Ukuqonda Amandla: Uhlolisiso Olunengcelele

Amandla ngomnye wezona mpembelelo zingundoqo kodwa ezinzima ukufikelela kwibutho labantu. Lulolonga zonke iingxoxo, ukusuka kubantu ababini ukuya kulawulo lwezizwe. Ngoxa sisoloko siva iziphumo zazo — kwiindawo zethu zemisebenzi, ulwalamano lwethu, ezopolitiko — inkcazo enye yegunya intsonkothe. Kumandla ayo alula kakhulu. amandla okulawula okanye ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, iziganeko, okanye izixhobo . Kodwa le nkcazelo ichaza indawo engaphezulu. Ukuqonda ngokwenene amandla, kufuneka sihlolisise imithombo yayo, ukusasazaliso lwayo, ulwando lwayo, namandla alawulayo. Eli nqaku linikeza ulawulo oluntsonkothile, lwe-SEO-o-oced shodit" oluphethe oko kuthethwa lukuthetha ntoni kwaye lunoluntu oluluphethe kwibutho lanamhlanje.

Amandla awalunganga ngokwemvelo okanye awalunganga; sisixhobo sobundilele esiba siluncedo okanye esichaseneyo nesisekelwe kwindlela esifumaneka ngayo, sisetyenziswa, kwaye sichaswa ngayo. Iingcali zezentlalo, izazinzulu zezobupolitika, kunye nezithandi zobulumko ziye zaphikisana ngemvelaphi yaso kawaka leminyaka. Ukusuka kwingcaciso ebalaseleyo kaMax Weber yegunya “njengokunokwenzeka kokuba umntu ochweleyo phakathi kolwalamano lwentlalo uyakuba kwimeko yokuphumeza ukuthanda kwakhe phezu kwayo phezu kokuchasa ingcamango kaMichelucault, yegunya njengelitshayelela nokuzinziswa kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, ufundisiso negunya kwaye uphiwe ngamaqela amaninzi. Eli nqaku lichaza ezi mbono zobugcisa kuwenzi, 360-320.

Yintoni Amandla? Iinkcazelo Zengcaciso Neengcamango

Okokuqala, kufuneka sidlule ngaphaya kwenkcazelo yomgangatho ophezulu. Amandla aqondwa rhoqo ngamaqhosha amaninzi e-lens zengcamango. Esona siphembelela yimboniselo ye- yeliso elizindidi ezintathu zamandla, ecetyiswe ngabaxhasi bezobupolitika uSteven Lukas kumsebenzi wakhe we-emperal amandla: Imbono esezantsi [. ULuka uphikisa ukuba amandla asebenza kwimigangatho emithathu:

  • Umlinganiso wokuqala: [ Ubuchule bokwenza umntu ongenza into abangenakuyenza (amandla okwenza amathandabuzo). Le yeyona ndlela ibonakalayo — A uphumelele umlo womdla nxamnye no B.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Umlinganiselo odityanisiweyo: Ubuchule bokulawula ucwangciso — ukugqiba ukuba zeziphi na izinto eziqwalaselweyo nezigcinwe etafileni (amandla angenzeki ngamaxesha okuzimisela). Oku kugcina iimfazwe ezithile zisuka ekuvelini.
  • Umlinganiselo othe ngqo: Ubuchule bokubumba izinto ezikhethwa ngabantu, iinkolelo, kunye neminqweno yabo ukuze bamkele indima yabo kulungelelwano olukhoyo lwezinto (ulawulo lomntu okanye amandla omntu). Olu lolona hlobo luchuku, njengoko luthintela abantu ukuba baqonde izilangazelelo zabo.

Ukuqonda le milinganiso kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeni ukuba ngubani ngokwenene onegunya, ngenxa yokuba oyena mdlali unamandla usebenza ngokungabonakaliyo kwimigangatho yesibini neyesithathu. Ukutshona okunzulu kwingcamango kaLuka, bona i Encyclopedia yeProsophy engeniswe kumandla[.

Ezinye iingcamango eziphambili ziquka iFoucault’s “microphysics yamandla,” ephikisayo ukuba igunya alikho kumntu ngamnye kodwa lisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, amaziko (iimbanjwa, izikolo, izibhedlele), kunye neentetho. Amandla asasazeka kwaye asebenze kakuhle — adala ulwazi kunye nolawulo, hayi nje ukucinezelwa. Kukho Arect''''''''''', okubona amandla afana neqela lomntu osebenza kwikomnyhadi, ngokufuthi echasene nomkhosi okanye ugonyamelo.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zamandla

Ukuze uyicacise ngokubhekele phaya le ngcamango, khawuqwalasele ezi mpawu zibalulekileyo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] amandla anxulumeneyo. Alikho kwikhamandela; liphuma kulwalamano phakathi kwabantu okanye amaqela. Umlawuli ongenazintlu akanawo amandla.
  • amandla axhomekeke kumongo. Umntu omnye unokuba namandla kumo omnye (umz., iCEO iyasebenza) kunye namandla amancinane komnye (umz., isigulana esisesibhedlele).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amandla anokubonakala okanye abonakale. Ukusebenzisa amandla akuthethi ukuwaphuthelwa; amandla nje okuphembelela isimilo.
  • amandla anamandla. Itshintsha ixesha, kwaye ukungalingani kwamandla kungacetywa, kujijelwe, okanye kugcinwe ngoxa kuxakeka.

Isiseko Esihlanu Samandla (IsiFrentshi NesiRaven)

Ngeminyaka yee-1950, izazi ngengqondo zoluntu uJohn Frentshi noBertram Raven zavelisa isiseko esifundiswa ngokubanzi sokusebenzisa amandla esihlala siluncedo kakhulu ekuhlalutyeni iinkalo ezikhoyo phakathi kwabantu, kwintlangano, nakukhokelo. Bafumana imithombo emihlanu ephambili yamandla (kwaye kamva yongeze eyesithandathu). Apha, anemizekelo yale mihla kunye nohlalutyo oluhlalutyo oluhlalutyiweyo.

Amandla ezinto ezincinane ezincinane

Amandla okusebenza aquka ukunyanzela isohlwayo okanye ukusongela iziphumo ezingalunganga. Oku kuquka amandla omzimba, ukoyikisa, ukudubula, ukuthotywa, ukuthotywa, okanye ukwahlulwa kwentsebenziswano. Emsebenzini, umphathi onamandla okuncedisana nomntu ungazikhupha iibhonasi, anike imisebenzi engathandekiyo, okanye aphelise. Kwezopolitiko, ngamandla okunyanzelisa umthetho kunye nezenzo zomkhosi. Noko ke, amandla omkhosi asoloko ebuthathaka; abangela ukucaphuka, anciphisa ukuthemba, kwaye afuna ukujongwa rhoqo. Ukuxhomekeka okugqithiselwa ekunyanzeni ingxhuzulelo, ukuvukela okanye ukusingela kwimekobume enetyhefu.

Umvuzo Wamandla

Amandla omvuzo achasene: ubuchule bokunika izindululo ezikhuthazayo. Ezi zinokuba luncedo (imali, ukunyuselwa, izipho, ixesha lokuyeka) okanye ukungamkeleki (ukudumisa, ukuqaphela, isimo). Ngoxa amandla okuvuza enokuthi akhuthaze aze akhe ukunyaniseka, kungenza ugcino-lwazi. Ukuba imivuzo ithathwa njengengenamkhethe okanye enganele, amandla abuthathaka. Ngaphezu koko, amandla asebenza kakuhle xa umvuzo uxatyiswe ngokwenene ngulowo wamkelayo kwaye ugqalwa njengolungileyo.

3. Amandla

Amandla asemthethweni avela kwisikhundla esichaziweyo, indima, okanye isibizo. Kwimibutho, i-CEO, umphathi, okanye enyuliweyo ligosa linegunya elisemthethweni ngenxa yegunya lalo elimiselweyo. Eli gunya linikwa yinkqubo — lilungelo ukulindela ukuthotyelwa ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo. Noko ke, amandla asemthethweni asebenza kuphela xa abantu besamkela ukufaneleka kwesi sikhundla. Xa ukuthembana okanye inkqubo ibonwa njengeyonakeleyo, amandla asemthethweni ayawa.

4. Amandla obugcisa

Amandla obuchule asekelwe kulwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule. Ugqirha, unjineli we-software, isazinzulu, okanye igqwetha linegunya ngenxa yokuba abanye baxhomekeke kulwazi lwabo oluphezulu. Amandla ombane ahlonelwa kakhulu kwaye anokuphembelela izigqibo kwanangaphandle kwegunya elisemthethweni. Luhlobo lwamandla amele asetyenzwe ngobuchule kwaye alahleke ukuba ubuchule buphelelwe lixesha okanye ukuthenjwa kuyathandatyuzwa. Kwisizukulwana solwazi, amandla obuchule obuziingcali athe aluncedo kakhulu nangakumbi, kunye namagunya aqhelekileyo acelw'iiiiiiiingxaki.

5. Amandla Akhethekileyo

Amandla anamandla asuka kwiimpawu zobuqu ezitsala ukunconywa, intlonelo, okanye ukuchazwa. Iinkokeli ezitsala abantu, abadumileyo, abaphembeleli, kunye nabantu abafana nabo banegunya elinamandla. Abantu bavumelana noko kuba befuna ukuthandwa okanye bebona umntu njengomzekelo ofana nemeko. Eli gunya linokuphembelela ngokumangalisayo, kodwa likwabuthathaka kwaye lixhomekeke ekuqhubekeni linconywa.

Kamva, i Raven yongeza isiseko sesithandathu: Amandla olwazi, amandla asuka ekubeni nolawulo lolwazi olufunwa ngabanye. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, olu hlobo lwamandla lusesona sikhulu: abo balawula ugcino-lwazi, i-algorithm, okanye iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano (imigangatho yezentlalo-ntle, iziphumeleli zolwazi) basebenzisa amandla amakhulu olwazi.

Ngubani Onegunya Eluntwini?

Amandla awaze asasazwe ngokulinganayo. Iingingqi zivunywa ngokwemiqathango yobutyebi, uhlanga, ubufanasini, imfundo, kunye nokufikelela. Ukuqonda okunegunya kufuneka ukuba zihlolwe imimandla emininzi: kwezobupolitika, kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo, kwezenkcubeko, kwezezobugcisa. Ngapha koko sihlola abo banegunya elingundoqo kwimimandla yale mihla yedemokhrasi, siqwalasela izakhiwo ezibonakalayo nezifihliweyo.

Ulawulo Lwezobupolitika: Oorhulumente, Imikhosi Yaseburhulumenteni Neeltes

Ngokucacileyo, igunya lezobupolitika libanjwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo, iintloko zikarhulumente, abalawuli, nabasebenzi bemithetho, kunye nenkonzo yabemi. Noko ke, igunya lezobupolitika linwenwela kude lee ngaphaya kokuvota. amandla obuBusawuni[ — eliphethwe ngabalawuli bemisebenzi, abalawuli, nabagwebi — limisela inkqubo yezonyango ngeendlela ezingabonwanga kakhulu kubantu. Ngaphezu koko, igunya lezobupolitika liphenjelelwa kakhulu yimali kunye nokuvuselelwa. [[FLT:] [FLT]] i-opensethis. [[FLT:] izama indlela intlawulo nenkcitho yemijelo yezo zezomkhosi, nezityelelo zezoshishino zezo zezopoliti. i-Croslsburg ink eyaziwa kakhulu [ipt] kwilignomenti yolawulo lomkhosi wolawulo lwezizwe ngezopolitiko, kunye nezininzi.[5]

Amandla Ezoqoqosho: Imibutho, iiBriyonaires, neziNkondla zezeMali

Amandla ezoqoqosho anikwe amandla ezandleni zabantu ababhinqileyo, amaqumrhu amakhulu emali, kunye namaphulo emali. Umzekelo, amadoda alishumi azizinhanha ehlabathini anamatyebi amaninzi kunawo angaphantsi angama-50% oluntu edibene, ngokutsho kwe-Oxfam. Eli gunya lezoqoqosho liguqulela ngqo kwimpembelelo yezopolitiko ngempembelelo yezopolitiko ngokukhuthaza, ubumnini bee-media, kunye nentlawulo yemali. Iinkampani zezizwe ngezizwe ezininzi ezifana ne-Apple, i-Amazon, ne-Google zisebenzisa igunya elithelela amazwe amaninzi amazwe azimeleyo, ukulawula imixokelelwano, ugcino-data, kunye nentengiso yomsebenzi. Amandla ezoqoqosho akwalolonga ulungele ulungele ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke: i-International Monetary Fund kunye neWorld Bank Bank inamandla amakhulu phezu kwezizwe ezikhulayokubamba ekhongo ngemeko nangenkqubo.

Amandla Entlalo: Iinethwekhi, Imithombo Yezobugcisa Nempembelelo Yenkcubeko

Amandla asekuhlaleni asoloko ebonakala kancinane kodwa anwenwe kakhulu. Amalungu akwindawo ebanzi — abadumileyo, abaxhasi boluntu, abalawuli bonxibelelwano, amaziko eendaba, iinkokeli zonqulo, kunye neenkcubeko — ababumba izithethe, amaxabiso, kunye nentetho kawonke-wonke. isikhulu esiphambili [[, ingcamango exhaswe kakhulu yintlalo yezentlalo uPierre Bourdieu, ibhekiselele kwiinzuzo ezifunyanwa yimibutho, uqhagamshelwano, kunye namalungu eqela. Abantu abakwizikomkhulu loluntu banokukhuthaza izinto, amathuba okufumana, kunye nokulungisa iingxelo. Kunyaka yamanani, abanikazi (g., Markuckberg, Elonsk) banamandla amakhulu oluntu ngenxa yokulawula unxibelelwano lwe-intanethi ye-Internameticsting [Fokies][3]

Amandla Enkcubeko Nawokufuzisela

Amandla enkcubeko bubuchule bokuchaza oko kuqhelekileyo, okunqwenelekayo, okanye okuxabisekileyo. Kuphethwe ngabaqeqeshi, abadali bobudipo, amaziko onqulo, kwanabenzi befashoni. Amandla omfuziselo, ngokweentetho zikaBourdiedu, ngamandla okunyanzela umbono wehlabathi lentlalo ukuba libe semthethweni. Kungenxa yokuba iilwimi ezithile, amagama, okanye iziqinisekiso zemfundo zixatyiswa ngaphezu kwezinye. Abo bavelisa baze basasaze impucuko — ukusuka kwi Hollywoodwood dissions ukuya kutsho kwi-Tik Toikstors — babambe amandla okubumba, umnqweno, umnqweno, kunye noluvo.

Izinto Ezinamandla: Indlela Amandla Asebenza Ngayo Nee-operathi

Amandla akahlali kwindawo enye. Amandla anamandla achaza inkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo, ukuxhathisa, kunye nokutshintsha. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba okanye ukuvavanya amagunya.

Imilo Yamandla Nengxabano

Umlo wamandla wenzeka xa abantu okanye amaqela ekhuphisana ukuze afumane impembelelo, ubuncwane okanye ulawulo. Ezi zingaba zi-andle (umbane, ukubetha, imibhiyozo) okanye igquma (izenzo zasemva, ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni, ukungqubana kwenqanawa). Kwimibutho, uxanduva lwamandla ludla ngokuvela ngexesha lokulungiswa, ukulandelelana, okanye uqingqo-mali. Kwezobupolitika, zinokukhokelela kwi-gridrock, imvukelo, okanye utshintsho lolawulo. Ubulumko obungundoqo kukuba uxanduva lwamandla alusoloko lusenziwa okanye lukhuliswa ngomanyano kunye nolwakhiwo.

Amandla Nokuxhathisa

Ugunyaziso yinkqubo apho abantu okanye amaqela anokufumana igunya kubomi bawo — ukwandisa ukuzilawula, ukuzithemba, kunye nokukwazi ukuthatha amanyathelo. Kuluntu oluphantsi, amandla asoloko ebandakanya ukuhlanganisa intsebenziswano, imfundo, kunye notshintsho olungokwasemthethweni. Ukuchasa lelona icala lemali: abo bangenagunya lisemthethweni bangaxhathisa ukulawulwa, ukubetha, ukungathobeli kwamakhaya, ukuchasa, ubugcisa, kunye nezenzo zomhla nezolo zokungathobeli (oko James C. Scott ibiza i-“infrapolitics"). IPolivial Rights, i-suffiffices, i-acendsssss, kunye nezenzo zakutshanje zokulwa kwemozulu zonke zibonisa indlela ukuchasana okunokuveza ngayo ulungeleno.

Amandla Nelungelo

Ilungelo libhekisela kwiingenelo ezingafezekiswanga ezisekelwe kwi-okside yabo entlalweni (uhlobo, udidi, isini, isini, amandla). La malungelo asoloko engabonakali kwabo banawo. Umzekelo, ilungelo elimhlophe lithetha ukuba abantu abajongene nemiqobo yemibala engafaniyo nabamhlophe abangayifuniyo. Ukuqonda ukudibana kwegunya nelungelo — ingcamango eyaveliswa nguKimberlé Crenshaw — ibalulekile ekuhlalutyeni indlela anokuba amabhinqa amhlophe anokuba negalelo ngayo kwimiqobo kunye nengcinezelo.

Imbono Yembali Ngegunya

Imbali inikela ithala leencwadi elinobutyebi obuninzi lokufunda ngegunya.

Amandla Enkosi Neenkosi Zamandulo

Kwimpucuko yamandulo, amandla ayesoloko ebekwa kukumkani, kumlawuli, okanye kuFaro owayezibanga enegunya lobuthixo. UBukhosi baseRoma balungisa inkqubo yamandla omkhosi, umthetho, kunye nokusebenza kunye eyabuvumela ukuba bulawule imimandla emikhulu. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zamandla zembali kusinceda sibone iingcambu zamandla ombuso wale mihla. Ukucaphula kakuhle, funda ngamandla ombuso kwiBritannica[[FLT:].

Ukukhanyiselwa Nocelomngeni Kwigunya

Ukukhanyiselwa kwenkulungwane ye-17 neyeshumi elinesibhozo kwavavanya ngokusisiseko ukubekwa kwemiqathango yamandla esithethe. Izithandi zobulumko ezifana noJohn Locke kunye noMontesquieu zathethelela ukwahlukana kwamandla, ukuvunyelwa kwamalungelo alawulwayo, nawokwemvelo. Imvukelo yaseMerika neyaseFransi zazama ukusungula ezi ngcamango, zasasaza amandla kumacala amaninzi kwaye zawabeka phantsi amandla ookumkani. Noko ke, kwanezi nguqu zashiya iintlobo ezininzi zamandla (ubukhoboka, ubhishopu, ububhishophu) zingenasiphelo — zibonisa ukuba amandla anqabileyo ukuhlaziywa bonke ngexesha elinye.

Ukutshintsha Kwehlabathi Kwezi Mini: Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokusetyenziswa Kwamanani

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 neye-21, amandla aye asasazeka nasasazwa kakhulu. Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe (UN, World Trade Organization), kunye nabadlali (NGO, amaqela abanqolobi) ngoku basebenza ukunqumla imida, bevavanya ulongamo lwamazwe. Iinguqulelo zamanani ziveze amaziko amatsha ombane: ii-igracthein ezilawula ugcino-lwazi, amaqonga, kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa kwemichiza. Kwangaxesha linye, imibutho yengca ingalungelelanisa isebenzisa imithombo yezentlalo. Umlinganiselo wamandla ngoku unamandla uluxinzeko oluninzi kwaye untsonkothile kunangaphambili.

Isiphelo: Amandla Nembopheleleko

Amandla asiyongcamango nje engenakuchazwa; yinto eyinyaniso elawula zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu. Ukuqonda oko kuthethwa ngamandla — imithombo yawo, abawaphetheyo, namandla awo — linyathelo lokuqala lokuwasebenzisa ngobulumko okanye ukuwacel ’ umngeni ngokunempumelelo. Kubo banegunya, umbuzo ongundoqo ngomnye wembopheleleko: Uya kuyisebenzisa njani impembelelo onayo? Kubo baziva bengenamandla, isifundo singoko amandla anokukhiwa, ahlunyelwe, afunyaniswe ngemfundo, umbutho, kwaye aqhubekeke ngokuzingisa. Njengoko isitsho, “amandla ayakwazi ukonakala, namandla apheleleyo. Kodwa amandla anokuyiphilisa njani? Aya kukwazi njani ukuphilisa, ukukhulula, kwaye abangele. — kwaye ukulwa kusibangela oko kuthanda. — kwaye ukulwa kuyinto yethu. — kunye nokulwa.