlu yesikhungu. Utshintsho kunye nolungiso lobuYuda luye lwavela ukuze lwamkele ngokupheleleyo imitshato yomanyano kunye neentsapho ezimanyeneyo. Uninzi lweNguquko lukhuthaza imitshato yocalulo, kwaye umbutho uxhasa ngamandla ukungenelela kwizibini ezimanyeneyo. Lo mcimbi uyaqhubeka ungumthombo wengxoxo yangaphakathi phakathi kwamaYuda.

UbuHindu

UbuHindu abunagunya liphambili okanye bunento enye ebhaliweyo ekwalathiseni umtshato womanyano. Isithethe samaHindu sigxininisa ukungqubana phakathi kohlanga nonqulo, kodwa imitshato yokudibana kweecawa iya ixhaphaka phakathi kwamaHindu asedolophini nafundileyo. Ukwamkela isoloko kuxhomekeka kwizimo zentsapho. Abazali abaninzi abangamaHindu bakhetha ukuba amaHindu angengomalungu e-HIndu amkele ubuHindu, okanye ukuba nenxaxheba kwizithethe zamaHindu. Ukuguquka kwemfundiso yezakwalizwi yamaHindu kunokuzisa izizalwane zocawa, kodwa ukuthobeka kwasekuhlaleni kuyaqhubeka ngokwezimo ezithe kratya.

UbuBhuda Nezinye Iinkolo

UbuBhuda abuwuthinteli umtshato womanyano. Iimfundiso zobuBhuda zigxininisa kwimfesane kunye nemvisiswano, kwaye iintsapho ezininzi zobuBhuda (iThayi, iSri Lanka, eJapan) zinembali ende yemitshato yomanyano. UbuSikh bukwavuleka, nangona ingcinezelo yesithethe yokutshata phakathi kwabantu. Izithethe zamaJain aziwukhuthazi umtshato wokwabelana ngemicimbi yokutya neyobomi, kodwa iintsapho nganye zinokwahlukahluka.

Iingcinezelo zeNkcubeko nezeNtlalo

Ngaphandle komthetho wonqulo, ukulindela izithethe nendlela ezisabela ngayo intsapho kubangela iingxaki ezikhawulezileyo nezingokweemvakalelo kwizibini ezimanyeneyo.

Ukulindela Nokuma

Iintsapho zisoloko zinethemba elinzulu lokuba abantwana bazo baza kutshata nomntu wonqulo olunye okanye wesithethe esifanayo. Xa umntwana ekhetha iqabane lonqulo olwahlukileyo, abazali basenokukugqala njengokuchasa imilinganiselo yazo, isisongelo sokuqhubekeka kwezithethe, okanye ibangele ihlazo entlalweni. Kwimimandla apho iimpawu zidibene ngokuqinileyo nonqulo, umtshato odityanisiweyo unokubonwa njengokwahlulelana. Oku kunokukhokelela kwingcinezelo enkulu yokuphelisa ulwalamano, ukuchasa, okanye kwanenkcaso.

Kwakhona isibini sisenokucelwa ukuba sibe neentlanganiso ezimbalwa zentsapho okanye sirhanelwe. Sisenokuzama ukufumana amaziko onqulo alwamkela ngokupheleleyo, ngokukodwa ukuba sinqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba kuzo zombini iinkonzo.

Uguquko kunye noTsiba

Enye ingcinezelo eqhelekileyo kukuguqula elinye iqabane libuyele kunqulo lwalo. Ukuguquka kungacombulula iingxaki ezininzi, kusenokuzisa ukulindela kwentsapho, kulula ukufundiswa kwabantwana, kwaye kuvumele isibini ukuba sibe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kuluntu olunye lonqulo. Kodwa ke, kudla ngokuba yindleko yobuqu. Iqabane eliguqukileyo lisenokuvakalelwa kukuba liye lalilahla ilifa laso, kwaye ukuguquka kusenokuba kukunganyaniseki, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni nengqumbo kamva. Ezinye izibini zikhetha ukungaguquki kodwa ziqhelisela zombini iinkonzo okanye zivelise indlela entsha yokomoya. Oku kufuna intlonelo kunye nokuhlonelana, kwaye kungamkelwa ngawo onke amalungu entsapho.

Ukuncokola ngokukhululekileyo kubalulekile: Izibini zimele zixubushe ngezinto ezifunwa ziicawa, ukutya, izithethe nokukhulisa abantwana.

Izimo Zengqondo Nekhethe

Imbono yabantu ngomtshato oxubeneyo ichaphazela imekobume ehlala kuyo izibini, ezisebenzayo nezikhulisa kuyo iintsapho.

Ukuchasana Nokwamkela Ikhethe

Kwizixeko ezininzi, kwimimandla yehlabathi, imitshato yokudityaniswa kweenkonzo, iyamkeleka kwaye ide ibhiyozelwe njengendlela yokutshintshatshintshana. Uhlolisiso lwemibutho efana nePew Research Center lubonisa ukuba kumazwe aseNtshona, izizukulwana eziselula zikhululeke kakhulu ngokunxulumene nomtshato womanyano lwecawa kunabantu abadala. EUnited States, inani lemitshato yomanyano olumanyaniso liye landa ngokuthe ngcembe kumashumi eminyaka adluleyo, ama-39% amaMelika atshate etshate ukususela ngo-2010 ekwimbutho yomanyano (iZiko lophando lowe-Propu, 2015).

Noko ke, ikhethe nocalucalulo lusekho. Izibini ezidibanisa iinkonzo zingangakholiswa ngabamelwane bazo, abasebenza nabo, okanye kwanabasemzini. Kubantu abatyekeleyo okanye abangekho mthethweni, zisenokujamelana nokungafunwa ngokwentlalo, kwaye kwiimeko ezimaxongo, izisongelo okanye ugonyamelo. Ilifa leengxube zonqulo embalini linokubangela ukungathembani. Umzekelo, ukutshata kwamaSilamsi kunye nabantu abangathanga mmili kwimimandla ethile kusenokujongwa ngokukrokraza okanye ukucaphulwa ngomfa.

Abantwana abatshatileyo basenokujamelana nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo. Basenokubuzwa ukuba ungubani? kwaye bazive benyanzelekile ukuba bakhethe igama elinye. Izikolo kunye nabantu abahlala kuzo abanokukwazi ukuhlalisa abantwana abanemvelaphi eyabantu ababini bonqulo, beshiya abantwana behamba ngeeholide zonqulo ngaphandle kokhokelo olucacileyo. Abazali kufuneka baqhubeke beyila imeko-bume ecacileyo baze baxhobise abantwana babo ngolwimi nangentembelo ukuze baqonde baze bavakalise ilifa labo.

Iindlela Zokoyisa Ucelomngeni

Phezu kwayo nje imiqobo, izibini ezimanyeneyo zinokuba nolwalamano olomeleleyo nolwanelisayo zize zibe negalelo elifanelekileyo kwibutho labantu.

Unxibelelwano Nokululeka

Imitshato ephumelelayo emanyanisa amakholwa isekelwe kunxibelelwano olunyanisekileyo, olunentlonelo. Izibini zifanele zisoloko zixubusha ngokholo lwazo, izenzo zazo, neemvakalelo zazo ngomahluko wonqulo. Zinokubuza imibuzo efana nethi: Luthetha ntoni ukholo lwam kum? Ziziphi izithethe ezinganyanzelekiyo? Sizisingatha njani iiholide? Ukucebisa ngaphambi komtshato nogqirha oqeqeshwe kwiingcali ezifundisa ukuxuba iinkonzo zocawa. Ngaphezu koko, imibutho emininzi yonqulo inikela iinkqubo zokulungiselela imishado.

Ukucebisana kungathetha ngolwalamano lwentsapho. Izibini zingadlala indima yokuxelela iintsapho ngomtshato wazo, indlela yokuphendula kwiimpikiswano, nendlela yokubeka imida. Ngamanye amaxesha, zizisa icandelo lesithathu lobundilele, njengomdala wentsapho ohloneliweyo okanye ilungu lentsapho labefundisi, inganceda.

Inkxaso yoLuntu kunye neNxibelelwano yeNkcubeko yeeNkcubeko

Izibini ezidibeneyo zenkolo ziyangenelwa ngokunxibelelana nabanye kwiimeko ezifanayo. Amaqela axhasayo, ii-intanethi, kunye nemibutho yoluntu inika izithuba ezikhuselekileyo zokwabelana ngamava kunye namacebiso. Amabhunga okudityaniswa kweenkonzo zasekuhlaleni, njenge Interfaith Religional okanye iPalamente yeeNkolo zehlabathi, adla ngokunikezela ngezinto kunye neziganeko ezibangela ukuba iintsapho zamkeleke.

Iinkonzo zinokuba phakathi kwabantu abaninzi. Amabandla angangenisa isibini esidibanayo, anike abantwana iinkqubo ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo, aqeqeshe abefundisi ukuba baqhube imitshato yomanyano lwecawa ngentlonelo. Xa iinkokeli zokomoya ziqinisekisa ekuhleni amaqhina omanyano, zithumela isigidimi esinamandla sokwamkelwa. AmaLungelo alinganayo kunye neminye imibutho yamalungelo abantu exhasa ukulingana okusemthethweni kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi unqulo, nto leyo enceda ukunciphisa ucalucalucalulo.

Ubuchule nokulumkiswa

Ukuxhasa utshintsho olusemthethweni kumazwe apho umtshato womanyano oluthintelweyo okanye lungaqondwayo kusukelo olude lwexesha. Amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe, njengeKomiti yamaZwe Azimeleyo Yamalungelo Abantu, aye aqinisekisa ilungelo lokutshata aze afumane intsapho engenakhethe. Umsebenzi wesizwe ne-NGOS yezizwe ngezizwe ukubhala amatyala ocalucalulo nokunyanzela utshintsho lomthetho. Ukukhutshwa kolwazi ngamabali nolwazi kungayiguqula imbono yabantu.

Ngokomzekelo, iHuman Rights Watch iye yanikela ingxelo ngengxaki yezibini ezimanyeneyo kumazwe aliqela, ibalaselisa imfuneko yotshintsho (Human Rights Watch, 2017). Iingxelo ezinjalo zifundisa abenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo kunye noluntu. Izibini kunye namahlakani ancedisanayo anokubaxhasa aba banqongopheleli okanye aqalise amaphulo asekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo

Imitshato yokudibana kweenkolo kuyindlela ebonakalisa uthando eqinileyo ebangela ulwahlulo. Ngoxa ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo oluvela kwiinkqubo zomthetho, amaziko onqulo, iintsapho, kunye nebutho labantu, le miqobo ayisokuthintelwa. Ngonxibelelwano oluphandle, intlonelo kunye nenkxaso evela kwingingqi ezinxulumeneyo, izibini ezimanyeneyo zingaphumelela. Ulwamkelo olungakumbi lunceda wonke umntu ngokukhuthaza ukuqonda, ukunciphisa ikhethe, kunye nokukhulisa izithethe. Njengoko ihlabathi lisiba nempembelelo engakumbi, ukumanyana komanyano akungombandela nje wokhetho lobuqu, kwaye ikukukhetha ukumanyana kobuqu, okungenalusini nokunovelwa.