Amandla Asemthethweni Esixeko Sakho Okanye Urhulumente Wephondo

Ukuqonda amagunya asemthethweni esixeko sakho okanye urhulumente wengingqi yakho kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye ohlala kuso, umnini-shishini, kunye nomnini- shishini kunye nomntu obekek' igalelo kuluntu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banendima ebalulekileyo ekulolongeni ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka ekulondolozeni iindlela nepaki ukuya ekuqinisekiseni imigaqo yokwakha nokunika iinkonzo zongxamiseko. La magunya awanasiphelo, nokokuba achazwa kakuhle kwaye elawulwa ngemimiselo entsonkothileyo karhulumente, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni eyahluka-gqabalwayo kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sihlola igunya elingokwasemthethweni likamasipala noorhulumente bamaphondo, sihlolisisa indlela la magunya anikwa ngayo, oko aquka kona, kunye nendawo ekuyo imida yayo. Enoba ungummi oxhalabeleyo ofuna ukuqonda izigqibo zasekuhlaleni okanye imimiselo kamasipala oyingcali yokuqhuba inqanawe, eli nqaku likunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo olufunekayo ngegunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya kaRhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States awukhankanyi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Endaweni yoko, uMphengululo weSihlalo weSihlaziyi-Mpanzi ugcina amagunya anika igunya kumarhulumente. Lo mgaqo usisiseko uthetha ukuba onke amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni ekugqibeleni afumaneka koorhulumente, abanegunya lomGaqo-siseko lokudala, lokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa amaqela karhulumente asekuhlaleni.

Amandla anikwe urhulumente wesizwe agcinelwe oorhulumente kunye nabantu, abahlulelwe phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Oku kudala isakhiwo solawulo lolawulo apho oorhulumente belizwe basebenza njengomlamli phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukumisela ukuba ngawaphi amagunya akwizixeko, izikhundla, neminye imibutho yasekuhlaleni esenokusetyenziswa.

Nangona urhulumente wengingqi norhulumente belizwe besabelana ngegunya ngeendlela ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Olu lwalamano lwahlukile ngokusisiseko kumandla ombuso olawulayo, apho amazwe ahlala elawula ngefa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oorhulumente belizwe, bazizidalwa zelizwe ezingenawo amandla emfuza angaphaya kwalawo anikwe ngokucacileyo okanye ngokupheleleyo.

Ezi ndima neembopheleleko zisuka kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, imithetho karhulumente, imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kunye (kwizixeko/imimandla) zolawulo lwamakhaya. Amandla akhethekileyo afumaneka kuwo nawuphi na urhulumente wasekuhlaleni axhomekeke ukuba usebenza kweliphi na, ukuba luluphi uhlobo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, nokuba lufumene imigaqo ekhethekileyo yolawulo njengemithetho-siseko yamakhaya.

Umthetho we-Dillon: I-Framesss yeGunya lasekuhlaleni

Imfundiso esemthethweni eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-Dillon's Umthetho iphengulule ngokunzulu igunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kulo lonke elase-United States. Ingcamango yoMthetho ka-Dillon isuka kwisigqibo senkundla ngo-1872. IJaji uJohn Dillon weNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-Iowa yagqiba kwelokuba ubalo (nabanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni) lunegunya kuphela elinikwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente ngendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Amashumi amane kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo owaziwa ngokuba nguLawulo luka Dillon, othi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokusebenzisa kuphela amandla anikwa ngurhulumente ngokukhethekileyo, ukumisela imida yegunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente kamasipala. Oku kwenza ukuba uLawulo luka Dillon lube lulawulo oluphambili kurhulumente womhlaba wonke, nangona isicelo salo singafani kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente.

Le mfundiso esemthethweni, ebizwa ngokuba nguLawulo lukaDillon, yamiselwa nguMgwebi uJohn Forrest Dillon ngo1872 kwaye yaxhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kuHunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U.S.1 (1907), eyaxhasa amandla ePennsylvania ukuqinisa isixeko sase-Algheny kwisixeko sasePittsburgh, phezu kwayo nje iminqweno yoninzi lwabemi base-Algheny. Le nkundla iphakamileyo yagxininisa umgaqo wokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhona kulonwabo lukarhulumente.

Ubunzima Obusebenzisekayo Bolawulo Lwedillon

Phantsi koLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo kwigunya labo. Ubalo lomthetho kaDillon kufuneka lufumane imvume yombuso naluphi na utshintsho kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente, umsebenzi okanye umbutho we-fiscal. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanotshintsho olubonakala luncinci kwindlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo lungafuna inyathelo ngendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Lo mthetho ukwathi nawaphi na amathandabuzo asengqiqweni anikwa yinkundla angekuba igunya linikwe aya kuwiswa ngokuchasene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oku kudala ukucaciswa okungqongqo apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangenakuthi banegunya ngaphandle kokuba linikwe ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo ngurhulumente.

Kula maphondo, aziwa ngokuba ngu-Dillon's Rule, igunya elisikelwe umda kuphela elinikwe oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokugqithisa imimiselo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente. Amagosa oluntu kwimithetho yoLawulo luka-Dillon kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko imimiselo karhulumente ukufumanisa ukuba banalo na igunya lokuthatha izenzo ezithile, kwaye kungafuneka bafune imvume yomthetho yamanyathelo aqhelekileyo kulawulo lwasekhaya.

Ngokwalo hlobo, oorhulumente bamazwe bangabeka nayiphi na imiqathango abayikhethayo koomasipala babo (kuquka ukudibanisa oomasipala, ukubalawula ngqo, okanye ukuphelisa okuthe ngqo), logama nje imithetho enjalo ingawuphuli umgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Oku kunika izikhululo zendlu yowiso-mthetho amandla amakhulu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, nangona uninzi lwamazwe lusebenzisa eli gunya ngomlinganiselo othile wokuzibamba ukuze luvumele ulawulo lwengingqi olusebenzayo.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya: Ukwandisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Ulawulo lwasekhaya luthunyelelwa kwamandla ukusuka kwilizwe ukuya kumacandelo angaphantsi oorhulumente (kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, iidolophu okanye iilokishi okanye iidolophana). Elo gunya lilinganiselwe kwimimandla ethile, kwaye lixhomekeke ekucacisweni ngokuqhubekayo kwezomthetho, kodwa ulawulo lwasekhaya lubangela ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni kwaye lumisela umda wongenelelo lwemeko yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni.

Kwamanye amazwe, aziwa njengomthetho wasekhaya, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika oomasipala kunye/okanye ubalo-manani amandla okudlula kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (kuphela nje ukuba imithetho ayingqubani nomthetho-siseko wesizwe nowezwe). Oku kumela ukutshintsha okungundoqo kumgaqo-mthetho ka Dillon ongqongqo, unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ingqiqo ebanzi yokuthetha ngemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Noko ke, izixeko zekhowudi, izixeko zomthetho-siseko, kunye nobalo lwemithetho-siseko zinamandla angaphezulu abizwa ngokuba "ngumthetho wekhaya" avumela ukuba basebenzise igunya elinganikwanga ngurhulumente, ukuba ezi zinto zingathintelwanga ngqo. Oku kuguqula ukucaciswa koMthetho kaDillon − kukuthiwa uyakwazi ukwenza kuphela oko kuvunyelweyo, ulawulo lwamakhaya lungenza nantoni na engayalelwanga ngokucacileyo.

Ukuqonda Amaphepha Okulawula Ekhaya

Umthetho-siseko wasekhaya luxwebhu olusemthethweni olusetyenziswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuchaza intlangano, amagunya, imisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo. Ulawulo lwasekhaya sisixeko okanye idolophu esebenza phantsi komthetho-siseko onjalo. Le mithetho-siseko isebenza ngokuyintloko njengemimiselo yasekuhlaleni, imisela isiseko sendlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni aya kusebenza ngayo.

Umthetho-siseko kamasipala usebenza njengomgaqo-siseko wengingqi, uchaza isixeko okanye isakhiwo sikarhulumente wedolophu, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi. Lo mgaqo-siseko ungachaza uhlobo lukarhulumente (njengosodolophu okanye umphathi-bhunga), ubungakanani kunye nokuqulunqwa kwequmrhu lowiso-mthetho, amandla amagosa ahlukeneyo, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo kunye namanyathelo athathi-nxaxheba.

Umgaqo-siseko wasekhaya uvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba basebenzise onke amagunya angakhanyelwanga ngumthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko. Oku kunikwa igunya elipheleleyo kwenza abantu abalawula amakhaya bakwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni nokulungisa iingxaki zoluntu ngaphandle kokulinda ukuphunyezwa komthetho-mthetho.

Kunokukhangela kwimimiselo yomthetho ukuze kufunyaniswe oko banokukwenza, iidolophu zoMthetho wasekhaya zikhangela kwiTshati zazo zasekuhlaleni ukugqiba oko zinokukwenza. Ngalo ndlela, idolophu yoLawulo lwasekhaya ingathatha nasiphi na isenzo esingalelweyo ngumGaqo-siseko weTexas okanye imimiselo logama nje igunya linikwe kwiTshata yedolophu. Oku kunika ububhetyebhetye-bhetye obuninzi kunoNdlela yoMthetho kaDillon.

Iindidi zegunya loLawulo lwasekhaya

Kummandla wasekuhlaleni, kukho iindidi ezine apho urhulumente anokuvumela igunya elilawulayo: Isakhiwo – amandla okukhetha uhlobo lukarhulumente, umgaqo-siseko kunye nokuzilungisa komgaqo-siseko, intsebenziswano – amandla okusebenzisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngendlela ebanzi okanye elinganiselweyo, iFiscal – igunya lokumisela imithombo yengeniso, ukumisela irhafu, imali ebolekiweyo kunye neminye imisebenzi yemali enxulumene nayo, iSebe – igunya lokumisela imithetho yemisebenzi, imiqathango yengqesho, imiqathango yemisebenzi kunye nokuthelekisa intsebenzi.

La mathambeka amane olawulo lwamakhaya avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumane amaqondo olawulo oluzimelayo axhomekeke koko umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nemithetho evumela ukuba kwenzeke. Ummandla wokwakhiwa: Izakhiwo zolwakhiwo zingaguqula uhlobo lukarhulumente, zinika ubalo oluthe xhaxhe ukukhetha ubungakanani bebhodi yabo yemithetho-mthetho, zinyule isebe eliphetheyo kunye/okanye abaphathi-mikhosi abanyuliweyo. Ummandla osebenzayo unika iinkonzo ezikhethelweyo – ezingagunyaziswanga ngurhulumente – ngaphandle kokufuna imvume kurhulumente. Ummandla we-Fiscal: Ubareal anokuzilungisa iingeniso kunye neendleko zemali, ngokufuthi ngokunyusa irhafu, ngokumisela amaqhina eenkonzo, ukuseka izibondawe-o-o-macare.

Amandla kunye nemida yolawulo lwamakhaya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ichazwe ngokomhlaba. Amalungiselelo karhulumente olawulo lwasekhaya angachazwa ngomgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye kunye/okanye nemimiselo ewiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba oko kungulawulo "lokhaya" kuyahluka-hluka ngokuqwalasela kulo lonke ilizwe, namanye amazwe anika ukuzilawula okubanzi kunye namanye anika kuphela amandla awongezelelweyo alinganiselweyo ngaphaya koMthetho kaDillon.

Ukusasazwa Kolawulo Lwasekhaya Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe

UManyano lweSizwe lwaseCitys luchaza amazwe alishumi oMthetho weDillon, ulawulo lwamakhaya, u8 uthi usebenzise umthetho ka Dillon kuphela koomasipala abathile, kunye nelizwe elinye (Florida) elisebenzisa ulawulo lwasekhaya kuyo yonke into ngaphandle kwerhafu. Oku kubonisa ukuba amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke ngokuyintloko kuMthetho kaDillon, nangona amaninzi enzile okanye avelisa iinkqubo ezizii-projekthi.

INational Association of Counties ithi kwi 14 yamazwe onke (okanye iingingqi ezilinganayo) ezisebenzayo phantsi koMthetho kaDillon, ngeli lixa i 13 amazwe evumela zonke izibalo zolawulo lwasekhaya kunye namaphondo angama-21 anentlanganisela yolawulo lwasekhaya noMthetho ka-Dillon. Imimandla yamakhaya isoloko inemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yolawulo kunanoomasipala, ibonisa indima yabo entlukwano zombini njengoorhulumente kunye namaqela olawulo lwelizwe.

Iimfundiso ezimbini ezisisiseko kwigunya lengingqi, uLawulo lweDillon noLawulo lwasekhaya, zisoloko zihleli kunye kwingingqi enye. Amazwana amaninzi avumela iintlobo ezithile okanye ubungakanani boorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamkele ulawulo lwasekhaya ngeli lixa efuna abanye basebenze phantsi koMthetho ka Dillon, bedala umsebenzi wesiphatho wegunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwanakwimeko enye.

Amandla Oorhulumente Bendawo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza phantsi kolawulo lukaDillon okanye ulawulo lwasekhaya, amagunya athile angundoqo anikwa ukuvumela imisebenzi esisiseko karhulumente. Ukuqonda la magunya asisiseko kunceda ekucaciseni oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza nokungenakukwenza.

Amandla oMthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo

Njengorhulumente wengingqi, oorhulumente bamaphondo banamagunya alawulayo, owiso-mthetho nawamatyala. La magunya asetyenziswa kuphela kumgaqo-siseko worhulumente nomthetho-siseko worhulumente. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kubonakalisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente worhulumente norhulumente worhulumente, nangona ulwabelo olukhethekileyo lwamagunya lungalingani ngokwamandla.

Isakhiwo soorhulumente basekuhlaleni sinqunyulwe yimithetho-siseko karhulumente wabo kwaye nemithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayalawulwa yimimandla yabo kwaye abanakuyiphumeza imithetho ephikisana nemithetho karhulumente. Lo mda ungundoqo usebenza kubo bonke oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kuquka nabo banegunya lolawulo lwamakhaya.

Amaqumrhu kunye namakhomishinala agunyaziwe kwaye kufuneka enze inkqubo. AmaBhunga kunye noorhulumente benza inkqubo yokuwisa umthetho ebudeni bentlanganiso kawonke-wonke (OPMA), isahluko 42.30 RCW. Umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho woorhulumente basekuhlaleni ubandakanya ukwamkela imithetho, izigqibo, neminye imimiselo emisela umthetho kunye nenkqubo yasekuhlaleni ngokwegunya labo.

Abalawuli, abaphathi-mikhosi, abaphathi-mikhosi besixeko, nabasebenzi abazifaki zigqibo, nangona benempembelelo enamandla kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo kunye nezigqibo zayo ezilandelayo. Umzekelo, bacebisa uqingqo-mali, banika ugcino-lwazi nenkxaso enxulumene nemigaqo ecetyiweyo, kwaye benza imigaqo encomela amabhunga kwakunye nokufumana impendu kunye namacebiso avela kula maqela owiso-mthetho. Isebe eliphethe imigaqo-mthetho liphumeza imigaqo-siseko eyamkelwa liqumrhu lemithetho kwaye lilawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

UMasipala noKhuseleko loLuntu

Urhulumente udla ngokuthatha imbopheleleko yeepaki neenkonzo zokuzihlaziya, amasebe eenkqubo zokuzihlaziya, amasebe ezindlu, iinkonzo zonyango longxamiseko, iinkundla zikamasipala, iinkonzo zezithuthi (kuquka ezothutho zikawonke-wonke), kunye nemisebenzi kawonke-wonke (iindawo zokuthutha inkunkuma, ikhephu, imiqondiso, njalo njalo). Ezi nkonzo zimela imisebenzi engundoqo abemi abaninzi abanxulumene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajonge iinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi babemi ngqo njengesebe lamapolisa nelamaziko omlilo, iindlela neepaki. Umgangatho kunye nokufumaneka kwezi nkonzo kuchaphazela kakhulu ubomi, kwenza urhulumente wasekuhlaleni abonakale kakhulu kubantu.

Inkoliso yamaMerika inxibelelana imihla ngemihla norhulumente wawo kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunakurhulumente worhulumente. Amasebe amapolisa, amathala eencwadi, nezikolo — kungasathethwa ke ngeelayisensi zomqhubi namatikiti okupaka imoto — zidla ngokuthotywa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oku kusebenza rhoqo kwenza ukuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni aqonde ngakumbi ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Amandla Alawulayo Nawamapolisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banolwazi olubizwa ngokuba "amandla alawulayo""=igunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Eli gunya libanzi liquka uludwe oluninzi lwemisebenzi echaphazela abemi namashishini.

Isenokuthi: yenze isebe lokuqesha nokuyeka lorhulumente walo; yenza isigqibo sokungamalungu kunye nokuqulunqwa kwequmrhu layo lowiso-mthetho; kwaye ilawula ukuqokelelwa nokulawulwa kwempahla, ukuqokelelwa nokulawulwa kwerhafu kunye nohlolo, kunye nokulungiswa, ukuqokelelwa nokuqokelelwa kweerhafu zenkcitho kunye nerhafu zasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona kungalungiselela ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, intlalo-ntle nempahla yabantu kunye nempahla engaphakathi kwemida yayo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemida yezoshishino nemisebenzi.

Urhulumente kamasipala okwigunya lolawulo lwasekhaya unamandla okumisela imithetho kunye nemimiselo ethetha ngqo ngeemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, imithetho nemigaqo emiselwe ayinakungqubana nemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente. UZong umela elinye lamagunya karhulumente abalulekileyo nasetyenziswa rhoqo, ukubumba inkqubela-phambili yoluntu kunye nemilinganiselo yelizwe.

Ukubekwa kwemiqathango yeshishini nomthetho ngomnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokumisela iimfuno kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamashishini asebenza phantsi kolawulo lwabo, ukusuka kwiivenkile zokutyela nakwiivenkile zokuthengisa ukuya kumarhonya nakumatshandala enkonzo. Le mithetho inceda ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwabathengi, nokuthobela imigangatho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu

Oorhulumente baxhomekeke ekuxhaseni ngemali ngerhafu ebanzi equka ingeniso, irhafu yentengiso kunye neenkampani apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla kunye neendleko zenkonzo ezifana namanzi nenkunkuma. Le ngeniso ilawula oko oorhulumente banokukwazi ukukwenza nendlela abaxhasa ngayo imisebenzi yabo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokuhlawula iirhafu zempahla ngokwemiqathango emiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Amazwe amaninzi amisela imiqathango kwirhafu yempahla okanye afuna ukuba abavoti bavume ukunyuswa kwerhafu ngapha nangapha kwemiqobo ethile. Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokunyanzela irhafu yentengo, irhafu eluncedo, irhafu yezoshishino, kunye neendleko ezahlukeneyo zeenkonzo.

Ulawulo lwemali lwasekhaya lunokuba luphawuleka kakhulu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanomthetho wezemali yasekhaya banokuba nobubhetyebhetye ngakumbi bokumisela imithombo emitsha yengeniso, ukuhlengahlengisa intlawulo yerhafu, ukukhutshwa kwemiba yemali kwimisebenzi yekomkhulu, nokulawula imicimbi yabo yemali ngaphandle kokufuna imvume karhulumente ngazo zonke izigqibo.

Noko ke, igunya lerhafu liseyenye yezona ndawo zithintelweyo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kumaphondo amaninzi. Kwanemithetho yamakhaya isoloko ijongene nemigaqo-siseko okanye imithetho ethintelweyo kwigunya layo elirhafisayo, ebonisa inkxalabo ngokuhlawula irhafu egqithisileyo nemfuneko yokuba urhulumente afanane kwimigaqo ethile yerhafu.

Ukulungisa Inyama Nelizwe Kusetyenziswa Umlinganiselo

Phakathi kwawona magunya abalulekileyo nasetyenziswa rhoqo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni ligunya lokulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokulungisa nokuyilwa kweendawo. Eli gunya lichaphazela kakhulu imilinganiselo yempahla, indlela abantu abahlala ngayo, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, nokukhuselwa kwemekobume.

Imilinganiselo Yegunya Elizingelayo

Igunya lokulawula livumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bahlule igunya labo libe zizithili ezisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana neendawo zokuhlala, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino, kunye nezolimo. Kummandla ngamnye, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ungayimisela imithetho elawula ubude bokwakha, ubungakanani beendawo, ukudodobala, iimfuno zokupaka iimoto, neminye imigangatho yenkqubela.

La mandla adlulela ekucebeni okubanzi, apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphuhlisa izicwangciso ezinde zophuhliso loluntu, izibonelelo, kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ezi zicwangciso zikhokela ukulungiselela izigqibo zokuhlahlela kunye noncedo lokuqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa kwenkqubela esebenzela iinjongo zoluntu.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabo banegunya lokuhlola nokuvumela izindululo zophuhliso ngohlobo olufana nohlolo lwesigqeba, ukusetyenziswa kwemvume, kunye nokungaguquguquki. Ezi nkqubo zivumela ukuqwalaselwa kweeprojekthi zophuhliso ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nemigangatho kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nemvume

Inxulumene negunya lokuhlala linamandla okusamkela nokunyanzelisa imithetho yokwakha. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokumisela imilinganiselo yokwakha, iinkqubo zombane, imibhobho, ukukhusela umlilo nezinye iinkalo zokwakha nokwakha. Le mithetho ikhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izakhiwo zihlangabezana nemilinganiselo ephantsi yomgangatho.

Inkqubo yokuvumela inika ulawulo kuphuhliso loorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokufuna ukuba abanini-mpahla bafumane imvume ngaphambi kokwakha, ukulungisa, okanye ukutshintsha ukusetyenziswa kwezakhiwo. Imvume yokwakha, ukuhlala, kunye nemvume ekhethekileyo (njengemiqondiso, ukukhutshelwa okanye iziganeko ezikhethekileyo) zivumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bajonge baze balawule umsebenzi wenkqubela.

Amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kuvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bacombulule ukuphulwa kwemithetho yokuhlala, ikhowudi yokwakha neminye imithetho yasekuhlaleni. Oku kusenokuquka igunya lokuhlola, ukukwazi ukukhupha ucatshulo nentengo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, amandla okufuna imiyalelo yenkundla efuna ukuthotyelwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwezakhiwo ezingakhuselekanga.

Ukusingqongileyo nokulondolozwa kwembali

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe lawo ukuze akhusele indalo, akhusele nembali.

Imithetho egciniweyo engokwembali ivumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bachaze izithili neendawo zembali, nokulawula utshintsho kwizinto zembali. La magunya anceda abantu balondoloze ilifa labo lokwakha nenkcubeko yabo, nangona kufuneka balungelelane namalungelo empahla kunye nenkcubeko yezoqoqosho.

Ezinye imimandla ziye zamkela imilinganiselo yokulondolozwa kwemeko- bume nezenzo zemozulu zisebenzisa umhlaba wazo nokulawula. Ezi zingaquka iimfuno zokwakha okungasebenziyo kwamandla, ukufakwa kwamandla okutsha, okanye imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza engaphaya kweemfuno zikarhulumente.

Imilinganiselo Yamandla Orhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa oorhulumente belizwe benegunya eliphawulekayo, igunya labo linemiqathango ebalulekileyo ekhusela amalungelo abantu, eqinisekisa ukuba abameli abaphezulu bafanele balawule, yaye ibeke imida efanelekileyo kurhulumente.

Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenze phakathi kwemiqathango yoorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Abanakulwaphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, okanye ukhuseleko ekuphangweni nokuxhuzula okungaqiqiyo. Nasiphi na isigqeba okanye isenzo sasekuhlaleni esiphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko sixhomekeke ekuhlatshweni ziinkundla.

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokubeka imiqathango ekhethekileyo kumagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni. Ezi zinto zisenokuquka imiqathango yerhafu, imiqathango yamatyala, iimfuno zoqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, okanye imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko othile. Urhulumente kufuneka asebenzise la malungiselelo asemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zawo zifanelekile.

Ngumasipala oye wamkela umgaqo-siseko wasekhaya onokuthi asebenzise nawuphi na umsebenzi ongakhanyelwanga ngumGaqo-siseko wasePennsylvania, ngomthetho okanye ngechaphaza lomthetho wakhe. Zonke izibonelelo zamandla kamasipala koomasipala abalawulwa ngumthetho wemithetho yasekhaya phantsi kwale sahluko sincinci, nokuba kukwisimo soludwe oluthile okanye ngokwemigaqo jikelele, ziza kuthathwa ngesisa ekuxhaseni umasipala. Kwanangokwakhiwa ngesisa, imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko ihlala iphelele.

Ukhukuliso lweRhulumente

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zinokulicinezela igunya lasekuhlaleni ngokumisela imithetho elawula icandelo elithile lomthetho okanye ngokungqalileyo zithintele oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bangenzi misebenzi kwezinye iindawo. Ukukhutshwa kuye kwaxhaphaka kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, namazwe athintela igunya lasekuhlaleni kwimibandela esukela kwimivuzo encinane ahlawulwayo ukuze afumane ikhefu lokuxhoba imiqathango kunye nemilinganiselo yemeko-bume.

Amanye amazwe aye athetha ngale mbambano ngokumisela imithetho ephelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni xa imithetho yomthetho-siseko yasekuhlaleni ingqubana. Xa umthetho karhulumente udelela igunya lasekuhlaleni, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bakulungele ukumisela inkqubo karhulumente nokuba bakholelwa ukuba imimiselo eyahlukileyo inganceda ngakumbi ingingqi yabo.

Noko ke, oorhulumente bamazwe basenokubeka imiqathango, bedala amadabi asemthethweni phezu kwegunya likamasipala. Igunya lolawulo lwasekhaya lingathintelwa ngumthetho karhulumente, imigaqo yokugweba, kwaneemfazwe zezobupolitika phakathi kwamagosa asekuhlaleni kunye norhulumente. Uxanduva phakathi kokucinezelwa kwelifa nozimele-mthetho kuhlala kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kumazwe amaninzi.

Imida Enzima

Akukho masipala oya kusebenzisa nawuphi na ummiselo okanye igunya ngaphandle kwalowo umiselwe ngumthetho, yaye akukho shishini likamasipala eliya kubandakanyeka kulo naliphi na ishishini eliququzelelayo okanye elobucala ngaphandle kokuba ligunyaziwe yiNgqungquthela Jikelele. Igunya likarhulumente wongingqi lidla ngokulinganiselwa kwimida yelizwe elilawulayo.

Kukho iindidi ezichasene nolu mlinganiselo wommandla. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangaba nempahla okanye basebenzise amaziko ngaphandle kwemida yabo ukuba bagunyazisiwe ngumthetho karhulumente. Bangangena kwizivumelwano zorhulumente phakathi ukunikezela ngeenkonzo ngaphaya kwemigca yesebe okanye ukuphendula imiba yengingqi ngokumanyeneyo.

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banemithetho egqithiseleyo yeenjongo ezithile, njengokuceba nokuhlala kwiindawo ezimelene nesixeko ezinokuba phantsi kolawulo lwexesha elizayo. Noko ke, la mandla ongezelelweyo kufuneka anikwe ngokukhethekileyo ngumthetho karhulumente kwaye alinganiselwe ngakumbi kunamandla akwimida yolawulo.

Izithintelo Ezikhethekileyo

Ngokuphathelele le mibandela ilandelayo, umthetho-siseko wasekhaya awuyi kunika naliphi na igunya kumasipala elichasene okanye elichasene okanye nomlinganiselo okanye ukunyuswa kwamagunya anikwayo ngemithetho esebenza kwiklasi okanye kwiiklasi zoomasi: (1) Ukuqokelelwa nokuqokelelwa kweerhafu zerhafu zikamasipala okanye iimposiso kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla yokwenene okanye yobuqu ngokwanelisayo. (2) Iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwamandla ommandla ophezulu noqikelelo lwelahleko neenzuzo zempahla ethathiweyo, eyonzakala okanye etshatyala.

Imimiselo karhulumente idla ngokumisela iinkqubo okanye imiqathango engqalileyo esebenzayo kubo bonke oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kwanabo banegunya lamakhaya. Le miqathango iquka iimfuneko zokuqwalaselwa nokuviwa kwabantu, ukukhuphiswana kwezivumelwano, ukukhuselwa kwabasebenzi, okanye iinkqubo zokulawula ulawulo oluphezulu.

Imiqathango yamatyala yenye imigaqo eqhelekileyo. Amazwe amisela imida enokuba mangaphi amatyala oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuwangenisa, adla ngokuchazwa njengepesenti yexabiso lempahla ethathwayo. Le mida inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ityala kwaye ikhusela abahlawuleli kwimithwalo yamatyala enzima.

Iintlobo Ezahlukeneyo Zezakhiwo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni sichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo indlela amagunya asetyenziswa ngayo kwaye anegunya lokwenza izigqibo. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zohlukeneyo kuyanceda ekucaciseni ukusasazwa kwegunya kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo ye-Mayor-Council

Isakhiwo seMayor-Council sinendlela ezimbini, "inqanawa ehamba phambili ehamba ngenqanawa" kunye "inkqubo yeWeak Mayor". Umahluko phakathi kwezimbini ngulowo okwinkqubo "yomelele" usodolophu unamandla phezu komthetho, umisela iintloko zamasebe, kwaye ulawula uqingqo-mali. Kwinkqubo "ebuthathaka", usodolophu unentloko yesithethe kakhulu kwaye uyinxenye yeqela lebhunga, idla ngokuba ngusihlalo, kwaye unegunya elilinganiselweyo lolawulo oluphezulu.

Kwinkqubo ezomeleleyo zoosodolophu, amandla alawulayo ajoliswe kusibonda onyuliweyo osebenza ngokufanayo kwirhuluneli okanye umongameli kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Usodolophu unegunya lokuqesha kunye neentloko zesebe lomlilo, alungiselele uqingqo-mali, kunye nomthetho webhunga le-veto. Oku kudala ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho.

Usodolophu obuthathaka unikela igunya eliphakamileyo ngokubanzi, ngokufuthi phakathi kwebhunga okanye amagosa ahlukahlukeneyo anyuliweyo.

Iinkqubo zomphathi weBhunga

Ezi zibonelelo zombini zahlukile kwinkqubo yoququzelela iBhunga apho ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela umlawuli ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yegunya ukulungiselela ukwahlulwa kwesakhiwo samandla, njengebhodi elungelelanisiweyo yabaphathi kunye ne-CEO kwinkampani kawonke-wonke. Imo yebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi iye yathandwa kakhulu, ingakumbi kwizixeko eziphakathi.

Kwesi sixokelelwano, ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo kwaye liqesha umphathi wesixeko ochwepheshayo ukuba aphathe ulawulo lwesixeko lwemihla ngemihla. Umphathi usebenza ngoyolo lwebhunga kwaye azalisekise iinkqubo ezimkelwa libhunga. Esi sakhiwo sicetyelwe ukuzisa ubuchule bolawulo lobugcisa kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngoxa sigcina ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi ngebhunga elinyuliweyo.

Phantsi kwe-RCW 35A.13.030, indima yosodolophu kwisixeko esinohlobo lwebhunga lomphathi-makharesi ngurhulumente, ukongezelela ekusebenzeni njengesitulo seentlanganiso zebhunga, ngokusisiseko ngokwesithethe. Kwinkqubo zebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi, usodolophu unegunya elilinganiselweyo lolawulo, elinikwe igunya eliphezulu kumphathi omiselweyo.

Inkqubo yeKhomishini neyoMtshathi

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi kwesakhiwo seTshata kunye nesakhiwo seKhomishini ngowokuba kwinkqubo yeTshati, urhulumente unika ubalo lolawulo oluthe chatha noluluvo ekulungelelaniseni oorhulumente babo, kwakunye nokubonisa isigqeba esiphezulu sephondo, ngeli xesha inkqubo yeBhunga yesithethe (eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo) ixhomekeke kumphathi-mikhosi ukusingatha imisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kweyosuku.

Ngaphantsi kwesona sakhiwo siqhelekileyo "sesithethe" sobume borhulumente wasekuhlaleni, iibhodi zengingqi ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa amagunya olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho. Esi sakhiwo sidityanisiweyo segunya eliphetheyo sixhaphakile koorhulumente bamaphondo, apho abakhomishinari okanye abalawuli abanyuliweyo bobabini bamisela inkqubo kunye nolawulo.

Ezinye izikolo ziye zamkela iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko ezilungiselela abalawuli abachongiweyo bephondo abahlukene nebhodi yowiso-mthetho, nto leyo ebangela ukwahlulwa kwamandla afanayo nalawo ahlala edolophini. Ezi ngxelo zechaphaza zisoloko zikwazi ukutshintsha-tshintsha ngakumbi ekulungiseni ukwakhiwa korhulumente nokusebenzisa igunya lasekuhlaleni.

AmaGqirha akhethekileyo namaGunya eeNgingqi

Ukongeza kurhulumente basekuhlaleni abanenjongo eqhelekileyo njengezixeko kunye nemimandla, imimandla emininzi ikhokelwa zisithili ezikhethekileyo ezisebenzisa amagunya karhulumente ngeenjongo ezithile.

Indalo Nenjongo Yezithili Ezikhethekileyo

Imimandla ekhethekileyo ineengingqi ezizimeleyo ezinenjongo elinganiselweyo ngokuqhelekileyo ezigxininisa kuncedo oluthile olunjengamanzi nogutyulo. Ezi mimandla zisenokunikela iinkonzo ezifana nokufumana amanzi, ukunyanga amanzi amdaka, ukukhusela umlilo, iipaki nezokuzonwabisa, iithala leencwadi, izibhedlele okanye ezothutho.

Kukwakho "izithili ezikhethekileyo", eziyimimandla enendawo echaziweyo apho kunikezelwa khona inkonzo ethile, njengezibuko okanye iziqithi zomlilo. Ezi sithili ziswele amandla okumisela imithetho, kodwa zinamandla okudibanisa imithetho yolawulo esoloko ithwala amandla omthetho kumhlaba olawulwa ngokuthe ngqo zisithili ezinjalo.

Imimandla emininzi ekhethekileyo, ingakumbi leyo idalelwe ukulungiselela isithuthi sikawonke-wonke okanye imfundo, inesebe lamapolisa layo. Oku kubonisa ukuba imimandla ekhethekileyo inokuba namandla karhulumente abalulekileyo, kuquka ukunyanzelisa umthetho kwiimeko ezithile.

Ulawulo Negunya

Iibhodi zesithili ezikhethekileyo zisebenzisa iindima zowiso-mthetho nezolawulo oluphezulu ezimiselwe kwimimiselo enika amandla akhethekileyo namagunya kwezi zithili zikawonke-wonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ibhodi ekhethekileyo yenjongo imisela umalathisi olawulayo okanye umphathi jikelele wokuqhuba isithili.

Imimandla ekhethekileyo inegunya lokuhlawula irhafu okanye iirhafu kummandla wayo wenkonzo, ukukhupha amaqhina okuphucula ikomkhulu, ukwamkela imimiselo enxulumene nomsebenzi wayo okhethekileyo, nokungena kwizivumelwano zeenkonzo. Noko ke, amandla ayo alinganiselwe kwiinjongo ezithile awadalwa ngazo kwaye igunya elinikwe ngumthetho wesizwe.

Ukwanda kwengingqi ezikhethekileyo kubonisa imfuneko yokunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezikhethekileyo kunye nokusikelwa imiqathango koorhulumente bengingqi jikelele. Imimandla ekhethekileyo iyakwazi ukunqumla imida yolawulo, igxininise ubuncwane kwiimfuno ezithile, kwaye ibonelele ngeenkonzo ngendlela engcono kwezinye iimeko kunokuba izixeko okanye iindawo ezinokubekwa uludwe

Ukusebenzisana Kwamagunya Karhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baya besebenza kunye namanye amanqanaba karhulumente ukuze bacombulule iingxaki eziya kunqumla imida okanye ezifuna ubuncwane obungaphaya koko kunokwenziwa ligunya elinye.

Izivumelwano Ezifikeleleka Ngqo

Urhulumente omninzi ugunyazisa oorhulumente ukuba bangene kwiisivumelwano eziphakathi okanye phakathi koorhulumente ukuze banikele ngeenkonzo, babelane ngezinto zobuxhakaxhaka okanye balungelelane. Ezi zivumelwano zivumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphumeze uqoqosho, banikele iinkonzo ngendlela elungeleleneyo, kunye neengxaki zengingqi zenkxalabo ngokuhambelana.

Imizekelo eqhele ukuquka izivumelwano zoncedo zomlilo kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko, intsebenziswano yokuthenga, amaziko okuthumela, amaqumrhu okucwangcisa imimandla, namanyathelo okuphuhlisa izoqoqosho asebenzisanayo. La malungiselelo avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba balondoloze inkululeko yabo ngoxa bengenelwa ngokusebenzisana.

Urhulumente unika igunya lokuqinisa iinkonzo ngezivumelwano ezingaphakathi kwaye uvumela ukuvelela izithili ezikhethekileyo. Eli gunya lokusebenzisana nokuqinisa iinkonzo linika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ubuchule bokuqhelanisa neemfuno neemeko eziguqukayo.

Izixeko Nezivumelwano Zenkonzo Ezidityanisiweyo

Isixeko saseLakewood savelisa iPlan yeLakewood, isicwangciso esithi phantsi kwaso isixeko sihlawule ingingqi yomsebenzi owenziwa kakuhle kwingingqi ebanzi. Izivumelwano ezinjalo ziye zanwenwa kulo lonke elaseKhalifoniya, njengoko zisenza oorhulumente besixeko banikele ingqalelo kwizinto ezithile ezixhalabisayo. Isixeko esizibopha ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yaso sibizwa ngokuba sisixeko sesivumelwano.

Le modeli ivumela izixeko ezincinci ukuba zifake kwaye ziqhelise ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kusetyenziso lomhlaba nezinye izinto zenkqubo ngexa kudibana nephondo okanye namanye amaqumrhu okunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Inika enye indlela kurhulumente kamasipala ozeleyo onokuthi usebenze kakhulu kwixabiso loluntu oluncinane.

Izivumelwano zenkonzo zisenokusebenza kwelinye icala, zisebenzisana nezixeko ukwenzela iinkonzo, okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abadibana nemikhosi ezimeleyo ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile. Oku kubhetyebhetye kwilungiselelo lokuhambisa iinkonzo kuvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba benze imisebenzi yabo ngokweemfuno zabo kunye nobuncwane basekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente kunye nomanyano loomatiloshe

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisana kakhulu noorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente ngokulungelelanisa iinkqubo, ngokuthobela ulawulo, nangezenzo zentsebenziswano. Inkxaso-mali yomanyano neyaselurhulumenteni idla ngokuvela nemfuneko elawula ngokunempumelelo imisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwanakwiindawo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanegunya elizimeleyo.

Ucwangciso lwezothutho, ulawulo lwemekobume, iinkqubo zezindlu, kunye nolawulo longxamiseko yimizekelo yemimandla apho oorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente kunye noorhulumente bengingqi basebenza kunye, ngomgangatho ngamnye unikela ngobuncwane negunya. Olu manyano lunganyusa amandla ommandla kodwa lungadala ungquzulwano oluntsonkothileyo nolunokwenzeka phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Ummandla ophambili kunye namalungelo empahla

Elinye lawona mandla abalulekileyo nanempikiswano asetyenziswa ngoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ligunya elibalaseleyo, elinegunya lokuthatha impahla yabucala ukuze lisetyenziswe nguwonke wonke.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko neemfuno

Amandla ommandla ophambili afumaneka kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., onika ukuba impahla yabucala ayisayi "kuthatyathwa ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, ngaphandle kwentlawulo yobulungisa." imimiselo yezomthetho-siseko yelizwe inemimiselo efanayo, kwaye imithetho karhulumente idla ngokunika oorhulumente bommandla igunya eliphakamileyo ukwenzela iinjongo ezithile.

Ukuze basebenzise ulawulo oluphezulu, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka babonise ukuba ukuthatha imali kufeza injongo kawonke-wonke kwaye kufuneka banikeze imbuyekezo yexabiso elifanelekileyo kumnini-mpahla. Ingcaciso "ukusetyenziswa kwabantu" itolikwa ngokubanzi ukuquka kungekuphela nje izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke ezingokwesithethe ezifana neendlela nezikolo kodwa kwanenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kunye neeprojekthi zokuphuculwa kwezoqoqosho.

Abanini bemihlaba banelungelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo kwimiqathango ephambili, kuquka isaziso, ithuba lokucel ’ umngeni ukuthathwa, nelungelo lokukhuphisana nemali yentlawulo enikelweyo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kumnini wempahla ngaphaya kobuncinane bomGaqo-siseko.

Imilinganiselo kunye noHlahlo

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphambili kwinjongo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kuye kwabangela impikiswano enkulu, ingakumbi ukulandela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwisiXeko saseNew London (2005), esixhasa ukusetyenziswa kommandla obalulekileyo ukudlulisela impahla kumnini othile ozimeleyo kwenye ukwenzela inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho.

Esabela kwinkxalabo kawonke wonke ngokuxhatshazwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo, amaphondo amaninzi aye amisela umthetho owisela umthetho owisela umthetho umthetho wokusetyenziswa kommandla obalulekileyo wolawulo lwezoqoqosho okanye ofuna ukukhuselwa kongezelelwe kwemiqathango yoluntu. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kweemfuno zophuhliso loluntu nokhuseleko lwamalungelo empahla.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka balawule imigaqo elawulayo, apho umhlaba unokuthi usebenziseka kakhulu kangangokuba bafune imbuyekezo efunekayo nangaphandle kokugwetywa ngokusemthethweni. Umgca phakathi komthetho osebenzayo nonokuthathwa kusengummandla onzima womthetho ochaphazela ilizwe elingurhulumente

Igunya Lemali Netyala Likawonke - wonke

Amandla okunyusa ingeniso nokuzisela amatyala angundoqo kwimisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwakhona axhomekeke kwimiqathango eqingqiweyo eyenzelwe ukukhusela abahlawuleli nokuqinisekisa ukuba bafanele bahlawule imali.

Ingeniso kunye negunya lerhafu

Iirhafu zempahla zisengumthombo oyintloko wengeniso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokumisela irhafu yempahla ngokwemida emiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe, enokuthi iquke intlawulo ephezulu, iikomityi zokwandisa ingeniso, okanye iimfuno zokwamkela irhafu.

Kwakhona oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni banegunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ngokufuthi ngexabiso eliphantsi kunerhafu karhulumente yaye maxa wambi banikela iirhafu ezikhethekileyo ezinjengezezithuthi okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke - wonke.

Igunya lokumisela irhafu entsha okanye ukwandisa irhafu ekhoyo lidla ngokuthintelwa ngumthetho karhulumente okanye ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba abavoti bavunywe xa irhafu inyuka, ngoxa amanye ebeka imida engqongqo ekunyukeni kwengeniso okanye kwixabiso lerhafu. Le miqathango ibonisa inkxalabo yoluntu ngomgangatho werhafu nomnqweno wolawulo lwedemokhrasi kumgaqo-siseko werhafu.

Ukubopha Neentsilelo Zamatyala

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banganikela amaqhina okuxhasa inkqubela-phambili yemali enjengezibonelelo, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezixhobo. Amaqhina angokwabantu abanyanzelekileyo axhaswa lukholo olupheleleyo nokunconywa kolawulo olupheleleyo namandla alo okuhlawula irhafu, ngoxa amaqhina engeniso ehlawulwa kwimithombo ethile yengeniso efana neendleko zezemali okanye iinkcitho ezikhethekileyo.

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente nemimiselo ibeka imiqathango yamatyala koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi echazwa njengepesenti yexabiso lempahla elinganisiweyo. Le mida inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abazimili phantsi kwemali kwaye bagcine amandla abo okuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo.

Imvume yevoter isoloko ifuneka kwimbopheleleko jikelele, inika ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwezigqibo ezingundoqo zamatyala. Amaqhina engeniso asenokungafuni imvume yomvoti ekubeni ehlawulwa kwingeniso ethile kunokuba ahlawule irhafu eqhelekileyo, kodwa athwala inzala ephezulu ngenxa yokhuseleko lwawo olulinganiselweyo.

Ulawulo lwemali nolawulo lwemali

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le oluhambelana neemfuno zikarhulumente zoqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo, izibhengezo zikawonke-wonke kunye neefomati zoqingqo-mali ezichaziweyo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yinkqubo engundoqo yokusetyenziswa kwegunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukumisela indlela oovimba abaza kwabiwa ngayo phakathi kwezinto ezithe zakhuphisanayo.

Iimfuno zolawulo lwemali zisenokuquka uphicotho-zincwadi lwaminyaka le, ukunikela ingxelo ngemali kumaqumrhu karhulumente, iinkqubo zokunika inkxaso-mali, kunye nokufuna ukuthengwa kunye nezivumelwano. Ezi mfuneko zikhuthaza ukubonakala, ukuphendula, kunye nolawulo lwezesandi.

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene nemiqathango engakumbi enjengoko kuthintelwa kwerhafu nenkcitho, iimfuno zokusetyenziswa kwemali eninzi, okanye imiqathango enxulumene nemali ehlawulwayo.

Unxulumano lwabasebenzi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya eliphawulekayo kwimicimbi yemisebenzi, nangona eli gunya liphantsi kwemithetho karhulumente neyamarhulumente yemisebenzi, iinkqubo zeenkonzo zasekuhlaleni, nezivumelwano zokuthethana ngemicimbi yeqela.

Igunya lomsebenzi

Kwizixeko, ibhunga lidala amasebe, ligunyazisa iindawo, limkela iinkcazelo zomsebenzi, lilungise nembuyekezo. Noko ke, ulawulo lwabasebenzi lwemini ukuya kweyokusebenza, kuquka ukuqesha, ukukhokela umsebenzi, nokudubula, luxanduva lomphathi-mikhosi, nokuba ngumphathi-dolophu onyuliweyo okanye umphathi wesixeko omiselweyo (jonga iRCW 35A.12.100-100, RC 35A.13.080, kunye neRCW 35A.120.).

Olu lwahlulo lwamandla phakathi kwamandla owiso-mthetho okumisela izikhundla nokumisela imbuyekezo, negunya lesiphathi ukulawula abasebenzi, lubonisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ulwabelo olukhethekileyo lwamandla abasebenzi lwahluka-hluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lukarhulumente nomthetho wesizwe osebenzayo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka athobele imithetho yezemisebenzi equka iSihloko seSivo VII soMthetho wamaLungelo kaNontla, iMelika enoMthetho weNkcubeko yeSebe, iSibonelelo seMigangatho yeNkonzo yeNtloko, kunye neMithetho yeNtsapho kunye ne-Medical Let Act. Imithetho yeRhulumente isenokunikela ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo okanye ibeke iimfuno ezithile kubaqeshi-gosa-gosa

Iinkonzo zamakhaya kunye neenkqubo ezinika uncedo

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza phantsi kwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni okanye ufanele inkqubo emisela iinkqubo zokuqesha, ukunyusa, ukuqeqesha, nokuphelisa abasebenzi. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zemisebenzi zisekelwe kwilungelo kunokuba zisekelwe kukhuselo lwezopolitiko nokubonelela ngokhuseleko lomsebenzi kwabasebenzi.

Inkqubo yeenkonzo zamakhaya iquka uvavanyo lokhuphiswano lwezikhundla, amaxesha okuvavanywa kwabasebenzi abatsha, iinkqubo zoqeqesho ezihambela phambili, kunye namalungelo abasebenzi abajongene nezenzo ezingalunganga.

Ezinye iindawo, ingakumbi iintloko zesebe kunye nabanye abalawuli bomgangatho ophezulu, bangakhululwa kukhuseleko lwenkonzo yasekuhlaleni kwaye basebenze kuvuyo lwegunya lokumisela. Oku kuvumela amagosa anyuliweyo kunye nabalawuli ukuba bahlanganise amaqela abaphathi ahambelane nenkqubo yabo ephambili.

Ukuqokelela

Imbutho yequmrhu labasebenzi basekuhlaleni igunyaziwe kumaphondo amaninzi, nangona ubukhulu bemali yokuthelekisa kunye namalungelo abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke bungafani kakhulu. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathethe namaqumrhu amela abasebenzi babo ngaphezu kwemivuzo, iingenelo, kunye neemeko zokusebenza ezichazwa ngumthetho karhulumente.

Izivumelwano zokuthelekisa zinokuyichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo imisebenzi yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni noqingqo-mali, ukuseka intlawulo yembuyekezo, imithetho yomsebenzi, iinkqubo zezikhalazo, neminye imisebenzi. Le nkqubo yengxoxo ifuna ulungelelaniso lwemfuno yabasebenzi, iimfuno zenkonzo kawonke-wonke, kunye neemfuno zenkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Amanye amazwe awavumeli ukubetha kwabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, ngoxa amanye evumela ukubetha phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Iinkqubo zesigqibo esigqithisileyo ezifana nokufumana i-media, ukufumana inyani, okanye ukuhlawulwa kwetyala kusenokufumaneka xa ingxoxo ifikelela ekungangeni, inika ezinye iindlela zokumisa umsebenzi.

Iimfuno Zokuba Nenxaxheba Ewonke Nasekucaceni

Amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni asetyenziswa ngokwendlela yokubonakalisa imbonakalo kunye neemfuno zokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke ezenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi nokufikelela koluntu kurhulumente.

Uvula Imithetho

onke amaphondo anemithetho evula iintlanganiso efuna ukuba iintlanganiso zamaqumrhu karhulumente asekuhlaleni zivuleke kuwonke-wonke, ngaphandle kwemibandela ethile efana nemicimbi yabasebenzi, icebo lokunika ingcebiso, okanye imicimbi yezakhiwe. Le mithetho iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo zenziwe phambi kwabantu kunokuba zibe semnyango ovaliweyo.

Iintlanganiso ezivulekileyo ziquka isaziso sangaphambili seentlanganiso, ukufikelela esidlangalaleni kwiindawo zokuhlangana, amathuba okugqabaza esidlangalaleni, nokufikelela ekuhleni kwimizuzu neengxelo zentlanganiso. Ukuphula imithetho yentlanganiso evulekileyo kungaphumela ekungasebenzini kwezenzo ezithatyathwayo zokwaphulwa komthetho, kwakunye nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka kumagosa.

Ukuqalisa kwabathathi - nxaxheba ezikude neentlanganiso kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ukuthotyelwa kweentlanganiso, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukufikelela esidlangalaleni kwiintlanganiso nokukwazi kwabantu ukubukela nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi karhulumente eqhutywa kwi - Internet.

Ukufumaneka kweengxelo zikawonke-wonke

Imithetho yengxelo kawonke-wonke inika abemi ilungelo lokufumana amaxwebhu neengxelo zikarhulumente, bakhululwe ngokungqalileyo ngenxa yenkcazelo eyimfihlo. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukuba abemi babalaselise, iintatheli, nabaphandi ukuba bajonge imisebenzi karhulumente baze baphendule amagosa.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bagcine iirekhodi ngokwezicwangciso zokuzigcina nokuzigcina, baphendule kwizicelo zeerekhodi zikawonke-wonke ezikwizakhelo ezibalulweyo. Umlinganiselo wemithetho yerekhodi kawonke-wonke uye wanda ukuze uquke iirekhodi ze-elektroniki, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, kunye nezinye iingxoxo zamanani, zidala iingxaki ezintsha zolawulo nothothotho lweerekhodi.

Ukulungelelanisa ukubonakala kwengxelo nenkxalabo yangasese, iimfuno zokhuseleko, kunye nemithwalo yolawulo kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ukukhutshwa kweerekhodi zikawonke-wonke kufuneka kusetyenziswe ngocoselelo ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezisemthethweni zemfihlo ngoxa kugcinwa imbono yokuba abantu bangene.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekuchondweni Kwabantu Bonke Nakubemi Balapho

Izenzo ezininzi zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zifuna ukuba abantu bachotshelwe phambi kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo zokugqibela.

Ngaphandle kokuchongwa okusemthethweni, oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baye bamisela iindlela ezongezelelekileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke njengeekomiti zobumi, amabhunga asekuhlaleni, iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, neeplatfomu ezithenjiswa kwi-intanethi. Ezi nkqubo zokwabelana zinokuphucula ukwenziwa kwesigqibo ngokubandakanya iimbono ezahlukeneyo nokwakha inkxaso karhulumente.

Ukuphumelela kokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kuxhomekeke kumathuba afanelekileyo okungenelela, ukusabela kwizinto zikawonke-wonke, nokunxibelelana ngokucacileyo ngendlela eziphenjelelwa ngayo izigqibo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kokuzingisa okuqhutywa ngemisetyenzana ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimbono zikawonke-wonke kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Amandla okunyanzelisa kunye nonikezelo lwekhowudi

Ukuba negunya lokumisela imithetho kubaluleke kuphela ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banamacebo okuqinisekisa ukuba bayathobela.

Ukuhlolwa Nophando

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokuqhuba uhlolo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuyahambisana nemithetho yokwakha, imimiselo yempilo, imithetho yokwahlula amatyala, kunye nezinye iimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Igunya lohlolo-mthetho kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngokuhambelana nemigaqo-siseko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna imvume, imvume, okanye iimeko ezichaphazelekayo.

Amagosa omthetho, abahloli bokwakha, abahloli bezonyango, nabanye abasebenzi abalawulayo benza uhlolo kunye nophando.

Umthetho osebenzayo ufuna ukuba abasebenzi, uqeqesho, kunye noovimba abafanelekileyo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uzama ukulondoloza iinkqubo zokulondoloza umgangatho womsebenzi ngenxa yokungahlawulwa koqingqo-mali, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyanzelweni komthetho okhethayo okanye ekuxhomekekeni kwiinkqubo zokuhlola eziqhutyelwa phambili kuncedo lombane.

Ityala kunye nokucaciswa kolawulo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangamisela izigwebo zolawulo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, ngokunjalo ngokufaka okanye ngokuqaphela inkqubo yokwaphula. Ityala lisenokuquka ifashoni, umyalelo wokulungisa ukwaphulwa, imiyalelo yokumisa umsebenzi, okanye ukuchithwa kwamaphepha-mvume okanye imvume.

Imigaqo efunekayo isebenza kumthetho wolawulo, kuquka isaziso sokuphulwa kwamalungelo okutyholwa, amathuba okusabela, namalungelo okubhena. Amaziko amaninzi alawulayo aye amisela iinkqubo zokuva kwimithetho engqubanayo, enika enye indlela esebenzayo kumthetho owiswe kwimicimbi yokunyanzelisa.

Imali ehlawulweyo nesohlwayo kufuneka ibe nengqiqo kwaye ilungelelene noko kwaphulwa. Imali-ncopho egqithisileyo ingacelw'i ngomngeni njengengagunyaziswanga, kwaye ukunyanzelisa kufuneka kusetyenziswe rhoqo ukuze kuphetshwe ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye ucalucalulo.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwezogwebo

Xa ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo kunganele, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokufuna ukunyangwa kwemithetho egwebayo, imiyalelo yenkundla efuna ukuthotyelwa, kunye nesohlwayo samakhaya. Ukumangalelwa ngetyala kusenokufumaneka ngenxa yokwaphulwa okunzulu okanye okuzenzekelayo, nangona ukunyanzeliswa kwamapolisa kungaxhaphakanga kakhulu ekuphuleni umthetho.

Amandla okuhlasela avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bathethe ngezinto ezisongela impilo yoluntu okanye ukhuseleko. Oku kusenokuquka igunya lokumisa izakhiwo eziyingozi, ukususa inkunkuma, iingozi zemekobume, okanye kwiimeko ezimandundu, ukudiliza izakhiwo. Iindleko zokukhutshwa kwemichiza zinokujongwa nxamnye nepropati njengenkohliso.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kusenokuba kukuchitha ixesha kwaye kubiza imali eninzi, kukwenza kube yinto yokugqibela ekufuneka yenziwe xa kukho ukwaphulwa. Iinkqubo zonyanzelo-mthetho ezinempumelelo zigxininisa ukuthobela imfundo noncedo lokuzithandela, ukunyuka komthetho kuphela xa kuyimfuneko.

Iimbambano Ezimandundu Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni ayaqhubeka eguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezezobugcisa.

Utyekelo lokuzicinezela lukaRhulumente

Ukuyekwa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izikhululo zikarhulumente zakwalela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukulawula kwiindawo ezifana nomvuzo omncinci, ukuhlawulwa kwekhefu lokugula, imipu, iingxowa zeplastiki, iirente eziqeshiweyo ezifutshane, kunye nezibonelelo zezokunxibelelana. Oku kuye kwadala ingxoxo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kobufanano borhulumente kunye nozimele-melo.

Abaxhasi bokucinezelwa bathi ithintela umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemimiselo yasekuhlaleni engqubanayo ethwesa amashishini nabantu abasebenza ngaphaya kwemimandla. Abahlalutyi bathi ukucinezela kuthoba idemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni kwaye kuthintela abantu ekuthetheni ngenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ngendlela ebonisa imilinganiselo neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Amadabi angomthetho nakwezopolitiko amalunga nokukhululwa asenokuqhubeka njengoko amazwe nemimandla isebenzisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolwamaphulo atsha. Iziphumo zezi mpikiswano ziza kuchaphazela ubukhulu becala ulawulo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ulawulo lobuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo lwamanani

Utshintsho lobugcisa ludala ucelomngeni olutsha namathuba amatsha amagosa karhulumente ongingqi. Iziphumo ezifana nokulawula ukukhwela iinkonzo, iirente eziqengqelekayo, iimoto ezizimeleyo, kunye nezibonelelo zezixhobo ezizizi-5G ziphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela asebenza ngayo amandla karhulumente asekuhlaleni kubugcisa obutsha.

Iinkqubo zesixeko ezikrelekrele ezisebenzisa izivo, ulwazi olunenkcazelo, kunye neeplatfomu zobugcisa zokuphucula ukuhanjiswa kweenkonzo kunye nolawulo lwezixeko ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelele ulwazi oluyimfihlo, ukungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, kunye nokungalingani kwamanani. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise le mibandela nangona esoloko engenagunya elicacileyo elisemthethweni okanye ubuchule bobugcisa.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 se-ofix yokwamkela ngokukhawuleza izixhobo zekhompyutha zeentlanganiso ezikude, kwi-intanethi evumela, ukuva kwasesidlangalaleni, nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yamanani. Olu tshintsho luye lwenza urhulumente wafikeleleka ngakumbi ngandlel ’ ithile ngoxa lunyusa inkxalabo ngokulingana kwamanani nokulahleka kwezivumelwano zoluntu.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinziswa Kwayo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa ngamandla abo okulawula nokuceba ukulungisa imozulu nokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemozulu. Oku kuquka ukwamkela imigangatho yokwakha eluhlaza, iimfuno zamandla avuselelweyo, izibonelelo zezithuthi zombane, kunye namanyathelo okuzivumelanisa nemozulu.

Igunya elisemthethweni lemisebenzi yemozulu liyahluka ngokwemeko-bume, amanye amazwe ekhuthaza okanye efuna ucwangciso lwemozulu yasekuhlaleni lo gama amanye etyumza imimiselo ethile yemeko-bume yasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzise le ndlela inzima yomthetho xa bephendula iimfuno zemozulu.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuphakamisa iingxaki ezithile njengoko oorhulumente bengingqi kufuneka bacebe baze baphendule kwiingxangxasi ezithe kratya, kwimililo yemililo, kwimililo yobushushu, nakwezinye imozulu ezichaphazela imozulu. Oku kusenokufuna iindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa umgaqo, ingeniso yezibonelelo kunye nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka ezivavanya imida yegunya likarhulumente lasekuhlaleni.

Imithetho Esesikweni

Ukuqwalasela ngakumbi ukulingana kweentlanga, ubulungisa bezoqoqosho, kunye nokubandakanya abantu kushukumisela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bahlolisise indlela amagunya abo asetyenziswa ngayo nokuba ngaba imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemikhwa iyaqhubeka okanye inkcubeko. Oku kuquka ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho edibanisa iziphumo ezisenokubakho, ukuhlaziywa komthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kufikelelwe kwiinkonzo nakumathuba afanelekileyo.

Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bamkela iinkqubo ezilinganayo, benza uphando olungafaniyo, baza basebenzisa iinkqubo zokujoliswe kuzo ukuchaza imbali engekho mthethweni. Igunya elingokwasemthethweni laloo manyathelo ahlukeneyo, kwaye eminye imigudu iye yajamelana neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ezisekelwe kukhuseleko olulinganayo okanye kwezinye izinto ezisekelwe kumgaqo-siseko.

Ukulungelelanisa usukelo lokulungelelana kunye nezithintelo ezisemthethweni nezilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo kuselucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise imigaqo-nkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ehambelana nemigaqo-siseko ehambelana ngokulinganayo ngoxa ehambisana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko kwaye aphephe iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yabemi Neyoshishino

Ukuqonda amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohlala, osebenza okanye oziphetheyo.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Neembopheleleko Zakho

Abemi namashishini kufuneka baqonde oko urhulumente wasekuhlaleni anokukufuna nokungenakukufuna kubo. Oku kuquka ukwazi oko kufuneka ukuze kwenziwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo, ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo esebenza ekusetyenzisweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwempahla, nokuba yiyiphi irhafu nerhafu emele ihlawulwe.

Kukwathetha nokuqonda amalungelo okuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ekufikeleleni iingxelo zikarhulumente, nasekucel ’ umngeni izenzo zikarhulumente ezisenokungavumelekanga okanye ezingaphaya kwegunya lasekuhlaleni. Abemi abanolwazi bayakwazi ukuqhubana ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wasekuhlaleni baze bakhusele izilangazelelo zabo.

Xa kuvela iimbambano norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ukuqonda ummandla wegunya lasekuhlaleni kunganceda ekuboneni enoba urhulumente usebenza ngaphantsi kwamagunya akhe na, naziphi iinyango ezikhoyo. Oku kusenokubandakanya izibheno zolawulo, imingeni yenkundla, okanye inyathelo lezobupolitika lokuguqula imigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukubandakanyeka Kulawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda indlela amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo kunceda ukuba nenxaxheba enenjongo ngakumbi ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke wonke, kunyulo nakwezinye iinkqubo zezentlalo.

Abahlali banokuphembelela indlela amagunya asekuhlaleni asetyenziswa ngayo ngovotelo lwasekuhlaleni, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ngokukhonza kwiikomiti zonyulo, nokunxibelelana namagosa anyuliweyo. Kumagunya olawulo lwamakhaya, abemi basenokuba nezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo ezifana nokuqalisa, ukuthatha i-assendum, nokukhumbula ukubumba inkqubo yasekuhlaleni ngqo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya likarhulumente lasekuhlaleni ukuguqula urhulumente, qha, nokuba ufuna amandla athe chatha ukusingatha inkxalabo okanye imiqathango yorhulumente exhotyisiweyo.

Iimfuno Zokuthobela Ulawulo

Amashishini kunye nabanini-mpahla kufuneka basebenzise imimiselo entsonkothileyo yasekuhlaleni echaphazela yonke into ukususela ekwakheni ukuya kumsebenzi woshishino. Ukuqonda ukuba ngowuphi urhulumente wongingqi olawula imicimbi ethile kwaye yintoni efunekayo ukuze kuthotyelwe kunye nokugqitywa kweprojekthi ngempumelelo.

Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kudla ngokubandakanya ukudibana kwasekuqaleni nabasebenzi abacwangcisayo, ukuqonda iinkqubo zenkqubo kunye nemigaqo yexesha, kunye nokwakha ulwalamano namagosa kunye nabaxhasi bengingqi. Ukuthembisana ngokuqhutywa kwekhompyutha kunganceda ekuboneni nasekucombululeni iingxaki ezinokuba yimiqobo.

Xa iimfuno zasekuhlaleni zibonakala zingekho ngqiqweni okanye zingaphaya kwegunya elingokwasemthethweni, zisenokuquka ukufuna izinto ezingafaniyo okanye ezingekho mthethweni, ukuxubusha namagosa, ukucel ’ umngeni kwiinkqubo zolawulo okanye zogwebo, okanye ukufuna utshintsho kwimigaqo - siseko yasekuhlaleni ngemijelo yezobupolitika.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo bafuna ukuqinisa ukuqonda kwabo amagunya karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Iingingqi zikamasipala kunye namaqumrhu kamasipala anika ulwazi oluchanekileyo kwisakhiwo somthetho sombuso ngamnye. Iintlangano ezifana ne uManyano loMazwe eDolobhaka, i-[FLT] National Association of Countaries, kunye ne- International City/Coveliance Management Association inikela uphando, uqeqesho, kunye noovimba kumthetho kunye nokuqhelisa.

Imithetho karhulumente, imithetho yasekuhlaleni nemithetho, nezigwebo zenkundla ezitolika igunya likarhulumente zingumthombo oyintloko womthetho ochaza oko oorhulumente banokukwenza.

Amaziko afundisayo, amaqumrhu, kunye nemibutho karhulumente elungileyo yenza uphando kunye nokupapasha iingxelo ngegunya likarhulumente, ulawulo lwasekhaya, ulwalamano lorhulumente nendawo, kunye nemixholo enxulumene nalo. Ezi zixhobo zinganikela uhlalutyo olunzulu kunye nembono yothelekiso ngendlela amagunya ahlukeneyo asondela ngayo kumagunya karhulumente.

Amagosa karhulumente, amagqwetha akhetha umthetho kamasipala, nemibutho yezentlalo-ntle inganikela ukhokelo kwimibuzo ethile ngegunya likarhulumente lasekuhlaleni kwimimandla ethile. Ukwakha ulwazi ngamagunya karhulumente kusemgangathweni oluntu kuseyinkqubo eqhubekayo engenelwayo kwimithombo emininzi neembono ezininzi.

Isiphelo

Amagunya asemthethweni esixeko noorhulumente bamaphondo aseka isiseko solawulo lwasekuhlaleni kulo lonke elaseUnited States. La magunya, anikwa ngumgaqo-siseko nemithetho, avumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba banikele iinkonzo eziyimfuneko, balawule impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, balawule inkqubela-phambili, kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Enoba asebenza phantsi kwesiseko esingqongqo soLawulo lweDillon okanye ulawulo lwasekhaya, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo elichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngendlela enzulu.

Ukuqonda amagunya karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuna ulungelelwaniso olunzima lwemeko engokwasemthethweni olwahlukileyo ngokombuso nangokolawulo. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente nolawulo lobulali, umlinganiselo wegunya lolawulo, imida ebekwe ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokukhutshwa korhulumente, kunye nendlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke wonke ngendlela osetyenziswa ngayo urhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Njengoko abantu bejamelene neengxaki eziphenjelelwa kukutshintsha kwezobugcisa, impembelelo yemozulu, inkxalabo yokungalingani, kunye nokutshintsha kwemiba yabemi, umbuzo woko kunokwenziwa ngoorhulumente basekuhlaleni nokufuneka bakwenze uhlala ubalulekile. Abahlali abanolwazi, abafaki-nxaxheba, namagosa asabelayo onke adlala iindima ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni asetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, ngokusemthethweni, nakumsebenzi wobuntlalo-ntle.

Ngokuqonda isiseko somthetho segunya likarhulumente, abemi namashishini bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle imigaqo yolawulo, babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, baze baphendule amagosa ngendlela asebenzisa ngayo amandla abawaphathisiweyo. Olu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okubumba ikamva labo ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho kunye nokusebenzisana namanye amanqanaba karhulumente.