Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo LwaseMerika

Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo entsonkothileyo yomgaqo-siseko esasaza igunya kumaziko, imigangatho, nakubadlali abaninzi. Esi sakhiwo sayilwa ngabom ngowe-1787 ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla ngoxa kusenza siphumelele ukhokelo lwesizwe. Abafundi, abafundisi-mathengi, nabemi abatshateneyo, ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela izigqibo zenkqubo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela imithetho esebenza ngayo, nendlela amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwa ngayo.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, umisela imigaqo esisiseko ekhokela lonke inyathelo likarhulumente. Udala iriphabliki apho amagosa anyuliweyo amela abantu, anika inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngeBhili yamaLungelo, kwaye anikezela iindlela zokulungisa nokutshintsha kunye nokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Inkqubo eyavela kwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia elungelelanisa izilangazelelo eziphikisanayo: ulawulo olukhulu olumelene nolawulo oluncinane, igunya lorhulumente elimelene nolongamo lorhulumente, kunye nolawulo oluninzi oluphikisana namalungelo amancinane.

Ukuqonda olu lawulo lwezicwangciso kuba luchaphazela ngqo zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika i— ukusuka kumgangatho weendlela nezikolo ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo, banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, bagcine amagosa ekhethelwe ukuphendula, kwaye bamele ukutshintsha okunentsingiselo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlulwe wangamasebe amathathu alinganayo: iGaqo-siseko, iSilawuli, kunye neJaji. Olu lwahlulo lwahlulo lwamandla luqinisekisa ukuba akukho siko ngalinye linolawulo olunye. Isebe ngalinye linobukho bemithetho eyahlukileyo, kwaye ngalinye lingawahlola amandla amanye amabini. Le nkqubo yokwabelana ngegunya lilelona lamanqanaba omgaqo-siseko wezomgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Isebe loMthetho

ISebe loMthetho, elamiselwa liQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho karhulumente. Liyilwe ngamagumbi amabini adibanisayo abumba iKhomishini yaseUnited States. Esi sakhiwo se-bimeral sasikulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu, ayefuna ukumelelwa okusekelwe kubemi, nakumazwe amancinane, afuna umelo olulinganayo.

  • Indlu yabameli: Igumbi elisezantsi linamalungu ovota angama-45 anezihlalo ezikwabiwa phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kuluntu njengoko kumiselwe ngubalo lwabemi beminyaka edlulileyo. Ummeli ngamnye ukhonza igama leminyaka emibini, enza igumbi libe lisabela ngqo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Abameli mabaneminyaka engama-25 ubudala, ummi wase-U.S. iminyaka esixhenxe, kunye nomnye ummi welizwe abamelelwe kulo. Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokukhupha iindleko zengeniso kunye nokungaququki kwamagosa angoorhulumente, kuquka noMongameli.
  • Igumbi eliphezulu liquka ii-senator ezilishumi kunye ne-100, nelizwe ngalinye elinelungelo lokufumana ama-senator amabini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, nekota enye yeCatago Phezulu qho nyaka ngamnye. Olu cwangciso lonyulo luxakekeyo lunika ukuqhubekeka nozinzo. Amaqumrhu kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-30 ubudala, ummi wase-U.S. ummi wesizwe umela iminyaka elithoba. ICandelo libamba amandla apheleleyo ukuqinisekisa ukudibana komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-raving, zinika izintlumbini ezivumayo.

IBhunga lineziqu ezidweliswe kumagunya achazwe kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8, kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi kwemimandla, ukusungula imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa, nokuseka ii-ofisi zasemva. I-Ilifact kunye ne-Fathernet Claus, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiEllastic Clause, inika iBhunga igunya lokumisela imithetho efunekayo ukuqhuba amagunya adwelisweyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho kwiimeko.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala xa ilungu lingenisa irejista yemali kuzo zonke iigumbi. Ngoko ityala lihamba ngohlolo lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, kufuneka udlule omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo kwaye utyikitywe nguMongameli. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iBhunga linokuyikhupha iveto ngevoti ezimbini-3 kuzo zombini iigumbi.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, elamiselwa liQumrhu II lomGaqo-siseko, linembopheleleko yokumisa nokumisela imithetho karhulumente. Likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente.

  • President: UMongameli unyulwa ngegama elithatha iminyaka emine esebenzisa inkqubo ye-Electoral College kwaye ulinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini phantsi koMphengululi wama-22. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-iNkululo weMikhosi exhobileyo, unamandla okunika iiReprievs kunye nokuxolela iingxwabangxs, izivumelwano nezinye izizwe, kwaye umisela abagwebi borhulumente, iijaji, neentloko zesebe eliphetheyo ngecebiso kunye nemvume. Kwakhona uMongameli uthumela iLimo lonyaka le-Uni yoMbutho we-Union Union kwaye uyakwazi ukuhlanganisa okanye ukukhupha iiKhosa kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga.
  • Umongameli weVinformation: UMongameli onguMongameli onyulwa kwithikithi elifanayo noMongameli kwaye ukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, evota ngokudibanisa iintambo xa kuyimfuneko. UMongameli oPhathiswayo uqala kumgca womongameli wokulandelelana kwaye uthatha umongameli ukuba uMongameli uyafa, uyarhoxa, okanye ususiwe eofisini.
  • IKhabhinethi iquka uMongameli onguMongameli kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengoRhulumente, uKhuselo, uBulungisele, kunye nemfundo. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiselwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Asebenza njengentloko-mikhosi yamaziko awo.

Isebe eliLawulayo likwaquka amasebe amaninzi, iiofisi, neeofisi ezizalisekisa iinkqubo nemigaqo ethile. Ezi ziquka i-Arhente yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume, iBhodi yeSizwe ye-Aeronautics kunye noLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu. I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali inceda uMongameli ekulungiseleleni uqingqo-mali nolawulo lombutho wesizwe.

UMongameli wenza impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiqumrhu lolawulo lorhulumente ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, elinamandla omthetho kodwa elimele limiselwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye amandla omgaqo-siseko. Imiyalelo yegunya eliPhezulu ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule imisebenzi karhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho, nangona isenokucelw'ilwa enkundlani okanye iphendulwe ngulawulo olulandelayo.

Isebe Lejaji

ISebe lezeejaji, elamiselwa liQumrhu III lomGaqo-siseko, lichaza imithetho karhulumente lize liqinisekise ukuba iyavumelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Liquka inkqubo yezobucukubhede beenkundla zephondo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo encotsheni yayo.

  • Inkundla ephezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo eUnited States iquka isalathisi esisithoba — iJaji enye ePhakamileyo kunye nezigwebi ezisibhozo ezinxulumeneyo. Amalungisa atyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswa yiBhunga, ekhonza ukumiselwa kobomi bomntu ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle. Kulo bomi ingcebiso elibakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ilondoloza inkululeko yezomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo inemithetho yokuqala phezu kwamatyala abandakanya oomatilamsi namazwe, kodwa owona msebenzi wayo ubalulekileyo ngulawulo lwezikhundla, ukuva izibheno zenkundla ezisezantsi zorhulumente neenkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente.
  • IiNkundla zoMmandla woMmandla woManyano: Ijaji yephondo iquka iinkundla zesithili ezingama-94, ezizinkundla zamatyala apho kuqalisa khona amatyala, kunye neenkundla ezili-13 zezibheno, eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Iinkundla zesithili zisingatha amatyala asekuhlaleni nawolwaphulo-mthetho omthetho. Iinkundla zezibheno, ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesiphalukazi, zihlola izigqibo zenkundla zesithili zezoburhulumente zeempazamo ezisemthethweni kodwa aziqhubeli zityala ezintsha. Inkundla yezibheno zeSibheno zeQeqeqesi ezingo zoQelaniso eziqu ezibandakanya imicimbi ekhethekileyo, urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neezivumelwano zikarhulumente.
  • IiNkundla ezithe ngqo: imisele iinkundla ezizodwa zokusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala, kuquka iNkundla yerhafu yase-U.S., iNkundla yeNkundla yeQhinga leNtshona Koloni, iNkundla ye-U.S. yeNkqutyana ye-International Traders, kunye neNkundla yeZibheno zeNkulwano zeNkulwano. Ezi nkundla zinemithetho elinganiselweyo kunye neendawo zobugcisa ezifuna ubuchule obuthile.

Amandla ohlalutyo logwebo lwe-— igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo eziphetheyo ezingamiselwanga kwityala elisiCwangciso le-Marbury v. Madison. Eli gunya lenza ijaji ibe luvavanyo olunamandla kwamanye amasebe, nangona iinkundla zithintela ngokugqiba ngeemeko kunye neempikiswano, hayi imibuzo engoqikelelo.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yinkqubo apho isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lingawamisela umlinganiselo amandla amanye. Le ndlela ithintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni igunya eligqithisileyo nemikhosi yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe.

  • IBhunga eliLawulayo lineeNkqutyana eziPhawulayo: IBhunga lingawulawula umongameli kunye nama-vetos ababini-mithathu abaninzi kuwo omagumbi omabini. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwa izivumelwano zomongameli kwaye liseka izivumelwano zobungangameli. IBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali lwemali kwaye lingayeki ukuxhasa amanyathelo olawulo oluphezulu. Indlu ingawuthintela uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente orhulumente ngenxa yokuvukela, ukunyotywa, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho ophezulu kunye nempazamo enkulu; iBhunga libamba ityala ityala kwaye linokususa amagosa ngevoti ezimbini. Ikomiti iyakwazi ukuphanda izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kwiikomiti zokuphulaphula neekomiti ze-Phopena.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo: imisela ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nesakhiwo seenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyala amatyala. IBhunga linokucebisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho egqwethelwayo ukubhukuqa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. IBhunga likwanokungagqeba abagwebi bephondo ngenxa yehambo ephosakeleyo.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali eMthethweni: UMongameli angarhoxa amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga, nangona ukubotshwa kwendlela ephambili kufuna ivoti yesithathu esibini. UMongameli angabiza iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo kwaye angacebisa umthetho. UMongameli ongumongameli angalwaphula amavoti kwiBhunga.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeSebe loLawulo: UMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. UMongameli anganika ii-paprice kunye nokuxolelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho lwesizwe, olunokuthi ngokunempumelelo lubhukuqe izigwebo zobulungisa. UMongameli uyalela iSebe leJaji loMasi apho kumele kulandelwe khona amatyala.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] IiNkundla ze-judicial Iikhangela kwiMithetho: zingabetha imithetho njengengavumelaniyo ngohlolo lwezomthetho. Abagwebi bomanyano basebenza njengemitshato yobomi bonke, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yemithetho.
  • [[NTLA] Iingqikelelo ze-judicial kuMphathi-mikhosi: Iinkundla zingavakalisa izenzo zolawulo ezichaseneyo nomthetho wesizwe. IiNkundla zingakhupha imimiselo yokuthintela izenzo zegunya. Inkundla ePhakamileyo inegama lokugqibela elingobukho behambo yobumongameli.

Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo yokuphathana ithetha ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo lufuna ukuba kuvumelane kakhulu kuwo onke amaziko amaninzi. Abalawuli bakholelwa ukuba olu khuphono luza kukhusela inkululeko ngokwenza kube nzima ukuba nawaphi na amaqumrhu ukubamba ulawulo lukarhulumente uphela.

Umanyano Nokwahlulwa Kwamandla

Umanyano lulwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukwahluka-hluka kwemigaqo-nkqubo, ukuvavanya umgangatho karhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwimicimbi enokubaluleka kwengingqi.

UMgaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe amandla athile adwelisweyo, ngoxa ubeka onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu ngoMphetho-mda we-10. Eli lungiselelo lidala imimandla eyahlukeneyo yegunya:

  • Amagunya kaRhulumente wesizwe: urhulumente wezwe usingatha imicimbi yesizwe, kuquka i-lorth, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, ukufuduka, urhwebo lwamazwe, ukurhoxa kolawulo, ukurhwebelana kwamalungelo kunye neenkonzo zeposi. USupremacy Claus umisela ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthathe indawo yokuqala kumthetho ongqubanayo xa iBhunga lisebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya layo lomGaqo-siseko.
  • Urhulumente weSizwe ulawula imicimbi yoRhulumente: Amazwe alawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kuquka imfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, ezothutho, ukugcinwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wempahla, umthetho weentsapho, kunye nobuchule bokugunyazisa imigaqo-siseko. Urhulumente ngamnye unomthetho wakhe, indlu yowiso-mthetho, irhuluneli, irhuluneli, kunye nenkqubo yenkundla. Amazwe akwaqhuba unyulo lweofisi karhulumente, phantsi kolwalathiso lwequmrhu.
  • [[NTL:0] Amandla akhoyo: Oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente bangawasebenzisa amandla athile ngexesha elinye, kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, kunye nokulawula ukugcinwa kwebhanki.

UbuFrefelism buye bavela ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Irepublic yokuqala yabonisa uburhulumente boburhulumente obumabini, obunemigca ecacileyo phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelorhulumente. Iminyaka yeNew Decle yazisa uburhulumente bentsebenziswano, apho oorhulumente besizwe ne-orhulumente basebenza kunye ngokuhambelana kwiinjongo zomgaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zeNkundla, iinkqubo, kunye nemiyalelo karhulumente iye yandisa igunya lesizwe kwiindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, kunye nezonyango.

Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya lesizwe nelorhulumente lusaqhubeka luyinxalenye ephambili yezobupolitika zaseMerika. Iingxoxo zorhulumente ngokumayela norhulumente zibandakanya imibandela enjengeyokuhlaziywa komjumba, ukunyanzelisa abafuduki, ulawulo lwezonyango, nemigangatho yemfundo. Urhulumente usoloko esebenza njengeebhula-bhulukhwe zedemokhrasi, evavanya iinkqubo ezintsha ngaphambi kokuba zisasaze ilizwe lonke.

Imicimbi Yezobupolitika Nenkqubo Yonyulo

Amaqela ezobupolitika awakhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko, ukanti aye abaluleka kulawulo lwamaMerika. Inkqubo eneenxalenye ezimbini, elawulwa yiDemocratic Party kunye neRiphablikian Party, ibumba indlela abakhethwa ngayo abathathi-nxaxheba, indlela eqhutywa ngayo amaphulo, nendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo.

Iqela ledemocratic: Ngokuqhelekileyo elinxulumene nezikhundla eziqhubela phambili nezikhululekileyo, iDidemocratic Party ixhasa indima enkulu kurhulumente kwimimandla enjengeyonyango, imfundo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nentlalo-ntle yentlalo. IDemocrat ityekele ekuxhaseni iirhafu eziphezulu kubantu abazizityebi nakwiinkampani ukuxhasa iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke, kwaye igxininisa amalungelo abantu, amalungelo omsebenzi, kunye nenkxaso-mali.

IParathi yeRepublica: Ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene nezikhundla ezithe rhoqo, iRiphablikian Party abameli borhulumente olinganiselweyo, iirhafu eziphantsi, imigaqo-siseko yezorhwebo, kunye nokhuselo olunamandla lwesizwe. IiRiphabliki zityekele ekugxininiseni imbopheleleko yomntu ngamnye, amaphondo i’ amalungelo, kunye namaxabiso aqhelekileyo entlalo. Iqela lixhasa ukupheliswa kweshishini kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ezingquzukisa urhulumente.

Inkqubo yonyulo eUnited States intsonkothile yaye ilungelelanisiwe. Unyulo lomanyano lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, xa zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingama- 435 kunye nezihlalo ezimalunga nesithathu zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso zikhuphiswano. Unyulo loMongameli luyenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emine, nomvuzi ogqibekileyo ujoliswe kungekhona ngevoti ethandwayo kodwa yiElectoral College. Urhulumente ngamnye ufumana iivoti zonyulo olulingana nomelo lwayo lonke, kwaye umbathisi ufuna iivoti ezingama-70770 ezivoti zokhetho ukuze awine umongameli.

Urhulumente kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni lweerhuluneli, abamisi-mthetho, oosodolophu, kunye namabhunga kamasipala ayenzeka ngemimiselo eyahlukeneyo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo, ezifana neenyathelo zokhetho kunye nee-assendum, ezivumela abavoti ukuba bamisele imithetho ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokusebenza kwemithetho.

Amalungelo okurhoxa kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. UMthetho woMyelelo we-15 walwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, uMphengululo we-19 wanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota, uMphengululo wama-24 waphelisa irhafu, yaye uMphetho-mda wama-26 wanciphisa inzala yokuvota ibe li-18. UMthetho wamaLungelo wamaLungelo owe-1965 okhuselwe ngakumbi ngabavoti abambalwa ngokungathobeli. Iingxoxo zokuvota ngokuchasa zibandakanya imibandela enjengemithetho yokuchola, ukungena kovota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, ukungena kwe-posi ebhacengwa, kunye nezenzo zokurhoxila.

Inkqubo yoHlomelo noTshintsho loMgaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko uquka inkqubo yokulungisa okusesikweni okuvumela utshintsho ngexa kufunwa uvumelaniso olubanzi. Utshintsho lungacetyiswa ngevoti yamagumbi amabini anesithathu eBhunga okanye ngendibano ebizwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu zikarhulumente. I-Ratiation ifuna imvume ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu okanye ngeendibano zikarhulumente, njengoko iBhunga limisela.

Le nkqubo ifuna ingqwalaselo iye yavelisa iinguqu ezingama-72 kuphela kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230. Iziphumo zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo, zavunywa ngowe - 1791 yaye zaqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko equka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo neyokuhlanganisana; ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo; ukukhusela ukuphandwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqisiyo; kwanelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.

Ukupheliswa kwesigqibo kamva kwaphelisa ubukhoboka, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba kukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho, kwagunyaziswa irhafu yengeniso eqhubekayo, kwalungiselelwa unyulo olungqalileyo lwamaqumrhu eengingqi, kwaza kwamiselwa imida yegama elingqalileyo lobumongameli. UMthetho o-Awulinganiyo wamaLungelo, owawuza kuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini, wacetyiswa kodwa awuzange ugunyaziswe ngamagunya aneleyo.

Ngaphandle kokutshintshwa okusesikweni, umGaqo-siseko uyatshintsha ngokucaciswa kwezagwebo, ukwenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo etshintshayo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziphinda zichaze amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukuphendula iimeko ezintsha, ngelixa iNkqutyana inika imithetho ecacisa imigaqo esekelwe kumGaqo-siseko. Ezi nguqu zingacwangciswanga zivumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungelelanise ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukupheliswa okunzima.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nembopheleleko Yesabelo Sesizwe

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi nababolewe. Inkqubo ye-U.S. inika amathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba ngaphandle kokuvota. Izakhamuzi zinokuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ziye kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, zisebenze kwimibutho yezeejaji, zisebenze ngamatsha - ntliziyo kwimibutho yezobupolitika, zinikele ngezizathu, zize zibe nenxaxheba kwimilo yoxolo nokuziqhatha.

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba nenkululeko yokuthetha, ekhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, yenza abemi bakwazi ukufikelela inkcazelo baze bavakalise iimbono zabo ngaphandle kokuhlolisiswa ngurhulumente. Ibutho labantu elimanyeneyo, kuquka imibutho engafumani ngeniso, amaqela ajongene nemicimbi yoluntu, imibutho yoluntu, kunye nemicimbi yonqulo, lilungiselela iindlela zokusebenza ngokumanyeneyo kunye nokubophelana kwebutho labantu.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, isiseko sikarhulumente sokuqonda sinyathelo lokuqala. Ukusebenzisa olu lwazi ngeemfaniso zeklasi, iinkqubo zengxoxo, urhulumente wabafundi, kunye nemisebenzi yokufundisa umsebenzi wenkonzo kuphuhlisa ubuchule obufunekayo ukuze ube ngummi ophumelelayo. Iinkqubo ezifundisa abantu ukufunda nokubhala zinceda abemi balapho bahlole inkcazelo baze baqonde iimpazamo.

Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika ixhomekeke kwisizukulwana ngasinye i’ imbopheleleko yokuqonda nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Xa abemi beyiqonda inkqubo ye-’ uyilo, bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle ukuntsonkotha kwayo kwaye basebenzele ekuphuculweni okuhambelana nemilinganiselo yabo.

Ukuthelekisa Inkqubo yase-U.S. kunye nezinye Iinkqubo

Ubume bukarhulumente wase-U.S. bahluke kakhulu kwezinye iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini jikelele. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zingafaniyo kunika imbono kulawulo lwaseMerika kwaye kubalaselisa ukhetho olusekelwe kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente, ezifana nezo zikwiUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, naseJamani, inkqubo ye-U.S. iyahlula amasebe aphetheyo nawowiso-mthetho. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi-nkulu ukhethwa kwiqela elininzi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye unokususwa ngokuvota kokungaqiniseki. Oku kudityaniswa kwamagunya kusoloko kwenza ukuba umsebenzi womthetho usebenze ngokukhawuleza kodwa kugxininise ngakumbi kwigunya.

Inkqubo yobumongameli wase-U.S. inento yokwenza nesikhulu esiphezulu esinyuliweyo esinegama elisisigxina elisisigxina, esidala uzinzo olungakumbi kodwa sikwanobungozi obukhulu bomngxuma ofileyo xa umongameli kunye neBhunga lilawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo. Ubuchule boMongameli bomthetho weveto kunye neNdlu ye-’ amandla okuthintela ukumiselwa kunye nezivumelwano zidala amanqaku amaninzi e-veto anokuthi acothe umsebenzi karhulumente.

Iinkqubo zomanyano zikho kwezinye idemokhrasi ezinkulu, kuquka iJamani, iOstreliya, neIndiya. La mazwe akwahlula-hlula igunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabommandla, nangona izabelo ezikhethekileyo zahlukene. Inkqubo karhulumente i-Alleman &rsquo inika amandla abalulekileyo kwi-L¨nder, ngelixa i-Indiya ’s nkqubo ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alawule oorhulumente phantsi kweemeko ezithile.

Inkqubo yecandelo le-U.S. elinamacala amabini iyahluka kwiinkqubo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo kwidemokhrasi yepalamente. Iinkqubo zomelo lwezabelo kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu zivumela amaqela amancinane aphumelele kwizihlalo zowiso-mthetho, zikhokelela kurhulumente abamanyeneyo. Inkqubo yesithili ye-U.S. kunye nelungu lokuqala lephepha lokuvota ixhasa ngokunamandla amaqela amabini amakhulu, avelisa umelo oluzinzileyo kodwa olungefaniyo ngengqiqo.

Olu thelekiso lutyhila ukuba akukho mzekelo mnye wedemokhrasi ophezulu emhlabeni wonke. Inkqubo nganye ibonisa imbali yelizwe layo i’ imilinganiselo, kunye neemeko zobupolitika. Inkqubo ye-U.S., igxininisa kwii-checks, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente, ibeka imilinganiselo yokuthintela ulawulo olugqithisileyo ngaphezu kokufikelela kwimpumelelo i-— ukhetho lwangabom lwabenzi befreyimi abaqhubeka bebumba ulawulo lwaseMelika namhlanje.