Oorhulumente ehlabathini lonke bakhiwe ngomaleko, ngamnye onendima neembopheleleko ezichaziweyo. Ukuqonda ezi maleko kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela eyenziwa ngayo inkqubo kawonke-wonke nendlela iinkonzo ezifikelela ngayo kubemi. Kwinkqubo zorhulumente ezifana ne-United States, amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente bongingqi. Eli candelo, elaziwa ngokuba ngurhulumente, lidala umlinganiselo onamandla apho umgangatho ngamnye unemiqathango yawo, amanye amagunya akhethekileyo nayabelanayo. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo ecacileyo yamandla karhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo, abemi bayakwazi ukuqhuba amalungelo abo, iimbopheleleko zabo, kunye namathuba okuba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni. Eli nqaku libonisa ukuba kulawulo olunzulu olunawo ulawulo lwengingqi, urhulumente, norhulumente, apho ulawulo olupheleleyo, kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi kunye nolwahlukeneyo lwezolawulo lwezoburhulumente.

Amandla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni — kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, amalokishi, nesithili esikhethekileyo — basondelelene nabantu. Amandla abo anikwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngomgaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente, kwaye banegunya kwimicimbi echaphazela ubomi obuqhelekileyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banembopheleleko yemisebenzi emininzi ebumba abantu yaye bagcina iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

Ukulungisa Inyama Nelizwe Kusetyenziswa Umlinganiselo

Enye yezona njongo zibonakalayo zelizwe kukukwazi ukulawula umhlaba ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokuhlala. Le mithetho imisela ukuba umhlaba ungasetyenziswa kusini na ekuhlaleni, kwezorhwebo, kwezoshishino, okanye kwezolimo. Ukulungisa kwakhona kulawula ulwakhiwo oluphezulu, ubunzima, kunye nezithintelo. Umzekelo, ikomishini yocwangco yasekuhlaleni ingavumela ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezintsha emva kokuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa komgangatho owaneleyo kunye nokuhlola indalo. Eli gunya linceda ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezakhiwo zasedololololo, ukukhusela amaxabiso ezinto, kunye nokulondoloza iimpawu zoluntu. Ngaphandle kokuhlala, ukusetyenziswa okungahambelani kwesakhiwo, okungahambelani kokuvela, njengomziko wemizi - sisecaleni kwesikolo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Neenkonzo Zexesha Lengozi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baqhuba amasebe amapolisa, izitishi zomlilo, kunye neenkonzo zonyango longxamiseko. Bamisela imithetho yasekuhlaleni echaza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa kweenqwelo-ndlela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bobupolisa. Amasebe omlilo akaphathi nje kuphela ukucinezelwa komlilo kodwa aphethe nezinto eziyingozi kunye nemisebenzi yokuhlangula. Amaziko olawulo longxamiseko alungelelanisa iintlekele zemvelo, ukusuka kwinkanyamba ukuya kwimililo. La mandla angundoqo ekulondolozeni ucwangco nokhuseleko kumgangatho woluntu.

Imfundo neMigangatho yeSikolo

Imfundo kawonke-wonke ingumsebenzi wasekuhlaleni kumaphondo amaninzi. Iikomiti zezikolo zasekuhlaleni — ezinyuliweyo okanye ezimiselwe — zimisela uqingqo-mali, abaqeshi, abaqeshi, iisikolo ezivunyiweyo, kunye nezokuphatha iziko. Kwakhona zihlawula irhafu yempahla ukuze zixhase izikolo. Ngokomzekelo, isithili sesikolo sasekuhlaleni sisenokugqiba ukusungula inkqubo entsha ye-STEM okanye ukwakha isikolo esiphezulu. Umgangatho wezikolo zasekuhlaleni uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo imigangatho yempahla nolwaneliseko lwebutho labantu, ukwenza imfundo ibe yeyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo karhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Impilo Kawonke-wonke Nococeko

Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yokucoca, iivenkile zokutyela, izifo zosuleleko, kunye nokugonya ngemichiza. Kwakhona ayakwazi ukulahla inkunkuma, amanzi, kunye nokuthintela iintsholongwane. Ngexesha lengxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke, njengesifo se-COVID 2016, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa imiyalelo yokufihla amaqhimi, iindawo zokuvavanya, kunye nekliniki. La mandla ezempilo ayimfuneko ekuthinteleni izifo ezibulalayo nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba imekobume ecocekileyo, ecocekileyo.

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bagcina izitrato, iindlela, iindlela, nemiqondiso yeendlela. Basebenzisa iinkqubo zothutho zoluntu njengooduladula noololiwe abalula, kwaye baceba iindlela zeebhayisekile nokhuseleko lwabahamba ngeenyawo. Ngokomzekelo, isixeko sisenokubeka amanyathelo okuthoba izithuthi ezikufuphi nezikolo okanye iindlela eziphinda zaphukeleleka. Imimandla ekhethekileyo — njengabaphathi bamazibuko okanye amagunya okuthutha. Izigqibo ze-Infratura zichaphazela amaxesha okuhamba, umgangatho wenqwelo-moya, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Imizi Nokuzonwabisa

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujonge iipaki, iindawo zokudlala, iindawo zoluntu, namabala emidlalo, bacwangcisa iinkqubo zokuzonwabisa, iinkampu zasehlotyeni, nezithethe. Ezi nkonzo ziphucula ubomi babantu kwaye zinika iindawo zokuhlanganisana. Iibhodi ze-paki zinokufumana indawo yokuhlala kwiindawo eziluhlaza kwaye zimisele iinkqubo zokuxhasa imicimbi.

Amandla Karhulumente

Oorhulumente baphethe amagunya aphangaleleyo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ingakumbi lawo angagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. La magunya aziwa njengamagunya akhuselekileyo, achazwe kwiSindululo seshumi. Amazwe anegunya lokumisa imicimbi yempilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle-ntle eqhelekileyo — adla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamandla aphantsi[. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko, ikomfakela-mthetho-siseko, i-mthetho-siseko, i-gcisa, kunye ne-jadiary, okubumba ukusetyenziswa kwala mandla.

Umthetho nokwenza imithetho

Amazwe angenza imithetho kwiindawo ezifana nemfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, ukusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi, kunye nomthetho wentsapho.Ngokomzekelo, amatyala amisela iminyaka yokusela ngokusemthethweni, iimfuno zomtshato, kunye neenkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato. Akwamisela nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho — echaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olusuka kubusela ukuya ekubulaleni — kunye nokuseka izigwebo. iintsebenziswa-mthetho zikarhulumente zinika ingxubusho kunye nokuhambisa uqingqo-mali oluxhasa iindlela zohambo, izikolo, neentolongo.

Irhafu nengeniso

Amazwe anegunya lokumisela irhafu kwingeniso, ukuthengiswa kwemali, impahla, kunye nepetroli. Aqokelela ingeniso ukuze axhase iinkonzo zikarhulumente njengemfundo, ukunyamekela impilo (iMedicaid), kunye nezibonelelo zemali. Amanye amazwe anerhafu eqhubekayo, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yerhafu. Kwakhona ama-odoli anikela izivumelwano zokuxhasa iprojekthi enkulu. Ubuchule bokumisela irhafu kunye nezakhiwo zinika ulawulo olubalulekileyo kumgangatho wawo wezoqoqosho.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana ne-Server Affect for Needy Families (TANF), izitempe zokutya (SNAP), kunye ne-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa. Zikwasebenzisa iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantwana, inkxalabo yokwamkelwa, kunye neenkonzo zokwaluswa kwabakhulileyo nabakhubazekileyo. Umzekelo, isebe lesebe lenkonzo yorhulumente yezentlalo limisela ukuba kunokwenzeka kweMédicaid kwaye lilawula amanyathelo empilo yoluntu. La mandla abalulekile ekuxhaseni abantu abachaphazelekayo.

Okusesikweni Nezigwebo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Urhulumente uqhuba amaziko okuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza (njengeziko lamapolisa okanye iipatroli zeendlela), iiofisi zamagqwetha zesithili, iinkundla zesithili, kunye neentolongo. Amisela imigaqo yokugweba kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha isigwebo. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni jikelele anyanzelisa imithetho yokukhusela abathengi kwaye azisa ukumangalelwa kwiinkampani. Inkqubo yezomthetho ejongene nolwaphulo-mthetho kumgangatho wesizwe iphatha uninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States, ukusuka ekuphathweni kweenqwelo-mthetho ukuya ekubulaweni.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Amazwe ayakha kwaye agcine uhola weendlela, iibhulorho, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko. Amasebe elizwe ezithuthi (i-DOT) alawula imisebenzi emikhulu enjengesikali esifana neendawo zokuthutha imithwalo zexesha elithile kunye nomvalo ophezulu. Akwalawula ubhaliso lwenqwelo-mafutha, ukuntywiliselwa kwenqwelo-moya, kunye nobunzima bomda kwiilori. Umzekelo, urhulumente weDOT anganikezela ngemali yokwandisa ipaseji ephakathi kwelizwe ukucutha i-trafishi.

Imigangatho yemfundo nemfundo ephakamileyo

Ngeli xesha izithili zasekuhlaleni ziqhuba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, amatyala amisela imigangatho yofundo, iimfuno zokuphumelela, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokufundisa. Iibhodi zikarhulumente zeencwadi ezivumela imfundo nokuvavanya iimvavanyo ezisesikweni. Amazwe akwaxhasa iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke neekholeji zoluntu, ukuseka iinkqubo zezemfundo kunye nophando. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho othe rhoqo wemfundo kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye alungiselela abafundi abasebenzi.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

Amazwe alawula umgangatho womoya namanzi, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, kunye nolondolozo lwelizwe. Amisela imithetho yesizwe efana ne-Cease Water Act enikwe igunya. Umzekelo, umbutho wezokonakaliso wemeko-bume ungayivumela imvume yokukhutshwa koshishino okanye ukucoca iindawo ezikhulu. Amazwe akwalawula iipaki kunye nokulondolozwa kwezilwanyana zasendle, ukulungelelanisa inkqubela-mali kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume yendalo.

Amandla karhulumente kaManyano

Amagunya karhulumente karhulumente adweliswe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko (amandla amiselweyo) kunye namandla athatyathwe kuMfuno noMhle kaClaus. La mandla ayimfuneko ekulondolozeni ulongamo lwesizwe, ekukhuthazeni urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, nokukhusela amalungelo abemi. Ukufikelela kukarhulumente kulinganiselwe kodwa kunzulu kwiindawo zenkxalabo yesizwe.

Ukhuselo lwesizwe

Urhulumente wengingqi ugcina imikhosi exhobileyo — uMkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, uMkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi we-Space — kwaye ujongene nokukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo zamanye amazwe. IBhunga livakalisa imfazwe, imali, imikhosi kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo yokukhusela. UMongameli, njengoMphathi kwiNtloko, ukhokela umkhosi. Umzekelo, iSebe leDefemi liqhuba imisebenzi echasene nobuphekula kwaye ligcina amandla enyukliya.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle kunye nokusetyenziswa

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elipheleleyo kwimibutho yamanye amazwe. UMongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano (ngemvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanga), umisela oorhulumente basemzini, aze aqaphele oorhulumente bamazwe asemzini. Ingqungquthela ilawula urhwebo namanye amazwe kwaye inyanzelisa amagunya. ISebe leSizwe lilawula izivumelwano kunye nee-console. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, izigwebo, kunye noncedo lwamazwe angaphandle zonke zingena phantsi kwe-Purieview karhulumente. Amazwe akakwazi ukungena kwizivumelwano okanye ukwenza inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ngokwawo.

Urhwebo lwengingqi yezorhwebo

I-Choomer Claus inika iBhunga loMbutho elilawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwana. Eli gunya liye lachazwa ngokubanzi, livumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba ajonge amacandelo anjengezothutho, ezonxibelelwano, ezombane, kunye neenkonzo zemali. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente umisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yeenqwelo-mafutha ezithengiswe kwiingingqi zikarhulumente, ulawula unomathotholo nomabonwakude, kwaye unyanzelisa imithetho elwa nolawulo lwezikhundla zoluntu enqanda ukhuphiswano.

Ukufuduka Nokuziqhelanisa

Federal law governs who may enter, stay, or become a citizen of the United States. The Department of Homeland Security oversees customs, border patrol, and visa processing. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) enforces immigration laws. Citizenship is conferred by federal authority, and states cannot create their own immigration policies, though they may cooperate with federal enforcement in limited ways.

Irhafu yomanyano kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

IBhunga linegunya lokuhlawula irhafu yengeniso yelevy (egunyazisiweyo nguMphengululo we-16), irhafu yequmrhu, irhafu yerhafu (yoKhuselo Lokhuseleko Loluntu neleMedicare), kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo. Urhulumente wengingqi uqokelela ii-arhente kwiingeniso ezithengwa ngaphandle kwemali. Ezi ngeniso ziquka inkcitho yemali yesizwe, kuquka i-Social Security, i-commental commentation (iMedicare, iMedicaid), kunye nomdla kwityala lesizwe. Urhulumente uyakwazi ukuboleka imali kunye nokushicilela imali — amandla apheleleyo kumgangatho wesizwe.

Inkonzo yeposi kunye nemali

Urhulumente weSebe lezezimali uqhuba iUnited States Postal Service (USPS) kwaye unelungelo elipheleleyo lokuhlawula imali nokulawula ixabiso layo. I-USPS inika iposi kwidilesi nganye yelizwe, inkonzo ebalulekileyo yezorhwebo nonxibelelwano. ISebe lezezimali lithungela iingqekembe kunye neendleko zoshicilelo, kwaye iFederal Reserve ilawula inkqubo yemali ukulawula ukunyuka nokungaqeshwa kwemali nokungaqeshwa.

Amalungelo omqulunqi, iiPatents, kunye neMithotho Engokwandiswayo

Ukukhuthaza uhlaziyo, iKhomishini inika ababhali nabasunguli amalungelo apheleleyo kwimisebenzi yabo nakuzinto abazifumeneyo amaxesha alinganiselweyo. I-Patant ne-Trademark Office (USPTO) kunye ne-Ofisi yeQueqesho elinoMququzeleli inikela ezi zikhuseliso. Eli gunya lengingqi likhuthaza ubuchule bokwakha nokukhula kwezoqoqosho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abayili bobugcisa bangazuza inzuzo kwizinto abaziyilayo.

Amagunya Akhoyo: Iimbopheleleko Ezabelwanayo

Amanye amagunya asetyenziswa koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente — la magunya abizwa ngokuba akhoyo. Imizekelo iquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukuseka iinkundla, ukunyanzelisa imithetho, nokuqesha iibhanki. Kule mimandla, umthetho worhulumente udla ngokuthatha inyathelo eliphambili xa kuvela ungquzulwano, ngenxa ye- Classiace [ yomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, omabini urhulumente norhulumente worhulumente wolawulo uyakwazi ukuhlawula irhafuthelo, kodwa umthetho werhafu ungayicisela imicimbi ethile.

Elinye igunya elingundoqo kukukwazi ukwakha izibonelelo. Ngoxa amaphondo ayakha iindlela ezinkulu neebhulorho, inkxaso-mali yesizwe idla ngokuvela ngeemeko. Ngokufanayo, zombini imigangatho isebenza iinkqubo zenkundla, kodwa iinkundla zelifa lemveli zinegunya kumatyala abandakanya umthetho, izivumelwano, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe.

Iingxabano Zegunya NoNobugocigoci

Ukungavisisani kuvela ngamanye amaxesha xa urhulumente namagunya orhulumente engqubana. ISupremacy Claus imisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ithetha ukuba imithetho karhulumente engqubana nemithetho karhulumente esebenzayo ayisebenzi. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kukubekwa komchamo ngokomthetho. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe amaninzi anika i-gracthecan okanye i-gnabis, ihlala iyiSedyuli Elawulayo Ndilawula phantsi komthetho karhulumente, ikhokelela ekunyanzeleni uxanduva. Urhulumente wesizwe ubambe kancinci kumgaqo karhulumente kodwa ugcina ilungelo lokufuduka. Umzekelo omnye ngukwenza imithetho yawo yokufuduka — uchaza ukuba igunya elilawula ukufuduka ligqibela kwelizwe ngenxa yokuba ligqibe inyathelo. Inkundla ephakamileyo isoloko isombululo ilungisa ezi ngxabano, iqinisekisa umgaqo-mthetho wesizwe.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ngeli xesha eli nqaku libhekisa kwimodeli yase-U.S., ezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinikezela ngokwahlukileyo. EJamani, iLänder (amazwe) inegunya elibalulekileyo kwimfundo nakubupolisa, ngelixa urhulumente wesizwe elawula ukhuseleko kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe. EIndiya, amazwana anamandla omthetho-mthetho owiso-mthetho, kodwa urhulumente odibanisayo angawususa imithetho karhulumente kwiminye imiba ethile. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana noManyano boMbuso okanye uMzantsi waseFransi zigxininisa amandla kumgangatho wesizwe, ngokusebenzisa kuphela igunya eligunya. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo.

Isiphelo

Ukufumana imizekelo yamagunya karhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo norhulumente wabo. Ukusuka kwibhunga lesixeko ukuya kumaqhinga okukhusela amazwe acwangciswe eWashington, D.C., umgangatho ngamnye udlala indima eyahlukileyo nebalulekileyo. Ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo elilawula oko kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuxhasa ngokuphumelelayo — nokuba ngaba baya kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo, ngokuvota kurhulumente, okanye ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo kwiBhunga. Ummi osunguliweyo usisitya sedemo-demokhrasi esebenzayo, kwaye ukuqonda ukunikezelwa kwamandla linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, uhlolo lwe USA.gov iphepha kumagunya karhulumente, iziko lomgaqo-siseko wesizwe elisebenzisanayo [, okanye [[FLT:] U.S. ofisi ye-akhawunti karhulumente yohlaziyo lobudlelwane bequmrhu loburhulumente.