Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokuHlaziya

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ubungumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwalo ngo-1788. Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba uxwebhu luyakufuna ukuguquka kwixesha ukuphendula iimeko ezitshintshayo, iingxaki ezingalindelekanga, kunye nokuvela kwezinto eziphambili zesizwe. Kunokuvela kolungiselelo oluqinileyo olunokuthi luphelelwe lixesha, baseka inkqubo esesikweni yokulungisa. Le nkqubo ivela kwiGatya V lomGaqo-siseko.

Inqaku V libonakalisa ukulalanisa okucokisekileyo. Abalawuli bemithetho-siseko bafuna ukuba isomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuze inikezele ulawulo oluzinzileyo kodwa ithambe ngokwaneleyo ukuvumelana nokokuba kuyimfuneko. Baphawula ukuba umgaqo-siseko worhulumente ulungiswe ngokulula kwezinye iimeko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazinzi. Kwangaxeshanye, baqonda ukuba uxwebhu olungenakutshintshwa ekugqibeleni lungaphelelwa luncedo okanye lubangele ukungaguquguquki okungakumbi. Le nkqubo yokulungisa icetyiswe ngoko icwangcise umgxobho ophezulu kakhulu wotshintsho, nto leyo eyenza ibe nzima kodwa ingabi yinto engenakwenzeka.

Ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wasebenza, ukupheliswa kwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela kwagunyaziswa. Ishumi lokuqala, elaziwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo, ladityaniswa ngo1791, kwiminyaka emithathu nje emva kokwenziwa kwemiqathango. Ukurhoxiswa kwakutshanje, amashumi amabini anesixhenxe, kwavunywa ngo-192. Utshintsho, oluthintela ukuhlawulwa kombutho wowiso lunyulo lunyulwa lunyuswe lusuka ekusebenzeni de emva konyulo olulandelayo, kwacetyiswa okokuqala ngo-1789. Kwathabatha iinkulungwane ezimbini ukukhusela ukukhuselwa, kubonisa indlela ekufuneka ngayo le nkqubo.

Ukuqonda indlela ulungiso olucetywayo noluqinisekisiweyo lwezixhobisa abemi ngoxabiso olunzulu ngenkqubo yomGaqo-siseko. Kukwacacisa isizathu sokuba ulungiso olucetyisiweyo lusilele kwaye kutheni umGaqo-siseko uhlale uzinzile ngokuphawulekayo ngoxa amanye amazwe eye amkela amaxwebhu amatsha ngokupheleleyo olawulo.

Indlela Embini Yokumisela Uhlaziyo

Inkqubo yokulungisa iqala ngesicelo esisemthethweni. Inqaku V linika iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa. Zinye kuphela kwezi ndlela eziye zasetyenziswa ngempumelelo, kodwa zombini zisekho namhlanje.

Iphulo leBhunga

Indlela yokuqala, kunye neyona iqhelekileyo, ibandakanya iKhonklathi. Ukucebisa ukulungisiswa komgaqo-nkqubo kule ndlela, zombini iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeQela kufuneka zivumele ulwimi olufanayo olucetyiweyo ngovoti ephezulu kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane amalungu angama-290 endlu kunye namaqumrhu angama-679 kufuneka avote ngokukhetha. Uninzi oluqhelekileyo aluneli.

Le mfuneko iphezulu kakhulu ngumqobo wangabom. Abalawuli bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ulungiso olucetyiswayo lubanzi, i-bipartan inkxaso kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe. Isivumelwano esingenakulawula inkxaso yesithathu ezimbini kuzo zombini iigumbi asiyi kubonakalisa uhlobo lwesivumelwano sesizwe esifunekayo ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko. Umnyango ozii-3 ezimbini kwakhona uthintela uninzi lokwexeshana ekwenzeni iinguqulelo ezingxamisekileyo ezinokuzisola kamva.

Xa iKhomishini ivumela ulungiso olucetyiswayo olufunwa yinkqubo ephezulu yomthetho, ayithunyelwa kumongameli ukuze asayine. Umongameli akanandima esesikweni kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Endaweni yoko, intengiselwano ecetywayo ithunyelwa ngqo kumaphondo ukuze ikhuthuzwe. Lo mahluko maxa wambi udityaniswa nabemi abaqhelene nenkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, apho amatyala aba ngumthetho kuphela emva kokuba egunyaziwe ngumongameli.

IKhomishini iye yacebisa zonke iinguquko ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe eziye zagunyaziswa ukusebenzisa le ndlela. Kwakhona icebise iinguquko eziliqela ezingazange ziphumele ekufumaneni ukudityaniswa. UMthetho oLinganisayo wamaLungelo, umzekelo, wadlulisa iKhomishini ngowe-1971 kunye nevoti ezimbini-3 kodwa yasilela kumda wesi sizwe wesithathu wesine wokwenziwa kwesivumelwano okumiselwe ngummiselo.

Isindululo Sendibano

Indlela yesibini yokulungisa ibandakanya indibano. Phantsi kweQumrhu V, ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini-ntathu zikarhulumente — ngoku amazwe angamashumi amathathu anesine e— ngokuphandle kwiBhunga elicela indibano yomgaqo-siseko, iBhunga kufuneka libize enye. Kuloo ndibano, abathunywa bangacebisa ukubuyiselwa komnxeba.

Le ndlela yendibano ayizange isetyenziswe ukucebisa ngenkcazelo. Phezu kwayo nje imigudu emininzi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, akukho mbambano ikhe yavelisa izicelo ezivela kumaphondo aneleyo ukuxhokonxa indibano. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kuye kwakho amaphulo okuba indibano icebise ukubuyiselwa koqingqo-mali okulungeleleneyo okanye ukubeka imida emiselwe ixesha elifanelekileyo kumalungu eBhunga, kodwa akukho nalinye elifikelele kumda ongasentla ongamashumi amathathu anesine.

Esinye isizathu sokuba indlela yendibano inqabile ukucelwa kukungaqiniseki okunxulumene nendlela eya kusebenza ngayo. UmGaqo-siseko awunikezi nkcukacha ngendlela eya kulungiselelwa ngayo indibano enjalo, indlela abathunywa ababeya kukhethwa ngayo, okanye imithetho eya kulawula iziganeko zayo. Abanye abaphengululi bomthetho nabaququzeleli bemithetho baxhalatyiswa kukuba indibano ingaba yindibano ebharhileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba ingaba ingaphaya kwenjongo yayo yantlalo kwaye icebise ukulungiswa kwemibandela engavumelaniyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iBhunga linokubeka imidaba yenjongo yokuthintela le njongo.

Ngenxa yale mibuzo ingaphendulwanga kunye neengozi zobupolitika ezibandakanyekileyo, iNgqungquthela kunye namazwe ziye zakhetha indlela yesicelo sombutho wengqungquthela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Indlela yendibano isesisisixhobo solo hlobo esikhankanya iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ngamanye amaxesha ukunyanzela iNgqungquthela ukuba ithathe amanyathelo kwimibandela ethile.

Iindlela Ezimbini Zokwahlulwa

Ukumisela inguquko linyathelo lokuqala. Emva kokuba ingqungquthela ivumile okanye indibano ecetyisiweyo yokulungisa, kufuneka ivunywe ngamaphondo ngaphambi kokuba ibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. IGatya V linika iCandelo loMgaqo-siseko igunya lokukhetha ukuba yeyiphi kwiindlela ezimbini zokuhluza eziza kusetyenziswa ngurhulumente.

Ukwandiswa yiMithetho kaRhulumente

Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwahlula inguvumo weendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ngale ndlela, kwicala ngalinye, i-’ indlu yowiso-mthetho ivota nokuba kulungiswa intengiso ecetyiweyo na. Ukuba ii-3-sine zamazwe i-— ngokusisi-31 kumazwe angamashumi amathathu anesibhozo i-—vote kwi-rayth, ukupheliswa kuyamkelwa.

Iivoti zokhuthuzo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe zisebenza njengevoti eqhelekileyo yowiso-mthetho. Uninzi olulula kwigumbi ngalinye ludla ngokwanela, nangona amanye amazwe enemithetho yawo yangaphakathi efuna ubuchule obuphezulu bemisebenzi ethile yemithetho. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ithe yagunyazisa ulungiso, ayinakuphinda iphinde iguqule okanye iphinde iguqule eso sigqibo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele ekubeni ukwenziwa komnxeba kugqibele kanye xa inani elifunekayo lamazwe ephunyeziweyo.

IKhomishini imisela ummiselo wexesha lokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Izilungiso zale mihla ziquke ixesha elifanelekileyo leminyaka esixhenxe, njengoko libonwa ngokuLandliswa kwamalungelo alinganayo kunye noHlaliso lwaMalungelo kunye noHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu. Ixesha lokwandiswa kwemida linganyuswa yiBhunga, kodwa ukuba ixesha lokumiswa kwemiqathango lidlule ngaphandle kokuvunywa ngokwaneleyo, intengiso iyafa. Ulungiso lwamaLungelo olulinganayo lusoloko lungumzekelo obalaseleyo wokulungisa iBhungaze lidluliswe nemvume eyaneleyo yokwahlulwa kwemeko ngexesha elithile, kodwa hayi kwifestile ebekwe kwingqungquthela.

Ukuphucula Iindibano Zelizwe

Indlela yesibini yokwahlula ibandakanya iindibano zikarhulumente kunezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ingqungquthela ingalathisa iimeko ukuba zibe neendibano ezikhethekileyo zokuphelisa, kunye neendwendwe ezinyulwe ngabantu ngokukhethekileyo ukuba zivote kwisivumelwano esicetyiweyo. Umqobo ofanayo wesithathu wesine uyasebenza.

Le ndlela isetyenziswe kanye, ukuhlaziywa kwamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Inguquko, eyagunyaziswa ngo-1933, yaphinda yanika uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesibhozo, olwaluseke iProvice. Ingqungquthela yakhetha indlela yendibano ngenxa yokuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ngelo xesha zaziphenjelelwa kakhulu ngamaqela athoba umoya. Ngokuya ngqo kwiindibano ezinyuliweyo, ukulungisa kwadlula ezo njongo zibekwe siseko kwaye yavumela uluntu ukuba luchaze umnqweno wazo ngqo.

Indlela yokukhupha indibano isekho kodwa ayikasetyenziswa ukususela ngoko. Abanye abaphengululi bomGaqo-siseko baphikisa ngelithi inokuba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokulungisa inkcaso ecwangcisiweyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Noko ke, iingxaki ezikhoyo kunye neendleko zokuthabatha unyulo olukhethekileyo kwiphondo ngalinye ziyenza ingasebenzi ngendlela esebenzayo yokusebenzisa inkqubo eqhelekileyo.

IMithetho engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe eSimo

Ukuhlolisisa indululo eziye zavunywa zinika imbono yale nkqubo. IBhili yamaLungelo, eyaqinisekiswa ngowe-1791, yathetha ngenkxalabo yabachasi be-Anti-Federali ababesoyika ukuba urhulumente omtsha wesizwe uza kuqhatha. Ezo zindululo zilishumi ziqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko, kuquka ukuthetha, unqulo, indibano, kwanelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ngoxa zikwakhusela nokuphenjelelwa okungekho ngqiqweni nesohlwayo senkohlakalo.

Izindululo ezilandelayo ezilishumi elinesixhenxe zavunywa ebudeni beenkulungwane ezimbini ezalandelayo, zithetha ngemibandela enjengokulandelelana komongameli, irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, amalungelo okuvota, nemivuzo yequmrhu. Ishumi elinesithathu, ishumi elinesine, kunye neMithetho eHlanu, yagunyaziswa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, yabuphelisa ubukhoboka, yamisela ubuhlanga kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, yaye yalela ukucalucalulwa kohlanga. ISindululo seSiphengululo seshumi elinesithoba-199 sanyusa amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa ngo-1920. Uhlaziso lwezinziso

Umgaqo wokulungisa utyhila ukuba inkqubo yokusebenza kwimibutho emikhulu yesizwe kunye neemeko ezinzima. Ukulungisa imfazwe yamakhaya kwalandela eyona ngxaki inzima kwimbali yaseMelika. IXesha leNkqubela yavelisa unyulo kwirhafu yengeniso, unyulo olungqalileyo lwabaququzeleli, kunye noluthintelo lotywala. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu wabangela uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine anesine, olwaphelisa irhafu, kunye noMthetho wokuhlawula irhafu, ongokuba, unyanzelelwa ukuba uhlaziyiswe, u-14 kunye noMbenzo we-15.

Asikuko konke ulungiso olucetyiweyo oluphumeleleyo. Izindululo zokulungisa ezingaphezulu kweshumi lamawaka ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga, kodwa zingamashumi amathathu anesithathu kuphela ezigqithe kumda owesibini wesithathu kwaye zithunyelwe kumazwe. Kuzo, amashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela avunyiweyo. Impumelelo ingaphantsi kwepesenti enye.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwemijelo Ifuneke Kangaka

Isimo sokunyanzelisa ngabom inkqubo yokulungisa sifeza iinjongo ezininzi. Okokuqala, ikhusela umGaqo-siseko kwiinguquko eziqhelekileyo okanye ezingeyoyamanto. Ngokungafaniyo nemimiselo eqhelekileyo, enokudluliselwa okanye ihlaziywe ngobuchule obulula kwiBhunga, umGaqo-siseko uquka imigaqo esisiseko yohlanga. Ukuwutshintsha kufuneka uhambe phambili kwezopolitiko okwexeshana.

Okwesibini, iimfuno ze-atmosfera ezinamandla ziqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lubonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi ukutyhubela imigca yengingqi neyenkangeleko. Utshintsho oludlula iNdlu ngovote enciphileyo ngee-3 ezimbini kodwa olugatywa ngamazwe ngaphaya koMzantsi naseMbindini azinakuba ngumthetho. Le nkqubo inyanzelo inyanzelisa ukuba kwakhiwe imidibaniso enqumla lonke ilizwe.

Okwesithathu, inkqubo yokulungisa ikhusela izilangazelelo zeqela elincinane. Ngokufuna imvume kwizikhulu ezinkulu kwiBhunga nakumazwe amathathu anesine, inkqubo ithintela nawuphi na ummandla okanye iqela labanomdla ekubekeni ukuthanda kwalo kuhlanga lonke. Lo mqondiso ubaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe apho iimbono zezobupolitika zahluka ngokubanzi ngokwelizwe nakummandla.

Ingxaki yale nkqubo ikwakhuthaza umonde. Izilungiso ezininzi ezaphumelela ekugqibeleni, njengoMthetho weSikhundla seshumi elinesithoba onika amabhinqa amalungelo okuvota, zaphikiswa kangangamashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iBhunga licebise ukuba zifumane imbono yoluntu ekwakheni inzala. Ixesha elide lokumitha lalinika abachani ithuba lokuvakalisa inkxalabo yabo. Ngeli xesha ukupheliswa ekugqibeleni kufikelela ekuphenjelweni kwemiqathango, kubonakalisa uluvo lukawonke wonke kunokuba kubonakaliswe kwentabalala lwehlombeko yexeshana.

Indima Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yocombululo

Abahlali badla ngokuzibuza ukuba bangayiphembelela njani inkqubo yokulungisa. Ngelixesha oomatshini belawulwa yiBhunga kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunendima enamandla kulo lonke ixesha. Iintshukumisa eziye zavunywa phantse zonke eziye zasabela kwinkqubela-phambili kawonke-wonke. Umbutho wophengululo, i-stadist, i-’ i-suffge, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nombutho wokunciphisa uxinzelelo loluntu oluzinzileyo oluye lwabangela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Abahlali bangayiphembelela le nkqubo ngokuqhagamshelana namalungu abo eBhunga, babe nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, bavote abo baxhasa okanye bachase ukubuyiselwa okanye ukujoliswa kwimibutho ecetyiweyo yokulawulwa kwesizwe. Abamisi-mthetho baseburhulumenteni baluchaphazele ngokukhethekileyo uluvo oluthe lwavela kuluntu ngokulungisa okucetyiswayo ngenxa yokuba bajongene nonyulo olutsha nangenxa yokuba amavoti akhutshwayo asoloko ephezulu.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zikwanesixhobo esithe ngqo sokuqalisa inkqubo yokulungisa. Phantsi kweGatya V, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingasebenza kwiNgqungquthela yendibano yezomGaqo-siseko. Nangona le ndlela ingazange iphumelele, iinkqubo zesizwe zisetyenziselwa ukuphawula ukunganeliseki ngeBhunga kunye nokunyanzela abenzi bomthetho bengingqi kwimibandela ethile. Ingingqi ezifuna ukubona ukulungiswa kwento ethile ixhalabisa inkxalabo ethile zingakhuthaza abaququzeli-mthetho bazo ukuba bangene kumbutho wesicelo.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi balapho bajonge amatyala enziwe ngamanani ezobupolitika. Xa umntu oza kubhaptizwa ethembisa ukudlulisela iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko ngombandela othile, kufanelekile ukubuza enoba zikho na iinkcubeko ezinkulu ezifunekayo kwiBhunga kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ukuba akunjalo, idinga alikho ngokwezobupolitika. Inkqubo yokuzinzisa icetyelwe ukunqanda iinguqu ezikhoyo ngaphandle kokuvumelana nyani kwesizwe.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ngezihlaziyo

Ukungaqondani okuninzi ngenkqubo yokulungisa kusaqhubeka. Enye into kukuba umongameli angalungisa icebo elicetyiweyo. Njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, umongameli akanandima kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Isigqibo esicetyiweyo sokulungisa sithunyelwa ngqo kumazwe emva kokuba iBhunga liyivumile.

Enye into ephosakeleyo yeyokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingasibhukuqa isindululo. INkundla ingazichaza izilungiso, kodwa ayinakuziphelisa. IziHlanziso ziyinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kwaye zithabathel ’ indawo imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nemizekelo yangaphambili. Isindululo seshumi elinesibhozo sokuMiselwa kweZiko loMgaqo-nkqubo saphinda salungiswa kamva yiSigqibo sokuHlaziywa kwamashumi amabini, kungekhona ziinkundla.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba uvoti ethandwayo yesizwe ingayidlulisa iinguqu. Akukho ndlela yokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe ekulungisweni komGaqo-siseko. Zonke izindululo kufuneka zidlule kwinkqubo yeQumrhu V ebandakanya iBhunga kunye namazwe. ESwitzerland namanye amazwe asebenzisa ii-patroli zesizwe xa kusenziwa iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, kodwa i-United States ayizukusebenzisa.

Kukwakho ukudideka ngokuthi ingaba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zingayiphelisa na ingxubusho engekacetywanga yiKhomyutha. Azinako. Amazwe akanako ukongeza iinguqu kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Kuphela yiBhunga okanye indibano emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko enokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe izivumelwano, kwaye kuphela kuphela apho anokuthi amisele ukuzilungisa.

Iimpikiswano Zale Mihla Nekamva Lenkqubo Yokuhlaziywa

Inkqubo yokulungisa ibangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Abanye abaphengululi bomthetho baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo iye yaba nzima kakhulu kwaye umGaqo-siseko ngoku akunakwenzeka ukuwuphelisa. Utshintsho lokugqibela lokufumana unyuselo lwaba yiNguqu engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe yonyaka ka-192, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kwasekuqaleni kwacetywa ngo-1889. Akukho kulungiswa okucetyisweyo okuye kwenziwa kuqhubeke nayiphi na inkqubo esondeleyo kwimo elungeleleneyo yexesha.

Abanye bathi ubunzima benkqubo buphawu, hayi isiphene. UmGaqo-siseko uye wangqinela ukuba uhlala ixesha elide ngenxa yokuba uxhathisa ukutshintshwa okuqhelekileyo. Amazwe amkela imimiselo emitsha ngokufuthi asoloko efumana ukungaguquguquki nokutshintsha-jijwa kwemithetho. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uye waphila iminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230 ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokuba kunzima ukutshintsha.

Kukho iminxeba yamaxesha athile yokulungisa inkqubo yokulungisa ngokwayo. Iiprojekthi ziquka ukuvumela i-arhenteum yesizwe, ukunciphisa imfuneko enkulu, okanye ukwenza kube lula ukuba amazwe abize indibano. Akukho nanye kwezi zicelo efumene igalelo elaneleyo ukuqhubela phambili kwinkqubo ekhoyo yokulungisa. Oku kungalahlekanga kubabukeli: ukuguqula inkqubo yokuphelisa ingafuna ukusebenzisa inkqubo efumana abaxhasi kunzima kakhulu.

Okwangoku, inkqubo yokulungisa ihlala isenziwa ngabalawuli befreyim. Ithe chu, iyanyanzelisa, kwaye iyamelana nemisinga emifutshane yezobupolitika. Ivelise kuphela iinguqu ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, kodwa ezo ziphengululo zithetha ngeminye yeengxaki ezilandelayo kwimbali yaseMerika. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba xa umGaqo-siseko utshintsha, itshintsha kuphela emva komgudu ongaqhelekanga kwaye ngenkxaso esasazekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe lunika umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye nezilungiso . Senate ’ inxuwa elisemthethweni liquka umxholo wembali wenqaku V[. [[FLT]] [FLT] [4] Iziko loMgaqo-siseko linika oovimba abadityanileyo ukuvavanya inkqubo yokuphengulula iprojelo [. Ezi mithombo zinika ubunzulu obuthe kratya obufuna ukuqonda indlela abavela ngayo umGaqo-siseko.