Ibali Lokwakhiwa Korhulumente EUnited States

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente, apho amandla ahlulwe ngokomGaqo-siseko phakathi korhulumente wesizwe, oorhulumente belizwe, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Eli candelo alibobulumko .ukuzama kwangabom ukulinganisela igunya elisembindini kunye nenkululeko yendawo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. unika urhulumente worhulumente othile, ashiye amanye kwilizwe, kwaye ashiyela abantu nabantu kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda indlela iimbopheleleko zoluntu norhulumente ezahlukene ngayo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abafuna ukuqonda indlela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke wonke ezinikelwa ngayo imihla ngemihla.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bazizidalwa ezikhoyo. Urhulumente ngamnye umisela isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, "oorhulumente, oololiwe, amalokishi, izikolo, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni luyahluka kulo lonke ilizwe. Noko ke, kuvela umzekelo ocacileyo: amazwe aphatha inkqubo ebanzi, ingingqi-ngamele intabalala kunye nenkxaso-mali, ngelixa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bejolise kwiimfuno zoluntu.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphambili kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke. Banikela iinkonzo abantu abasebenzisana nazo rhoqo: amapolisa, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, ukubonelelwa kwamanzi, neepaki zasekuhlaleni. Igunya labo linikwa ngurhulumente, ngokufuthi ngomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho jikelele. Nangona umgangatho wabo ulinganiselwe, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banempembelelo enkulu kumgangatho wobomi.

Ukhuseleko

Amapolisa namasebe omlilo asoloko ekwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. OoMasipala kunye nabasebenzi bagcina amaziko okugcinwa komthetho asabela kwiimeko ezimaxongo, kummandla ojikelezayo, kunye nokuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe omlilo aphatha imililo, iingozi, kunye neziganeko zezixhobo eziyingozi. Izixeko ezinkulu zisenokuba zithe amagosa aphezulu afikelela kumawaka, ngoxa iidolophu ezincinane zixhomekeke kwimimandla ethile okanye kwimikhosi yamatsha - ntliziyo. Kwakhona oorhulumente banikela ngenkxaso ekulawuleni kwemeko yongxamiseko nentlekele kwimida yabo.

Imfundo

Imfundo karhulumente nesekondari ekwi-U.S. ngokuyintloko yimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, nangona amazwe amisela imilinganiselo kwaye enikela inkxaso-mali ephawulekayo. Imimandla yezikolo yasekuhlaleni ```izikhululo zephondo''(iiiklasi, iqesha abafundisi-bafundisi-lwazi, kwaye ijonge iziphumo zesikolo. Iiklasi zengingqi, ezinyulwa ngabahlali, zisenza izigqibo ngoqingqo-mali, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nezibonelelo. Olu lawulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lusisiseko semfundo yaseMerika, nangona lukhokelela ekuhlukani koovimba kunye neziphumo phakathi kwemimandla etyebileyo neyamahlwempu.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iibhulorho, iindlela, izibane ezisemgwaqweni, kunye nemiqondiso yeetrafiki. Balawula amanzi kunye neenkqubo zokuchitha inkunkuma, ukuqokelelwa nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, kunye nokuthuthwa kwabantu abahlala phantsi kwemithetho yabo. Imizi, iindawo zokuzihlaziya, amaqula oluntu, kunye neencwadi zemali zikwangumthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukulungisa iindawo apho amakhaya, amashishini, kunye nemizi yemizi-fektri inokukhiwa khona.

ISebe lezeMpilo nezeNtlalo

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni alungiselela ukugoma, ukuhlola iivenkile zokutyela, ukuhlola ukuqhambuka kwezifo, kunye nokuqhuba amakliniki abemi abafumana imali ephantsi. Amanye amaziko asebenza kwizibhedlele okanye amaziko empilo yengqondo. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkqubo ezinjengokuxhasa ukutya, iindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, kunye neenkonzo ezingaphezulu, ngokufuthi kunxulumene namaqumrhu karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu orhulumente.

ISebe libonise ukuba

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unyanzelisa imithetho yezindlu, ulawula iindawo zokuqesha, kwaye ulawula iinkqubo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Kwakhona ukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho ngeentshukumisa zerhafu, ngezoshishino, nangemisebenzi yokuphuhlisa iprojekthi. Imvume yokwakha nokuhlala apho kuhlaziywa kusingathwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, kuphembelela isantya nomgangatho wolwakhiwo.

Iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente

Oorhulumente banegunya elibanzi kwimimandla echaphazela onke amazwe. Baqokelela irhafu, bamisela imithetho, bajonge izibonelelo ezingundoqo, balungelelanise iinkqubo zempilo nemfundo yoluntu. Amazwe ngamalungu aphezulu alawulwa yimithetho-siseko yawo, amasebe aphetheyo, izikhululo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkqubo zenkundla.

Umthetho Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zimisela imithetho esebenza kubo bonke abemi. Le mithetho igquma amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (amatyala angekho mthethweni kunye namatyala aphosakeleyo), umthetho wentsapho (umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana), umthetho wempahla, izivumelwano, kunye nomgaqo-siseko wezoshishino. Iinkundla zezorhulumente zisingatha amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni nawolwaphulo-mthetho. Abalawuli bezorhulumente bamisela okanye bavumele ukukhethwa kwezaphuli-mthetho, kwaye amaqumrhu alawula intolongo afumana iintolongo.

Irhafu nengeniso

Irejista yerhafu, irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, iirhafu zeshishini, kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo (umz., ipetroli, utywala, icuba). Ezi ngeniso zixhasa izikolo zikawonke-wonke, iindlela, iinkqubo zonyango (njengeMedicaid), imfundo ephakamileyo, kunye namapolisa karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abaxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, amaphondo anesiseko sengeniso esineemali ezininzi, nto leyo ewabangela ukuba angabi namaxabiso angakumbi kodwa kwakhona abeke kwimijikelezo yezoqoqosho.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente akha kwaye agcine inkqubo yendlela yohambo ephakathi kwemida yawo, kwakunye nendlela zombuso kunye neebhulorho. Akwalawula uloliwe, izikhululo zenqwelo-moya, namazibuko eenqanawa. Ama-odolo axhasa uwonke-wonke othutho kwaye asasaza ii-dola zezithuthi zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu . "njengendlela entsha okanye indawo entsha yebrorho/i-i-indawo yombuso, inento engenisiweyo yendawo.

Imigangatho yemfundo kunye neNgxowa-mali

Ngeli xesha izikolo zasekuhlaleni ziqhuba izikolo, amaphondo amisela imigangatho yemfundo, anika iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, kunye nootitshala abasemthethweni. Ama-United States anikezela ngemali kumaphondo ezikolo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezizama ukulingana ubuncwane kwiingingqi ezizizityebi namahlwempu. Iibhodi zemfundo zimisela iinkqubo zokufundisa kunye nezifunekayo zokuphumelela. Iiyunivesithi zoluntu neekholeji zoluntu zisetyenziswa ngurhulumente okanye urhulumente.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Nentlalo - ntle

Amasebe ezempilo karhulumente alawula iMedicaid (ucwangciso lokunyamekela impilo yabemi abafumana imali ephantsi), ajonge izibhedlele, akhokela kwiimpendulo zobhubhani neentlekele zemvelo. Amazwe akwaphethe iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana, ukunyamekela abasebenzi, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kunye neenkqubo zoncedo lokutya (SNAP). Ezi nkqubo zisoloko zixhaswa ngokumanyeneyo ngurhulumente, kodwa urhulumente uyawaqhuba.

Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lweembopheleleko

Nangona imigca phakathi kwelizwe nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni inokuba mnyama, imilinganiso emininzi engundoqo iyayahlula: umgangatho wegunya, imithombo yemali, namandla owiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda le ngxaki kuyanceda kucacise isizathu sokuba imibandela ethile iphethwe kumgangatho othile kunokuba iphethwe omnye.

Umda weGunya

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza kummandla othile wezwe, isixeko, isithili, okanye isithili. kwaye igunya labo lilinganiselwe kwelo mmandla. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente, banegunya kulo lonke iphondo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zinokuwulawula umgaqo woluntu phantsi kwemfundiso ye ukhukuliso[. Umzekelo, urhulumente angagqithisa umthetho othintela ukuvalwa kwemithetho yeplastiki okanye uthintela indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalawula ngayo ukuqesha okufutshane kwexesha lokuqesha. Uphembelela kungaba ngumthombo wokhukulisela, njengoko maxa wamagosa asekuhlaleni eva ukuba ayakwazi ukusabela kwizinto ezikhethwayo zoluntu ziyathotyelwa.

Inkxaso

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, kwirhafu yentengiso (ukuba igunyaziwe ngurhulumente), kunye neerhafu zomsebenzisi. Oorhulumente banengqokelela ebanzi yerhafu: irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yenkampani, kunye nemali enikwa urhulumente. Lo mahluko uchaphazela umgangatho wemali ephezulu. Ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko befumana intlawulo olulinganiselweyo lwemali, ngoxa amazwe enokuthi ngokulula atsale imali yemali yemini ehlayo okanye anyuse irhafu. Noko ke, ukwachaza ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango yerhafu elungele irhafu elungele ukulinganayo kunye nemali ekhutshwayo.

Amandla oMthetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zinamandla . ziyakwazi ukudlulisela nawuphi na umthetho ongalelweyo ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Oorhulumente bongingqi banawo amandla acacileyo anikwe ngurhulumente, mhlawumbi ngomthetho jikelele okanye ngolawulo lwasekhaya. ulawulo lwasekhaya [ lunika izixeko ezithile] namandla okumisela amasiko athile kwimicimbi yoluntu, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume ecacileyo karhulumente. Kodwa kwanemithetho yasekhaya ingasetyenziswa ngumthetho karhulumente. Lo lwalamano lwe-aymmetric luphawu oluchazayo lwe-Americanstruthom.

Ukucalucalula Nokuqhwaba Ngokugqithisileyo Kweembopheleleko

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, imisebenzi emininzi yabelana phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela kumanyano lwamarhulumente (naye maxa wambi iingxabano.

Ulwandiso lokhuseleko loluntu

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni aphatha oohola beendlela nokuphanda okunzulu, ngoxa amapolisa asekuhlaleni enyanzelisa inkoliso yemithetho karhulumente kunye neyoluntu. Ii-laboreji zikarhulumente zincedisa amasebe asekuhlaleni. Ngexesha leentlekele, amaziko olawulo longxamiseko alungelelanisa imigudu yoluntu kunye nokucela uncedo lukarhulumente. Izivumelwano zoncedo lwamaPhondo zivumela ukuba umlilo kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni anqamleze imimandla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

I-Romatiyo imisela umoya namanzi afanelekileyo phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente yaye idla ngokugunyazisa amasebe asekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ulawula amanzi esiphango, ukukhukuliseka komhlaba, nokucoca indawo emdaka. Amasebe emeko-bume alawula imithombo emikhulu yoshishino, ngoxa amacandelo okucwangcisa izakhiwo asekuhlaleni ehlola imisebenzi emincinane echaphazela imekobume.

Iinethwekhi zezothutho

Iindlela zommandla nezesixeko zikho kwindawo ethile, kodwa zinxulunyaniswa noohola beendlela. Amasebe ezothutho zikarhulumente ajonge inkqubo yohola weendlela omkhulu, ngoxa amagunya othutho asekuhlaleni elawula ooduladula kunye noololiwe abalula ngenkxaso karhulumente. Ukuxhasa iprojekthi yezothutho kubandakanya iminikelo yorhulumente neyorhulumente, ngeminikelo yogcino-mali.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Ulwahlulo lweembopheleleko phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni lutshintshile ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babezimele kakhulu, benikela phantse zonke iinkonzo. Ukwanda koorhulumente belizwe kwiXesha leNkqubela (kumalunga no-1920) kwabangela ukuba ulawulo olungakumbi lwezolwazi, impilo, kunye nezithinteli-zixhobo. Ngethuba leNew Deal kunye neGreat Society, urhulumente wesizwe waqalisa ukunikezela ngeziphiwo, ukudlula oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwiimeko ezininzi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, "utshintsho" intshukumo yabuyisela ezinye iimbopheleleko kumazwe nakwimimandla. Utshintsho lwe-Welfare ngo-1996 lwanika ubhedu olungakumbi ekunikezeleni iinkqubo zoncedo. Kwangaxeshanye, imiyalelo engagunyaziswanga evela kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kwemali yemali yoqingqo-mali yasekuhlaleni. Namhlanje, igalelo phakathi kwe-IMPUM-MALI nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lisengumbangowona unamandla.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu Kulwalamano Lwengingqi

Iimbambano eziliqela ezizingisileyo zibalaselisa ukhuhleko kulwalamano lwelizwe loluntu.

Ukhukuliso nolawulo-melo lwasekuhlaleni

Amazwe aye asebenzisa ukhuthuzo oluqhubekayo ukuvala imithetho yasekuhlaleni kwimixholo efana nomvuzo omncinci, ikhefu elihlawulwayo, ulawulo lwerente, kunye nokhuseleko lompu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukulingana kwesizwe jikelele kuthintela umsebenzi wesiphatho semithetho kwaye kunciphisa imithwalo yezoshishino. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ukucinezela kulula ukusetyenziswa kwedemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni kwaye kuthintela uluntu ekuthetheni ngeemeko zasekuhlaleni. Uxinezeleko luveza impikiswano enzulu malunga nokuba ngubani omele agqibe inkqubo kawonke wonke.

Umahluko wokwehla

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakwimimandla etyebileyo bayakwazi ukuxhasa izikolo neenkonzo eziphambili ezinerhafu ephantsi, ngoxa ukuzama ukuhlawula irhafu ephezulu okanye imimandla yasezidolophini kusenokuba neenkonzo ezincinane. Amazwe azama ukulingana ngeemali zemfundo kunye nengeniso, kodwa amadabi ezobupolitika athe athe afikelela kwiimali eziphambili zesikolo kumgangatho karhulumente, nto leyo enciphisa ukuthembela kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni.

Ukusabela Kwintlekele Nokuzinziswa

Iintlekele zemvelo-----_hurricanes, imililo yequmrhu, izikhukula-manxiwa, iimpendulo ezilungelelanisiweyo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangabantu bokuqala abaphendulayo kodwa badla ngokuswela ubuncwane bokusingatha iziganeko ezisikelwe umda. Oorhulumente banika abasebenzi, izixhobo, kunye nezibhengezo zongxamiseko. Amanyathelo karhulumente angaphakathi ngoncedo lwe-FEMA. Ukusebenza kwesi sixokelelwano sigqunyiweyo kuvavanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ngengxaki nganye etyhila imisantsa yonxibelelwano, ngemali, kunye negunya.

Ubungqina nolwandiso loluntu

Kubafundi nakubemi, ukwazi ukuba ngumgangatho ongakanani wolawulo lukarhulumente omele usetyenzelwe ukuze ungenelele kwizentlalo yoluntu. Ukusebenza kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni kungaphembelela inkqubo yamapolisa, iisikolo, okanye izigqibo zokuhlahlela. Unyulo lwelizwe lumisela imilinganiselo yerhafu, imithetho yokuqhomfa, nemimiselo yemekobume.

Iintlanganiso zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zidla ngokufikeleleka lula, zinika abemi amathuba okuthetha ngemibandela enjengokuphuhliswa kwepaki okanye imali exhaswa yithala leencwadi. Ukubandakanyeka kukarhulumente kufuna ukuba kudibane nabalawuli bemithetho, ukuya kumava kumaqela karhulumente, okanye ukuthelela amaqela ajongene ne-athorali. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kunceda abantu bakhethe ezona ndlela zisebenzayo kwimicimbi yabo.

Abasebenzi abaninzi abangaphangalalisi bakhona ukunceda ulawulo lwezibonelelo zikarhulumente. . Iphepha elikwindawo yolawulo noorhulumente basekuhlaleni linika uqwalaliso olusemthethweni. U.S. idata yeBhali yemali yemali karhulumente[ iyaphuka ngomlinganiselo. Iincwadi ezisuka ku zinika i-Brookitstion[[ kunye [FLT] Iziko-P] kunye [FLT][FLT:]] izikomponizo zenkcoonk. [[FLT:]] [iiiiiintegracratiesme:]

Isiphelo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza umva wolawulo lwamaMelika. Oorhulumente bengingqi banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezihambelana neemfuno zoluntu, ngeli xesha oorhulumente benikela iinkqubo ezibanzi, inkxaso-mali, kunye nomanyano. Ulwalamano lwabo alumi kunye; luvela ngeenguqu zezobupolitika, zezoqoqosho, kunye nezentlalo. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi abamkela ezi zixhobo bayakwazi ukuyiqonda kakuhle impembelelo ebumba amaqela abo kunye nokubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwo onke amanqanaba.

Njengeenkokeli zexesha elizayo, abemi abanolwazi kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukuphumelela kokuphatha iziyobisi kufuna ukwazi umgangatho ofanelekileyo karhulumente ukucombulula ingxaki ethile. Nokuba kuthethwana ngesakhiwo sesikolo esitsha, amanzi acocekileyo, okanye izitrato ezikhuselekileyo, impumelelo isoloko ixhomekeke ekuqhubeni imidlalo phakathi kweholo lesixeko, indlu karhulumente, neWashington. Ukujongwa kobugqeba obuphakathi kweembopheleleko zengingqi kunye nezorhulumente asikokuko ukufundiswa nje kuphela.