Ukwazisa: Uxwebhu oluchaza ukuba luyinto ephilayo

Xa iSecond Continental Congress yavuma iSindululo seNdebeko ngoJulayi 4, 1776, badala okungaphezulu kakhulu kokuqhekeka kwezobupolitika kwi-Great Britain. Olu xwebhu yiplani yentandabulumko eqhubeka ibumba indlela oorhulumente eUnited States((ne) ehlabathini lonke (create), ukutolika, nokunyanzela imithetho. Ngoxa iSindululo ngokwaso singabopheleli ngokomthetho, imigaqo yaso iye yafakwa kwilaphu lentloko-mthetho, ingqiqo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho, kunye nokumiselwa kwemithetho. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngayo iSindululo seLingelo ukwenza imithetho kufunekelwe ukungqubana okunzulu, iingcambulo, iingcambulo, kunye nempembelelo yaso eqhubekayo kuyo yonke into esuka kwinkundla elawula kumgaqo-mgalelo-siseko.

Umba ophambili wamandla asemthethweni esi Sindululo uxhomekeke ekuthetheni kwaso amalungelo emvelo: lawo andulela urhulumente yaye angenakuthatyathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi ngcamango zaguquka ngenkulungwane ye-18 kwaye zihlala zingunozala womthetho wedemokhrasi namhlanje. Amacandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo esi Sindululo esiye sayila ngazo isiseko somthetho, eUnited States nakwezinye iintlanga eziye zaphembelela amazwi aso.

Isiseko Sesi Sibhengezo Nesiseko Sembali Nemfundiso

Imithetho Yoluntu Nomthetho Wemvelo

Isiphumezi seSindululo esithi oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo asesikweni ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo kukubonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ephuhliswa ziingcali ezifana noJohn Locke. Kukhe Second Treating of Government[ [1689]), Locke waphikisa ukuba abantu banikezela inkululeko ethile kurhulumente ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo asisiseko kuphela, u-(ubomi), inkululeko, kunye nempahla. UThomas Jefferson wavumelana nale nto nolu lwabiwo lolonwabo, ukwandisa ingcamango yokuquka ukukhula, umbono okholisayo wokuchuma kwabantu.

Le ntanda-bulumko yomthetho wendalo isekelwe kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zicela iSindululo ukuba sithethelele imiqathango emagunyeni karhulumente. Umzekelo, umgaqo wokuba imithetho akufunekanga yaphule “amalungelo angenakuhlulwa” uye wasetyenziswa ukubetha imimiselo ehlutha abantu inkululeko, kwanaxa loo mithetho idluliswa ngabantu abaninzi. Isindululo sisebenza njengendlela yokuzithethelela ngokokuziphatha okungalinganiyo nayiphi umthetho olungileyo.

Uyilo luka Jefferson kunye no “Ukuzingca” iinyaniso

Ulawulo luka Jefferson luthi gqi qha, “Siziphethe ezi nyaniso ukuba zibonakale. `Inkundla ePhakamileyo, umzekelo, yawaphakamisa amalungelo adwelisweyo angaphaya koluvo nje. Luye lwakhankanywa kwiimbono ezininzi zezomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akukho senzo sowiso-mthetho sinokuwalawula. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, umzekelo, yabhekisa isindululo ku [FLT]][FLT] v.[5][6]

Impembelelo ethe ngqo kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States neBhili yamaLungelo

Ukusuka Kwisibhengezo Ukuya KumGaqo-siseko

Nangona isibhengezo sasingelulo uxwebhu olusebenza ngokusemthethweni, umGaqo-siseko wabhaliswa kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye kamva wakhiwa ngemigaqo yawo. Isaziso somGaqo-siseko ``Thina Abantu... sikhusela iintsikelelo zeLikhulu''''.) Isigqibo soluvo lokuba urhulumente ukho ukukhusela amalungelo. Abaqulunqi besakhiwo ngabom benza inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano, kunye nolawulo lolawulo lokuthintela ubuzwibebe bugwetyiwe. Enyanisweni, isigqibo sokuquka uBill of Rights ngo1791 sasiyimpendulo engqalileyo yokoyika ukuba urhulumente omtsha urhulumente ungayichasa amalungelo kaJavison.

ISindululo seNinth, esithi ubalo lwamalungelo athile aluyi kuhlula abanye abagcinwe ngabantu, lusoloko luchazwa njengesiqinisekiso esithe ngqo seSindululo samalungelo emvelo angakhutshwanga. Abaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni njengoRandy Barnett baphikisa ngelithi iSindululo seNinth sasinenjongo yokukhusela umbono weSindululo sokuba amalungelo akhoyo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngurhulumente. Ngalo ndlela, ukupheliswa kwamalungelo kungumGaqo-siseko okudibanisa iSindululo kuLawulo sangoku.

UmGaqo-siseko weSizwe njengomsebenzi

Phambi kokuba kuvele umGaqo-siseko wesizwe, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi oquka ngokucacileyo imigaqo yeSindululo. Umzekelo, iSindululo saMalungelo saseVirginia (1776) sasebenza njengemodeli yomsebenzi kaJefferson kwaye kamva sisebenza kwiSindululo samagunya esingurhulumente samalungelo. Namhlanje, umgaqo-siseko ngamnye uqulethe isindululo samalungelo abonisa ulwimi olukwisindululo sesizwe. Iinkundla zelizwe zisoloko zikhangela kwisindululo xa zitolika imigaqo-siseko sorhulumente, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokuphengulula, ukuthetha ngenkululeko, kunye nokukhusela okulinganayo. Lo mkhwa ubonisa indlela isindululo esingagunya elisemthethweni elisebenza ngayo ngenkqubo yesizwe nangesithethe.

Impembelelo Engangqalanga: Isibhengezo njengesixhobo sokuchaza

Izabelo zomthetho Neenjongo zika-Claus

Enye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngazo isindululo ukwenza imithetho kukufakwa kwezagalelo ezibhekisa ngqo kulwimi lwaso. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ikhupha umthetho ``ithetha ngamalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, okanye ukukhathalelwa kwempilo'." Isiqalo sesaziso sisoloko sicaphula okanye sishwankathelana iSindululo ukuchaza injongo ephantsi yomthetho yokuziphatha. Umzekelo, uMthetho wamaLungelo kaNontla owewaka ka1964 oqala ngokufumana izinto eziphazamisa ucalucalucalulo “lwe lwenkululeko nolinganayo” ngokunjalo, urhulumente omninzi uqala ukuchaza amalungelo alinganayo ngokukhuthaza inyaniso engqinelanayo yokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngohlobo olulinganayo.

Ezi zihlomelo azingomhombiso nje; zingabumba indlela iinkundla ezitolika ngayo ulwimi lomthetho oludidayo. Ngaphantsi “kwenjongo yecawa” yokutolika komthetho, abagwebi baqwalasela injongo epheleleyo yomthetho. Ukuba isiqalo sesaziso sicela isibhengezo, inkundla ingafunda amacandelo asebenzayo omthetho ngendlela eqhubela phambili ezo njongo zesiseko. Le mpembelelo engangqalanga inamandla, ingakumbi xa i-oyile yomthetho ishiya igumbi lokufunda izibalo ezininzi.

Iingcamango Zejaji “Nesithethe Sokwalatha”

Umanyano lwabagwebi besizwe nabagwebi besizwe baye bacaphula isindululo kumawaka eembono ezithile. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayikhange ithembele ngokungqalileyo kwiSindululo, kodwa ingqiqo yayo yokuba ukuthobeka kubangela ukungahambelani kobumi obulinganayo nokuthelekisa ubumi bomzimzi. ISindululo sibekwe ngqo ngakumbi kumbono wombono wokulinganisa iSindululo. IJajini “imeko kamva, njengo [FLT:][FLT] [5] [5] iOgrafev v [FLT]. iSindululo semvume esibhaliweyo soluhlanga olusemthethweni olusemthethweni olusemthethweni, sinye soluhlanga [iR.iqithi olubhalwe ngolu hlobo lomtshato oluthe , imvume oluthe `Interrentshi yalo] [i, isala , isalathi yenkululeko

Iinkqubo Zanamhlanje: Indlela Imithetho Yanamhlanje Ephuma Ngayo Kwimigaqo Yowe - 1776

Ukuvakalisa Amalungelo nomelo

Isiqinisekiso soluvo lokuba urhulumente kufuneka ahlale kwisiseko somthetho wonyulo lwamaMelika olawulwayo. Imithetho elawula ukuvota, ukuvota, kunye nemali yephulo yonke yakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba wonke ummi umele alinganiswe. Amalungelo amakhulu okuvota amalungelo oMthetho we-Ofisi ka-1965, iNational Voter Religiodition Act ka-1993. Imithetho yeSindululo yanconywa ukuba zonke izinto zidalwe ngendlela efanayo. Xa iNkulwano ePhakamileyo i-Overtive ithetha ukuthi ityala eliPhakamileyo limele libalele phantsi inxalenye yeSivumelo samaLungelo [[FLT:][10][FLT] [10]] County.[FLt:] v [FLT]]

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zikwasebenzisa ulwimi lweSindululo xa kuthethwa ngemithetho yokuvota. Umzekelo, amatyala anwebisayo okanye abuyisele amalungelo okuvota kwangethuba kumatyala asoloko equka “ukufumana” icandelo elichaza ukuba umthetho uqhubela phambili umgaqo ogunyazisiweyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID evoti maxa wambi baphikisa ukuba amanyathelo anjalo akhusela ingqibelelo yonyulo, ngaloo ndlela egcina ilungelo likarhulumente (a ligunyaziwe, ngokomgaqo ngamnye, uphuma ebantwini.

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo nomthetho ochaseneyo

Isigwebo esidume kakhulu sesibhengezo esingu-18."ayenziwa ngokulinganayo"""" `amadoda onke ayaziwa ngokuba nomnqweno ongaqhelekanga; awafunyanwanga kumthetho phantse inkulungwane emva kokubhalwa kwawo. Kodwa ke iye yaba siseko sokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. IBhunga lisebenzise amandla ayo ukunyanzelisa ukupheliswa kokumiswa kwemithetho ekwalela ucalulo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwimfundo, nakwizindlu zikawonke wonke. Le mimiselo isoloko ikhuthaza isindululo ukuba sichaze isizathu sokuba ucalucalulo lupho lupho oluphosakeleyo: ngenxa yokuba isalathath' isidima esibhengezwa nguMndululo.

Iinkundla ezitolika le mithetho zisoloko zisebenzisa “uphando oluphangaleleyo” xa ulwahlulo (lufana nohlanga okanye ubufana) lusetyenziselwa ukuphatha abantu ngokwahlukileyo. Ingqiqo isuka ngqo kwisindululo: ekubeni bonke abantu bedalwe belingana, nawuphi na umthetho obaphatha ngokungafaniyo umele ube nobulungisa obunamandla kakhulu. Le siseko, iphuhliswe kwiimeko ezifana [FLT][1] BrowN[FLT]] kunye ] kunye noov.[FLT:] v. [19] [197], ibonisa indlela ezithiwazithiweyo ngokwezokuziphatha ezinokuguqulelwa ngayo kwimithetho ye-konk, abamele batshane, abamele basebenze ngayo, bamele basebenze ngayo, bafumane abantwana.[FLT]

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokhuseleko Lwenkululeko

Ukhuseleko lwesindululo “esinentlawulo” lutolikwa ukuquka kungekuphela nje inkululeko ekuzibambeni ngokwasemzimbeni kodwa kwanelungelo lokwenza izigqibo zobuqu. INkundla Ephakamileyo ikwimeko efunekayo yemfundiso . ephethe ukuba inkululeko ethile ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba ayinakususwa ngaphandle kwemeko enyanzelekileyo, [FLT:] ephawulwe ngokungqalileyo kwintanda-bulumko yendalo yesindululo. Iimeko ezifana [[FLT: 0][FLT][FL:] [FLT]]Grisrold v. Connecticut[[[FF:]] [5] [6] [5] [iiiiiindawo nganye], emelezwe ngokunjalo i-GOMthelitiso, [FLT] i-Genegathelwa yi-omati yowiso-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko se-siseko senqanawa.[F], sino-sokuqinisekisa uku

Ku I-Casey, uluvo lobuninzi luthi yaziwa: “Entliziyweni yenkululeko lilungelo lokuchaza ingcamango kabani yobukho, yentsingiselo, yendalo, nemfihlelo yobomi bomntu.” Olo lwimi lubonisa imbono ebanzi yolonwabo lomntu. Ingcinga yokugweba ibonisa ukuba iSindululo senza okungaphezulu kunokuphefumlela--ka-ka-kahthi inikeza abagwebi isiqalo sokufunda ngayo yonke intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Indlela Abanye Oorhulumente Abasisebenzisa Ngayo Esi Sibhengezo

Ukufumana Uxwebhu Lolawulo Olutsha

Isibhengezo se-Impracment Declaration of Independence sisebenze njengomzekelo wamazwe amaninzi afuna ukuseka oorhulumente bomGaqo-siseko. Isindululo samaFrentshi samaLungelo omntu nowaMasipala (1789) siboleke kakhulu kulwimi lukaJefferson, kunye nemithetho-siseko emininzi eyalandelayo `kuquka eyaseGrisi, ePoland, kunye namaphondo amaninzi athenjiweyo aseAfrika athenjiswe ngqo “ukubonakala kwamalungelo abantu". Ngokulungisa iSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (1988), ikomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ephethwe nguEleanorevelt, etsalelwe kwiSindululo nentanda-mbono yaseMelika. Inqaku lokuqala,“ Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana namalungelo.

Namhlanje, iinkundla zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkundla zamanye amazwe maxa wambi zicaphula isindululo sase-U.S. iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ibhekise kumatyala angobulungisa nenkululeko yobuqu ekhoyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba umbhalo obhalelwe ikoloni elinye uthathelwe isiseko esisemthethweni ehlabathini lonke.

Impembelelo ekumisweni komGaqo-siseko wasemva kweKhwebo loButhanga

Amazwe awafumana inkululeko kumagunya amathanga kwinkulungwane yama-20 ayesoloko emisela amaxwebhu awo asisiseko somthetho kumzekelo waseMerika. UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya, owamkelwa ngo-1950, uquka isaziso esithembisa okusesikweni, inkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nomanyano (ngolwimi oluthi lugxininise iSindululo sokulingana nokulingana nokuvumelana. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ikhankanye i-DO xa ichaza ilungelo lobomi nenkululeko yobuqu phantsi kweGatya 21. Ngokufanayo, iProfethi yoMgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika (196) ichaza ngokucacileyo intekotho yamalungelo alo “kwisidima nokulingana kwabantu bonke,” iphinda ivakalise isindululo somvo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba isindululo asingomthetho wembali kodwa asiyo isikhokelo somthetho oqhelekileyo emhlabeni wonke.

Izithintelo Nemiqobo: Umsantsa Phakathi Kwamazwi Nomthetho

Uhanahaniso Lwamandulo Nokutshatyalaliswa Kwabantu

Ngoxa isibhengezo sisetyenzisiwe ukwandisa amalungelo, umbhalo waso wantlandlolo uqulethe iimpikiswano ezinzulu. UJefferson amakhoboka, kwaye uxwebhu aluzange lugqibe ubukhoboka; lwabhekisela kubantu base-Indiya ngokuba “zii-Indiya ezingenamanci.” Phantse kwinkulungwane emva ko 1776, umthetho waseMerika wanyanzela ukuba abafazi bathotyelwe phantsi, bakhanyelwe, kwaye bavunyelwa ukuba impahla ifaneleke ukusetyenziswa. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba isindululo sisoloko sibheniswa ngokukhethayo, ukuthethelela amalungelo abamhlophe, impahla eqokelela amadoda ngoxa bewasusa abanye.

Kodwa kwalulwimi lwesibhengezo salungiselela isixhobo kwabo bagxothiweyo. UFrederick Douglas, kwintetho yakhe edumileyo yonyaka wonyaka ka-1852 ethi “Liyintoni ikhoboka eli?” waguqula isibhengezo nxamnye nababhali baso, ephikisa ukuba imigaqo yayo yayifuna ukukhutshelwa. Intshukumo yamabhinqa, kwi 1888 Seneca Falls, yaziphinda ngokuzimisela intelekiso yokuqala ukucela ilungelo lokuvota. Ngoko, amandla esi Sindululo singumqondiso ngokwemo esingumqondiso sisemoyenziwa ngokuchasene nesakhelo esinguSomastile.

Imilinganiselo Yomgwebo Nengozi Yokuqiqa Ngemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni balumkisa ngokuzimela ngokugqithiseleyo izindululo zomthetho ekwenzeni izigqibo. Bathi uxwebhu alucacanga kakhulu ukuba lungasebenza njengesikhokelo esichanekileyo somthetho. Ibinzana elithi “ufumana ulonwabo” linokuthetha izinto ezininzi kubantu abaninzi, kwaye abagwebi abalufunayo banokuba banyanzelisa iimbono zabo zokuziphatha. UJaji Antonin Scalia, umxhasi wenkqubo yoqobo, usoloko elumkisa ukuba ukusebenzisa isindululo ukwandisa amalungelo abekwe phantsi komthetho akhokelela kwisenzo sobuGawulayo. [1] [og.] [FLT] [FLT] [2], , SCULT], uphikisa ukuba uninzi luguqulele umgaqo wokuziphatha, lomthetho olawulayongalawule-demokhrasitika. Oku kumele kuxelwenze i-Genegalelo lomthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukunconywa Okusemthethweni Okuqhubekayo Kwesi Sibhengezo

Oorhulumente basebenzisa iSibhengezo seNkqutyana yokuzimela geqe ukwenza imithetho ngendlela ecacileyo nengaqondakaliyo qha qha qha qha thaca kwingcaciso yamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo. Imigaqo yaso yamalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, kunye nokuvuma yakha isiseko sokwenziwa komthetho-demokhrasi wale mihla. Nangona esi Sindululo singesosixhobo esigunyazisayo esisemthethweni, siye saba yi-chameliam-mGaqo-siseko: amazwi aso anokubheniswa ukuxhasa zombini izikhundla eziqhelekileyo nezikhululekileyo, ukuthethelela igunya likarhulumente okanye ukulilinganisela, nokuquka amaqela amatsha okanye amadala.

Amandla okwenyaniso asemthethweni axhomekeke kulwazi olunye kodwa kubuchule bokuguqula. Njengoko kuvela iimeko ezintsha ngobugcisa, iinguqu zezithethe zoluntu, izisongelo ezivelayo zokukhulula ``iintlanganiso-ziqumrhu nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zibuyela kwiSindululo ukuze zifumane isiseko esingapheliyo nesivumelanayo. Olu xwebhu luza kuqhubeka lubumba umthetho weMelika nowehlabathi lonke kwizizukulwana ezizayo, kanye ngenxa yokuba lungathethi kwiimeko ezithile zalo naliphi na ixesha kodwa kumnqweno womntu wenkululeko nowesiquphe.

Abo banomdla wokuhlola umbhalo osisiseko, oovimba belizwe banika ukhuphelo olupheleleyo nomongo wembali . Library of Congress] inika imifanekiso yamanani kunye nohlaziyo[. Abafundi bembali engokwasemthethweni bangajongana Iqela Lenkcazelo Yomthetho yoshwankathelo lweSindululo . Ezi zinto zibonisa ngokubhekele phaya indlela uxwebhu olunye ukusuka kwi 1776 olusoloko lukho ngamandla anamandla ngayo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokwenza imithetho esesikweni.