Ukwazisa

Ukulingana kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yomtshato kuye kwaba yimpumelelo ephawulekayo kumlo wamalungelo abantu, kodwa kwizibini ezikhulileyo ezingokwasemtsha, ummandla osemthethweni uhlala uzaliswe lucelomngeni olunokungaluxabisi ngokupheleleyo izizukulwana eziselula. Ngoxa abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba umlo uphele nge-U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo yonyaka ka 2015 kwi [[FLLT:0]] [Obergefefel v. [[FLD:1],], iLGBT+-, uninzi lwabo abaphila kumashumi eminyaka ekwalelwa, ukuhlasela, kunye nocalucalucalulo oluntlulo oluntlukileyo olungomthetho oluqhubekekayo luqaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Le miqobo ayizange ikhuselwe nje ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, ifumane inzuzo yentlalo, kunye nelungelo lobudala elikhethekileyo, kunye novavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwezimeko olukhoyo, oluqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinzalelo zomtshato zimele zivusele zivunwe, ukuba zivulelwe ukuba zivunwe zivunwe zivunwe zivune iimeko ezikhoyo.

Imbali yamalungelo omtshato kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezifanayo

Ukunyanzelisa umlinganiselo womtshato eUnited States akuzange kuqale . Yayiyimveliso yamashumi eminyaka ye-crootroussims, iinkundla, kunye noluvo lwabantu abaguqukileyo. Phambi kowe-1990, umtshato ofanayo wobuxhumani wawungacimi phantsi komthetho we-U.S. Umthetho we- 1993 Hawaii Ephakamileyo inguMkhosi weNkundla e [iiii-Baehr v. Lewin[FLT] [[FLT]] yayinguwokuqala ukucebisa ukuba ukukhaphela imvume yomtshato kunye i-exxtheml isenokuwuchasa umgaqo-siseko somthetho. Umthetho owenziwe emva koMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko (DOM) ochazwe ngomnye umtshato phakathi komnye phakathi komnye urhulumente nomnye urhulumente kunye nomnye ekwalandula ukuvuma izivumelwano ezingokwakhe umtshato, kwaye wadityaniswa kunye nezibini ezininzi, kodwa kwangu-4, kwangonyaka othe wamashumi amane amashumi a

Imvume yesizwe yaqala ekuqaleni kowama 2000. iMassachusetts yaba yeyokuqala ukubhalisa umtshato ongokwasemzimbeni ngo-2004, ilandelwa zezinye ezimbalwa kwishumi leminyaka elilandelayo. Kodwa ukudityaniswa kophawu oluthetha ukuba isibini esitshatileyo esisemthethweni sinye sisenokuphulukana nawo onke amalungelo asemthethweni ukuba safudukela kwilizwe elingawamkelanga amaqhina aso. Oku kwakuyingozi ngokukodwa kwizibini ezithe zaphelelwa ngumhlala phantsi kwemitshatozo ezihlala phantsi kwemitshato okanye iindleko ezisezantsi zokuphila. Xa inkundla ephakamileyo yabulala icandelo le-DoMA e-[FLT] kunyaka-10]. [iii-United States][FLT] V., izigqibo ezikhoyo zesizwe, zenza izigqibo ezingoko kuhlawulelo lwezokhuseleko lwaseSociko lwase-so , yaye zinyukelele zonke iimali ezisemthethweni-ogrona, kodwa zaze ziphinde ziphinde zivunywe ngokusemthethweni, izigqibozo zeminyaka ekwa-5] izigqibini, izigqibini,

Ilifa lolu calulo lisaqhubeka namhlanje. Izibini ezininzi ezikhulileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo, ingakumbi ezo zingenazityebi kangako okanye ezihlala emaphandleni, zisenawo amaxwebhu asemthethweni akhusela izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo. Ingcamango yokuba “umthetho oqhelekileyo” umtshato unqabile kwizibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo kuba zazingatshati. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvuka kwendlela esemthethweni yokutshata kusemtshatweni kwabantu abadala.

Iziphazamiso ezikhethekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni Ezijongene Nezibini Ezifak ’ isidima Ezifanayo

Nangona ngoku umtshato osisini omnye usemthethweni kwilizwe lonke, izibini ezikhulileyo ziyaqhubeka zihlangabezana nemiqobo ezisenokungayifumani amaqabane azo aselula. Le miqobo isekelwe ekudibaneni kweminyaka, imbonakalo yesini, nembali ende yokungavunyelwana kwasemthethweni. Ngasezantsi zizona zinto zinzima.

Unqabiseko Entlalweni Neengenelo Zabo Basindayo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezikhuselayo ngokwemali kubantu abadala abatshatileyo yi-Social Security Sposal kunye neengenelo zabasindileyo. Phantsi koMthetho weSocial Security Act, iqabane eliseleyo lingafumana i-100 ekhulwini leengenelo zeqabane elifileyo. Izibini ezikhulileyo ezikwi-extern sx, noko ke, ixesha lomtshato wazo linokuzilinganisela ngokuqatha ezi ngenelo. Ukuba isibini esitshatileyo esitshatile emva kwexesha lokuphila kwangaphambi kwexesha. [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLD:1] ngenxa yenkcazelo ye-DOMA esekelwe kwi-PROP engokwamashumi eminyaka namhlanje, kwanamashumi eminyaka, ingxwend ’ esele inyani yazinye ifumaniswe kukungazelelwa kumashumi eminyaka.

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela isibini esiye sadibana ukususela ngo-1970 kodwa satshata ngokusemthethweni ngo-2015. Ukuba elinye iqabane eliseleyo lafa ngo-2016, iqabane elisele linokuzibiza ukuba lisindile lifumana iingenelo ezisekelwe kumtshato, kodwa ixabiso lingabalwa ngokusebenzisa iminyaka esemva konyaka ka-2015, lingangahoyi amashumi eminyaka angaphambili. ULawulo lwezokhuseleko lweNtlalo luye lwenza inkqubela ethile ekuqapheleni imithetho yengingqi, kodwa ukuqhuba inkqubo kuhlala kunzima kubantu abadala abanokungabi nalwazi olusemthethweni. [[FLT:] Ngokutsho komkhokeli we-Humanmentation ISicwangciso sombutho sobugqaliselo], izibini ezininzi ezikhulileyo-exheaders aziqondiswe kwanolwazi ukuba zinokunikwa ezi nzuzo, ingakumbi ukuba ngaphambili zazixelelwe ukuba zinokufumaneka. [FRCT] [F]

Ukubonelela Ngesibonelelo Nelifa

Umtshato unika amalungelo azenzekelayo okufumana ilifa phantsi kwemithetho yokungabhaliswa kwemali, (*.ukuba umntu ofe engakhange afumane mvume, amaqabane awo adla ngokudla ilifa inxalenye enkulu yefa. Izibini ezikhulileyo ezisele zingakwazi ukutshata de kube kutsha nje, amaxwebhu afana neshedi, amathemba, kunye namandla egqwetha izinto anzima kakhulu. Kodwa abantu abadala abaninzi abangazange bawasebenzise la maxwebhu kuba ayevalelwe phantsi ngenxa yokuba ayevalelwe ngokusemthethweni kwisakhiwo somtshato, okanye ngenxa yokuba babengenalo igqwetha. Kwanasemva kokuba [[FLT: 0]] [obergeyes], abanye abatshati ngempazamo bakholelwa ukuba kulwalamano olude olugciniweyo, ngokuzenzeleyo. Oku kuyingozi ngakumbi kumakhaya apho abantwana abaphila kwimitshato engaphambili, apho abantwana abanokungenamali ephambili kwimitshato yomtshato ephilayo.

Olunye ulwaleko lwentsonkothileyo lubandakanya imithetho yerhafu yelizwe. Nangona irhafu yefa karhulumente isebenza kubo bonke abantu abatsha okanye abatshakazi abaseleyo ngaphandle komda, amanye amazwe akakalingani ngokupheleleyo namaqabane angokwabelana ngesondo ngokweemfuno zerhafu, ingakumbi ukuba isibini esitshate nomnye urhulumente sitshate naye. Ngaphezu koko, izibini ezininzi ezikhulileyo ezitsha-sexeni zifumana icebo elifanayo lempahla kodwa azizange ziphinde zifumane iziqinisekiso zemali ezitshayelelweyo okanye iziqinisekiso zokufumana umhlaba. Iqabane eladibaniselwa-mali elisendlwini emva kokuba umtshato linokufumana iingxaki zerhafuthe ezitheneyo ezithelekisa isibini ezitheneyo. [[FLT] [1] [AFG] kunye neeNkonzo ze-Ezemali ezingaphezulu ze-Genethi zemali ezinika abantu abadala, kodwa i-LGTQT+3] i-Foctives.[3] kunye ne-eactives syd syd syd syd systeages]

Ukwenza izigqibo zonyango kunye nekhompyutha elawulayo

Xa iqabane lomtshato ligula, umtshato uqinisekisa ukuba elinye iqabane linegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza izigqibo zezonyango. Noko ke, izibini ezikhulileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo ezingazange zitshate ngaphambi kwengxaki yezonyango zisenokufumanisa ukuba azivalwa kwigumbi lesibhedlele okanye zingakwazi ukufumana ulwazi lwezempilo. Kwanasemva kokuba uLobergefell[[, ezinye izikokeli zempilo zicothe ukuhlaziya imigaqo yazo kunye noqeqesho. Amabali afanayo akwalandula ukutyelelwa okanye acelwa “ilungu lentsapho” ukuba enze izigqibo ziqheleke ngokubuhlungu, ingakumbi kwiindawo zokunyamekela abahlala kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo.

Isisombululo sikukuba zonke isibini ezikhulileyo ziphumeze imiyalelo ephambili, kwaye ziphile amandla ahlalayo egqwetha lokunyamekela impilo, kodwa abantu abadala abaninzi abakhulileyo abakhange bakwenze oko. Uhlolisiso olungu-2021 oluvela kwi-National Council on Aging lufumanise ukuba i-LGBTQ + abantu abadala abakhulileyo abanamathuba amancinane okuba namaxwebhu athelekiswe noontanga babo abanokudibana neentlobano zesini namalungu esizwe. Ukudityaniswa kwemiqathango yezonyango (esekelwe kucalulo oludlulileyo) kunye nokungafikeleleki ngokusemthethweni phambi kokuba umtshato ubangele umsantsaleko oyingozi. Ukuzikhusela ngokwako, izibini azifanele zithembele kuphela kwisiqinisekiso somtshato. [FT][3] Xa kuthengwa ngabadala. [FT]

Izindlu Nocalucalulo Olukhulu

Izibini ezikhulileyo ezingokwasemkhubeni zijamelana nobungozi obukhethekileyo xa zifuna uncedo lwamakhaya okuhlala, asebeze, okanye abantu abahlala kwimida yokuhlala abalupheleyo. UMthetho weFair Howards awulwaleli ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo nakubuntu besini, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akungqinelani. Amaziko amaninzi awabasebenzi abaqeqeshi abacacileyo kwi-LGBTQ+ i-iphaka, kwaye abemi “abaphumayo kamva ebomini okanye abangalufuni ulwalamano lwabo basenokunyanzelwa ukuba babuyele emva kolu ludwe. Abantu abadala abasebenzisa i-transgender, ngokukodwa, abasoloko bejamelene nezo ezikhundla zamabhinqa.

Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 olwenziwa liZiko loMthetho weNational Seniornication Law lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha se-LGBTQ yabantu abadala babesoyika ucalulo ngokunyanyekelwa ixesha elide, yaye malunga nama-20% aye afumana oko. Amakhalazo aquka abasebenzi abasebenzisa izigqeba ezingalunganga, izahlula isibini kumagumbi ahlukeneyo okanye izibonelelo, kwaye kwanokuphathwa kakubi. Iinyanga ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo phantsi koMthetho we-Fairhouse Act kunye noMthetho weNguquko lwasekhaya zibekelwe umda kwaye zifuna ngokufuthi ukukhalaza okunokuthatha iminyaka ukusombulula. Ezinye izixeko namazwe ziye zagqithisa izikhuseli eziqinileyo, kodwa umthetho worhulumente ungenayo imigaqo ecacileyo yeLBTQ+ abadala. [FLLG:]

Ukukhuthala nezibonelelo zezibini ezikhulileyo ezikwi-Scob

Naphezu kwale ngxaki, imibutho engokwasemthethweni, imibutho yoluntu kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente asebenzela ukuvala umahluko phakathi kwamalungelo omtshato nokulingana. Imfundo isesona sixhobo sinamandla. Izibini ezininzi ezikhulileyo ezisele zikhulile aziyazi indlela ezikhusele ngayo okanye indlela yokuzifikelela. Ngeli ngezantsi zisezinyanzelo ezingundoqo zokufumana ubuchule kunye nobuncwane.

Imibutho yokwabelana nesizwe

Amaqela anjengaye ICandelo lamaLungelo , , i-ACLU LGBT+ Iprojekthi yamalungelo , kunye namaLungelo oMququzelelo [[FLT]] afakelwe kwiphulo localulo lweziko-mali nemfundo kawonke-wonke. [[FLTLT:]] [[FLT]] [FLT]] [5], batshintsha ujoliseko lokuqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo senzeka ngokucwangcisa umhlaba, ukulungiselela iziko zoshishino zomthetho, nenkqubo yolungiso-mthetho. [[FLT] [FLT]] [5] ikhokelela kwindlela yonyaka-nyaka ka-GOKT]

Ukongeza, I-Active Initive ethelekelelwayo kunye neBhunga lohlanga ekuLudala livelise ubuncwane obubodwa kwizibini ezingokwasemgangathweni. Ezi ziquka uluhlu lokufaka amaxwebhu asemthethweni, izikhokelo zeMedicare sumarition, kunye nokonakalisa kombuso kwamalungelo obushushu. Indlu ephakathi yelizwe liziko logcino lweZibonelelo zeZibonelelo zeLBT UKING[FL:], ezinika uqeqesho olukhululekileyo kwikhompyutha ukwenzela izibonelelo zabadala ekudaleni imekobume.

Uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nothungelwano lwe-proBono

Ufikelelo kwisiluleko somthetho esifikelelekayo ngumqobo omkhulu. Izibini ezininzi ezikhulileyo ezingokwasemgangathweni ziphila kwingeniso emiselweyo kwaye azinakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha elizimeleyo ukuba lifake izicelo okanye liphathe iimfuno ezifanelekileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi aneLGBTQ+kliniki asemthethweni, adla ngokusetyenziswa zizikolo zomthetho okanye ii-bar. Umzekelo, i-LGBTQ+P [umdala weProject [[FLTP]] iProject yoMthetho eNew York [ienowrite] anika ucwangciso lwezwelo lwabakhulu. uGeners [old:3] uqums amaziko asemthethweni anokuthi anxibelelane proon boognots grogrickists. Abakhulileyo bamele bavavanye kunye nooooooglations abasebenzi abaninzi abaluncedo abasemthethweni.

Inkxaso esekelwe kuluntu

Ngaphandle koncedo olusemthethweni, amaziko oluntu kunye namaziko aphezulu anika ngokukhulayo i-LGBTQ+-engoonolwazi. Kumaziko amaninzi, kukho “LGBTTQ+ amaqela aphezulu asekuhlaleni” akwakho ucweyo olusemthethweni. Iiwebhsayithi zenyani kunye neengxelo ezirekhodiweyo zenze ezi zixhobo zafikeleleka ngakumbi ngexesha lesifo esibulalayo nangaphaya kwale ndawo. Services kunye ne-Advocacy for GLBTPRY (UMYALIS) zigcina ii-webhsayithi ze-webhsayithi ze-yom

Indlela Ephambili: Iingxaki Eziqhubekayo Neemfuno Zenkqubo

Nangona ukulingana komtshato kululoyiso olukhulu, akusicombululo. Izibini ezikhulileyo ezisisini esinye zisafuna imigaqo ejoliswe kuzo ukucombulula iziphumo ezingapheliyo zokuzikhetha ngokwembali. Phakathi kwezona zinto zingxamisekileyo ziyimfuneko:

  • [[UMTL:0] Inzuzo ezisebenzayo: imithetho yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo kunye nempesheni ukuqaphela iminyaka yangaphambi komtshato wezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ezivalwe ngokusemthethweni ekutshatiseni.
  • I-LGBTQ+ uqeqesho lwabakhathaleli abadala: Yimfuneko karhulumente yokuba amakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo kunye nokuncedisa abasebenzi abasebenza kwizakhiwo zokuhlala abanyanyekelwa ngokuququ, kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukubekwa kwenkxaso esemthethweni: Imali eyongezelelekileyo yorhulumente neyombuso ukwenzela iinkonzo zeprobo zomthetho ezijoliswe ekucwangcisweni kwempahla kunye nengenelo zokuhamba ngenqanawa kwiLGBTQ+ abaphathi.
  • Imigaqo ecacileyo echasene nocalulo-luvo: IziHlaliseko kuMthetho weFair House Act kunye noMthetho woBungcanya beNqutyana yoTshintsho lokwethula udwelise ngokucacileyo uluhlu lwembonakaliso yesondo kunye nokuzichaza kobufanasini njengodidi olukhuselweyo, neenkqubo zokukhalaza ezisukrunisiweyo.
  • [[NT.:0] Ingqokelela ye-Data: uphando oluphuculiweyo lwezwe ukulandelela inani labemi neemfuno ezisemthethweni zeLGBTQ+ abantu abadala, kuquka umgangatho womtshato, ingeniso, kunye namava ocalulo.

Olu tshintsho lwenkqubo aluzukunceda izibini ezikhulileyo ezifak ’ isidima kodwa luza kuqinisa umnatha wokhuseleko lwasekuhlaleni kubo bonke abantu abadala. I-LGBTQ+ uluntu lwalwela ukubandakanyeka kumtshato kungekuphela nje ngenxa yesiqinisekiso somtshato, kodwa ilungele ukunyaniswa kwamalungelo asemthethweni kunye nenkxaso efunyanwa ngumtshato. Kwizizukulwana ezindala, ukulibaziseka kokufakwa kwento ebangelwa yimfumbano esemthethweni emele igcwaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Amaqela abaphathi-mthetho ayaqhubeka enyanzela ukunyanzela ezi nguqulelo, kodwa uluntu luhlala lusezantsi.

Isiphelo

Ukubekwa komtshato ongokwasemthethweni olinganayo kwi-United States yaba yimpumelelo embalini yeLGBTQ+ amalungelo. Kodwa kwizibini ezikhulileyo ezachitha ixesha elininzi lobomi bazo ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomthetho, isithembiso sokulingana asikaphelelanga. Ukusuka kwi-Social Security exhasweyo kuya kunceda ekufumaneni iziphumo zezonyango kwisigqibo sokhuseleko lwezezonyango, izibini ezisele zikhulile zijongene nemiqobo esemthethweni efuna ukusombulula imvume yomtshato. Njengoko iminyaka yabantu abatsha-lukileyo kunye ne-LBBTQ+ yabemi abakhulu benyuka iyanda, i-$(ukulingana nezigidi ezi-3 kwi-US.S.20202020 kwaye iprojectyyy-phinda ngokuphindiliza kwezi ngxaki. Isibini ngasinye sifanele sikhule ngesidima, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokugqatsono olupheleleyo lwempilo lwabemi be-LBTQ.

Ngokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-advocam, ukwandisa uncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nokunika abasebenzi abanyamekela abadala uqeqesho, singaliguqula ilungelo lokutshata libe lukhuseleko olulinganayo kubo bonke. Umlo wokulingana komtshato awuphelanga kumanyathelo eNkundla Ephakamileyo; uyaqhubeka kumagumbi esibhedlele, amakhaya owehlayo, neeofisi zokhuseleko lweNtlalo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibini ezikhulileyo ezikhulileyo zinezixhobo ezisemthethweni ezizifunayo akungombandela wokulungisa ukungalungisi okudlulileyo, kwaye kungummiselo obalulekileyo kumgaqo wokuba uthando neentsapho zifanele zihlonelwe kulo lonke ixesha lobomi.