Amalungelo Omtshato Nokwamkelwa Ngokusemthethweni Kumalungiselelo Okuzala

Ukuzenzakalisa kuye kwaba yimbambano engundoqo ekupheliseni amalungelo omtshato, ubugcisa bokuzala, kunye nomthetho wentsapho. Njengoko abantu abaninzi nezibini ziguqukela ekuncediseni ekuzakheni iintsapho zabo, iinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke zijamelene nocelomngeni lokuchaza ukuba ngabazali, ukukhusela amalungelo abo bonke abantu, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuqwalaselwa akucalucalucalulwa ngenxa yesikhundla somtshato okanye imbonakalo yesini. Ukudibana komtshato nolwaphulo-mthetho kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu engokomthetho nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha eqhubeka kwiinkundla, kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neentsapho ezisaqhubeka zisebenzisa imigaqo.

Kuyintoni Ukuzala?

Ukulalanisa lilungiselelo apho ibhinqa livuma ukukhawula omnye umntu okanye isibini esiza kuba ngumntwana i’ abazali abasemthethweni emva kokuzalwa. Ngoxa ingcamango esisiseko icacile, ukwahluka okungokwasemthethweni nokokwemvelo phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini eziphambili zokuzalana kwabantwana banemiphumo ebalulekileyo yamalungelo omtshato, ukugqalwa njengomzali, ukugqalwa njengomntu otshatileyo, kunye nengxabano elawulayo.

  • ubalo lwesithethe & #821]; kolu hlobo lwakudala, umtshintshi womnye usebenzisa iqanda lakhe, elifakwa kwimbewu yembewu yendoda evela kuyise ocetyiweyo (okanye umniki). Ngenxa yokuba i-projectal inxulumene nemfuza nomntwana, angagqalwa njengonina osemthethweni kwimimandla emininzi ngaphandle kokuba ngokusesikweni ulahle amalungelo akhe obuzali. I-Surrogta iqhelekile ngoku ngenxa yeengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni kunye nokwanda kosetyenziso lweendlela zokumiliseka.
  • Ukuzala okungagqibekanga ... ̵ Apha, isalathisi sembewu esenziwe ngokudlula kwi-ftilization festilization (IVF) evela kubazali abacetyiweyo okanye abanikeli ifakwe kumntu otshintshiweyo. Umbindi akanalo unxulumano lwemfuza nengane. Le ndlela iqheleke kakhulu namhlanje, ingakumbi phakathi kwezibini ezitshatileyo kunye namaqabane afanayo, kuba inika ulwahlulo olucacileyo lwebhayoloji nomzali womntwana. Noko ke, ulwaluvo olusemthethweni lusahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kwindawo ekuzalweni kwakhe nakuleyo abazali abafuna ukuphila kuyo.

Ukhetho phakathi kokuzalana kwesithethe nokumitha kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimfuno yezamayeza, icebiso elingokwasemthethweni, nemithetho yemithetho enxulumene noko. Amazwe amaninzi namazwe ase-United States aye awavalwa ngokupheleleyo amatyala okuzala ngenxa yokwanda kweengozi zokungavisisani ngamalungelo omama, ngoxa ukumitha okusisibeleko kuthandwa kakhulu (nangona kungekhona ehlabathini lonke).

Umtshato Nomzali: Isizathu Sokuba Imeko Yomtshato Ibaluleke Kumthetho Wokuzala

Ulwalamano phakathi komtshato nomthetho wokumiselana ngokusemthethweni alufani. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, umtshato unikela imbono yokuba abantu abangatshatanga nezibini abatshatanga abasoloko beyifumana ngokuzenzekelayo. Kuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezitshatileyo zisebenzisa imidlalo yazo, inkundla ngokwembali ziye zaqiqa ngelokuba indoda nguyise osemthethweni nomfazi osemthethweni. Kodwa ukuzala kuphazamisa lowo mbandela: umfazi ozalayo akangomama ocetyiweyo.

Xa isibini esitshatileyo singena kwisivumelwano sokuzalana, amanye amaphondo avumela ukuba bafumane umyalelo oyalela abazali abazalelweyo ukuba babe ngabazali abasemthethweni ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa. Le nkqubo yokuzikhusela isoloko ingekho kwizibini ezingatshatanga okanye abantu abangatshatanga, abasenokufumana ukukhuliswa okanye bafumane ucwangco lwenkundla emva kokuvavanywa kwemizila yemfuza. Isiphumo sisixokelelwano esinezibini ezitsha: abazali abazimiseleyo bajongene nemiqobo encinci, ngoxa abazali abangatshatangani behamba ngexabiso eliphezulu namaxesha asemthethweni.

Kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezingoonongogo ezitshatileyo, imeko intsonkothile kakhulu. Kwanasemigangeni efuna ukuthathwa komtshato omnye wobufanasini, imithetho yokuzalana ngokwesondo isenokubhalwa ngokwesini ethetha ukuba ngumama notata. Ngokomzekelo, isibini esitshatileyo esifana neentlobano zesini esifana neentlobano zesini, sinokufumanisa ukuba ngutata wento ezenzekelayo kuphela, sishiye iqabane elingengomntu wendalo ukuba lifumaneke kumzali wesibini okanye ligwebo lomzali. Oku kubangela ukunganqabiseki nonxunguphalo olungokwasemthethweni kwiintsapho ezithiwe ngandlel ’ injalo phantsi komthetho womtshato.

Imisantsa Yokwamkelwa Kwasemthethweni Ngaphaya Kwezityholo

Omnye weyona miqobo yoyikekayo yeentsapho eyakhelwe ngokuzalana ngokuzalwa komntwana oyindoda etshatileyo kukungavunywa kwetyala elinqamlezayo. Umyalelo osebenza ngaphambi kokuzalwa komntwana usenokuba ungasebenzi eNebraska, kwaye isibini saseBritani esiphumeleleyo ukugqiba ukuzala eIndiya sisenokufumanisa ukuba ilizwe laso alilufuni uluvo lomyalelo wabazali. Le miqobo ichaphazela abazali abazimisele ukutshata nabangatshatanga, kodwa iziphumo zidla ngokuba nzima kwabo ukulingana nomthetho omxinene.

  • United States i-#821]; umthetho wase-U.S. Amazwe afana neKhalifoniya, i-Illinois, kunye neMassachusetts anemimiselo ecacileyo kunye nomthetho oxhasa ukukhutshwa kwesondo lokumitha kwezibini ezitshatileyo. Eminye, njenge New York neMichigan, ibekelwe imiqathango okanye ayivunyelwanga ngokwembali okanye ibuyekezelwe i-"inkcitho ye-"interstable" okanye exhasayo, izibini ezitshatileyo zingajongana neemfuno ezongezelelweyo ezifana nobungqina obubonisa ukuba ngumzali okanye uphando lwasekhaya.
  • uBukumkani obumanyeneyo & #821; Ukuzala kusemthethweni kodwa akungorhwebo. Kuphela izibini ezitshatileyo, amaqabane angowamakhaya, nezibini ezingatshatanga (kulwalamano olusisigxina) ezinokufaka isicelo somyalelo wabazali. Abantu abangatshatanga abangeyo bagxothwa ngaphandle kokuba babonise ukuba bangumzali wemfuzaleko. Umthetho ufuna ukuba abazali abazimiseleyo basebenzise kukwinyanga ezintandathu zokuzalwa, kwaye umntu ozalelwe kwisivumelwano kufuneka avume ngokukhululekile emva kokuzalwa.
  • Canada[#821]; ukukhutshwa komntwana ngokungekho mthethweni, kodwa ukukhutshwa komzi womtshato ngokungenabugovu kuyavunyelwa. Amaphondo amaninzi avumela ukuqashelwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa kwesibini esitshatileyo, kodwa amaqabane angatshatanga asenokufuna ukuphuma kwimicimbi yokufumana umntwana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Australia

Ubeko lwehlabathi lonke luzisa ezinye iingxaki: umthetho wokufuduka, iimbambano zobumi, kunye neengxabano zomthetho. Umntwana ozalelwe kwelinye ilizwe kumntu ozalelwe kwelinye ilizwe asenokungabi nagunya ukuba abazali abacetyiweyo i’ ilizwe lasekhaya aliqondi ukuba ngumzali. Izibini ezitshatileyo zisoloko zinendlela elula, njengoko amazwe amaninzi enika abantwana ubumi obuzenzekelayo kumzali otshatileyo ozalwa ngummi. Utata ozimiseleyo okanye abazali abangowesini esinye kusenokufuna ukungqinela i-generio okanye ukufumana umyalelo wenkundla phambi kokuba ipasisi sikhutshwe.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Ababambeli: Inkxalabo Yomtshato Engathathi Nto

Ngoxa ingxubusho engokwasemthethweni igxininisa kubazali abacetyiswayo, amalungelo kunye nokungenelwa kakuhle kobebenzi kukwabagxeka ngokufanayo. Ababambeli kufuneka babe nomelo oluzimeleyo olusemthethweni, imvume ecacileyo, kunye nezivumelwano ezinyanzelekileyo ezikhusela impilo yabo, ukuzimela, kunye nembuyiselo (apho kuvumelekile). Ukuma komtshato wommeli wotshintshiselwano kusenokuba negalelo: amanye amagunya afuna ukuba ummeli ochaphazelekayo ̱ iqabane lokwamkeli-mkeli livume kwilungiselelo nakuwaphi na amalungelo omzali, ngokukodwa kwisithethe sokuthathela umntwana isiqaqaqaqa.

I-International Federation of Fertility Societies and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine ikhuphe imigaqo egxininisa ukuba abo bathabatha inzala kwenye into bafanele baphathwe njengeqabane kwinkqubo, hayi nje njengendlela yokuyiphelisa. Ezi migaqo zincomela ukuba izivumelwano zokuzala zibe zizezezezemilinganiselo efanelekileyo, zijongelwe ngokwamayeza, kwaye zinyanzelwe ngokusemthethweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba abazali abazimiseleyo bakwimeko yomtshato.

Izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo kunye nokuMangana koMtshato nokuKhawulelana

Ukulingana komtshato kuye kwahambela phambili ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo, kodwa imithetho emininzi yokuzalana ngokungekho mthethweni ayizange igcinwe. Kwezinye iindawo, izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngokwesini zimele zingqine ukuba zinxulumene nomntwana, imfuneko engabekwanga kwizibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwahlukileyo ezitshatileyo ezisebenzisa ukuqamba. Le ngxaki isuka kwimithetho ephelelwe lixesha echaza ukuba umzali ngonxulumene kwezemvelo okanye ngomtshato nomzali wenyama.

Kubantu abatshatileyo abangoobhiyoshe abafanasini, le meko ingadityaniswa ngakumbi. Isibini esitshatileyo esisebenzisa isibini esisebenzisa umntu ongaziwayo onikela ngembewu yendoda kunye nomntu okhulelweyo sisenokufumanisa ukuba ngumama ozalwayo kuphela oqwalaselwa ngokusemthethweni kumaphondo amaninzi, onyanzelisa umama ongazalwanga ukuba amkele umntwana. Oku kubiza imali eninzi, okungenangxaki, kwaye kuthotyelwa phantsi kwiintsapho ezifanele ziphathwe njengezilingana nezinye isibini esitshatileyo.

Imibutho yamalungelo abantu, kuquka iCandelo lamaLungelo oLuntu , ixhasa imithetho ephatha zonke iintsapho ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kwembonakalo yesondo okanye imeko yomtshato. Iphikisa ngelithi iimfuno ezingcono zomntwana kufuneka zibe ngumgaqo ophambili, kwaye ukuba umzali osemthethweni ufanele anqunywe ngenjongo, ngemvume, nangomzali osebenzayo, hayi ngemilinganiselo yomtshato ephelelwe lixesha.

Utshintsho Olusemthethweni Nendlela Enconyelwayo

Abaxhasi bokuguqula umthetho wokumiselana abantwana baye bafumanisa iinguqulelo eziliqela eziphambili ezaziya kunciphisa ucalucalulo nokucacisa:

  • Izenzo zobuzali zokwenziwa ̵]; amagunya amaninzi acinga umthetho ofana noMthetho we-UNIX Paresage (UPA) eUnited States, onika isiseko somzali onika imvume esekelwe kwinjongo nemvume, hayi nje kwibhayoloji okanye umtshato. I-UPA ivumela iinkundla ukuba zinikezele imigwebo evakalisa ukuba abazali bazalwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa, inciphisa ukungaqiniseki okusemthethweni kuzo zonke iintsapho.
  • Ukususa ukugcina amasango omtshato ̵ imithetho ethintela ukunyathelana kwezibini ezitshatileyo kufuneka ithathe indawo kunye nemigaqo equkayo evumela abantu abatsha, amaqabane angatshatanga, kunye nezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo ukuba zingene kwizivumelwano ezinyanzelekileyo zokulalana.
  • Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ngokuzalisa ̵ Ingqungquthela yeHague kuMthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ibisebenza kwindibano ephinda-phindiweyo eya kumisela imithetho yokunqamla imida, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abazalelwe kwelinye ilizwe abashiywanga ngaphandle kwabazali abasemthethweni. Isivumelwano esinjalo siya kubeka ingxubusho yobumi, ulwaluvo lwabazali, kunye nemigaqo yokukhusela kokwabelana.
  • Ukhuseleko lwabazali abafakelwayo ̵ utshintsho olusemthethweni lufanele lugunyazise ukunikwa isiluleko esizimeleyo somthetho osemthethweni kwabo bathabatha omnye umntu, kufuneka babe ne-inshorensi yempilo kunye nobomi, kwaye bamisele imida kwinani lokumitha ngokumisela omnye umntu ukuze akhusele impilo yomzimba. Ezi zikhuseli mazisetyenziswe kungakhathaliseki ukuba kufunwa ngabazali i̱ imeko yomtshato.
  • [[FLT: 0] ithelekisa kwimiyalelo yangaphambi kokuzalwa yonke [#811]; bonke abazali abafunayo, nokuba batshatile okanye akunjalo, banokukwazi ukufumana umyalelo wokumisela ubuzali ngokukhawuleza xa bezalwa. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo wemvakalelo nowemali wokufumana umntwana emva kokuzalwa komntwana yaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ukhusele amaqhina asemthethweni ukususela kwixesha lokuqala lobomi.

Amazwe amaninzi sele efudukele kwizakhiwo ezidityanisiweyo ezininzi. Ngo-2021, uSirayeli wandisa imithetho yakhe yokuzalana ukuze avumele amabhinqa angatshatanga kunye nezibini ezingokwabelana ngokwesini ukusebenzisa i-serfecacy, emva kweminyaka ye-advocacy kunye neengxaki ezisemthethweni. EUnited States, i-Unicif Law Commission ice ukuba imisele imithetho eyamkele u-2017=Umboniso-Paretage Act, equka ngokucacileyo abazali abafuna ukusetyenziswa kwemeko yomtshato. Ukusebenzisa kuphela umhla, iqaqolo lwamazwe athe lwenziwa.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kubazali Abanethemba Lokufumana Abazali

Kumntu nabani na ocinga ngokunika umntwana inzala, ukuqonda indlela esemthethweni yelizwe lakhe nendawo azalelwa kuyo kubalulekile. Izibini ezitshatileyo zisoloko zinokukhetha ngokungqalileyo, kodwa zifanele zifumane icebiso elingokwasemthethweni elivumelani nemeko yazo ekhethekileyo. Izibini ezingatshatanga nabazali abangenaqabane kufuneka zicebe ngenyameko, ngokufuthi zikhethe umthetho onika abazali abacacileyo ukhuseleko kubazali abangatshatanga.

Amanyathelo angundoqo aquka:

  • Igqwetha ̵ igqwetha elikhethe umthetho wokuzala kwaye linamava kumatyala okuzala abandakanya isakhiwo somtshato nesentsapho sakho.
  • Khetha uhlobo olulungileyo lokumisela ̵ Ukukrala iqanda kuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yemigca ecacileyo yomzali, kodwa ukulala kusenokuba lukhetho olusemthethweni kwezinye iindawo olunokhuseleko olufanelekileyo.
  • Ngaphantsi kwe-pane i-profile ’ amalungelo ̫ Qinisekisa ukuba ummeli wobeko lobukho uzimele kwaye isivumelwano sigubungela iingozi zempilo, imbuyiselo, nelungelo lakhe lokwenza izigqibo ngempilo yakhe.
  • Icebo lemiba yezizwe ngezizwe ̵ Ukuba usebenzisa umbindi phesheya, sebenza nombutho kunye neqela elisemthethweni eliyiqonda yomibini imithetho ye-propatist ’ ilizwe kunye nabazali abacetyiweyo & 8817; ilizwe lasekhaya. Fumana icebiso elisemthethweni ngobumi, iincwadi zokundwendwela, kunye nokungena phambi kokuba umntwana azalwe.
  • Caphula ezinye iindlela ̵ Kweminye imiqathango, ukuthathwa komzali womtshato wesibini okanye ukutholwa komnye umntu okwesibini kusenokufuneka nakuzibini ezitshatileyo ukuba imithetho ayikuqondi ukuphulula umthetho. Ukucwangcisa kusengaphambili kungagcina iinyanga zokungaqiniseki okusemthethweni.

Amaqumrhu anjenge Icandelo leMelika elinoMbutho weZiko lentsapho ̱ iCandelo loMthetho wentsapho [[[FLT: 1]] anika oovimba boovimba beefayili bamagqwetha ajolise ekuncediseni ubugcisa bokuzala. Amasebe amaninzi anika ii-webinari zemfundo kunye nee-arhente ezisemthethweni.

Ikamva Lomtshato, Intsapho Nomthetho Wokuzala

Njengoko ingcaciso yentsapho iqhubeka yanda, iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zibonakale njengezinto ezikhoyo kule mihla. Umtshato awufanele ube yinto efunekayo ukuze abazali bawuqonde, kwaye imithetho yokuzalana ngokucalucalula ngokwezimo zomtshato okanye ngokwesini ijongwa njengengavisisaniyo nemigaqo elinganayo. Iinkundla ezikwimimandla emininzi sele ziyiyekile imiqathango enjalo, kwaye utshintsho lomthetho lufumana intlukwano ngokuthe ngcembe.

Izilangazelelo ezingcono zabantwana zifuna ukuba babe nomzali ofanelekileyo, ogqalwa njengomntu ozalelweyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bakhulelwa njani okanye bangoobani abazali babo. Ukuba ngumbulali, xa kuqhutywa ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nangokomthetho, kusenokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokuba ngumzali kwizibini ezitshatileyo, amaqabane angatshatanga, nabantu abangatshatanga ngokufanayo. Injongo yokuguqulelwa komthetho kufuneka ibe kukususa imiqobo engeyomfuneko, ukukhusela isidima sabathathi-nxaxheba, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantwana banabazali abasemthethweni abakulungeleyo nabakulungeleyo ukubathanda nokubaxhasa.

Ekugqibeleni, incoko ephathelele amalungelo omtshato nokuzeleka akuthethi nje ngokusemthethweni kuphela kodwa ithetha ngohlobo lwebutho labantu esifuna ukulakha: elo lihlonela ukuzimela ngokungenazinjongo zokuzala, imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yentsapho, kwaye elingavumeli ukuba ukuma komtshato kugqibelele enoba umntwana uza kuba nabazali abasemthethweni. Inkqubela isenokungangqinelani, kodwa ulwalathiso lucacile: umtshato umele ube sisizathu sokubhiyozelwa, kungekhona ilungiselelo lokugcina amasango lokwakha intsapho.