Imvelaphi Yamandulo Nemfuneko Yendaleko

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, uxwebhu olungadalanga nje kuphela urhulumente wesizwe kodwa olukwagxininisa amalungelo abantu abalawulayo. Akubaluleka kwalo akunakuchazwa ngokungaphezulu; yiplani yedemokhrasi yaseMerika, inkqubo eye yaphembelela imibutho yokuzilawula emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda imvelaphi, isakhiwo, impembelelo ehlala ihleli, kuyimfuneko kummi ngamnye, kwaye ingakumbi kubafundisi abasebenza ngokudlulisa elifa.

Ibali lomGaqo-siseko liqala kudala ngaphambi konyaka we-1787. Abaxhasi bemithetho yomthetho baphenjelelwa kakhulu zintanda-bulumko zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke, owalwela amalungelo emvelo (1689), ubomi, nempahla (nengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kolawulo norhulumente wabo. Bafunda nangeerepublic zamandulo, inkcazo yezopolitiko, kunye nezithethe zomthetho wamaNgesi, kuquka iMagna Carta (1215) kunye neSpell of Rights (1689). Inkqum, noko ke, yayikusilela kweMithetho yeNtlanga, uxwebhu lokuqala olulawulayo lweUnited States eyamkelwayo ngo17777 noluncomo lwawo kunyaka wewaka ka-171. Ukuxokelelwa kwemputha kwesizwe, kungekho judia, kwaye akuna kungenakho nokulawula irhafu ye-entengiso yesizwe.

Ngonyaka we-1786, ubuthathaka baqala ukunzima. IBhunga loMgaqo-siseko lokuvukela okuxhobileyo labalimi baseMassachusetts − lathi lathi ityala lokungalufumani ulawulo lwezono lingurhulumente wesizwe. Le nkokeli yothuso yaqhutyelwa ukubiza indibano ePhiladelphia. Injongo echaziweyo yayikukulungisa iMithetho; eyona nto yayikukoyo yaba kukutshintsha okupheleleyo. IConvention yeMithetho-siseko yaquzelelwa ngoSeptemba 1787, kodwa i-55 abathunywa bayo ababemela amazwe (isiqithi sagatyana savuma ukuba nenxaxheba). Baphikisana ngobundlobondlobo, amandla karhulumente ombindileyo, kunye nolawulo lobukhoboka oluphakathi kwemikhosi ephakathi kwemikhosi elishumi (inkulu neyamanyene neyamanyeneyo) uRhosay, uxwebhu lokugqibela, lwatyiwatyiswe ngumthetho onyaziwe ngurhulumente oMkhosi we-Alevini (intshi) urhulumente ombini we-Angfuthe , uAngfunyunyukendla,

Umgaqo-siseko: Ukwakhiwa nomsebenzi

UmGaqo-siseko luxwebhu olufutshane oluphawulekayo qha, phantse amagama amalunga nama-4,400 akwimo yawo yasekuqaleni. Wahlulwe wahlulwe waba yingcaciso kunye namanqaku asixhenxe, kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza injongo ekhethekileyo ekudaleni urhulumente olungeleleneyo nowomeleleyo.

Isiqalo

Isiqalo asikokunikezela ngegunya kodwa yintetho yenjongo. Iqala ngebinzana lemifanekiso elithi “Thina bantu baseUnited States,” igxininisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lisuka kubemi, hayi kumazwe. Idwelisa iinjongo ezintandathu: ukuseka i-Union egqibeleleyo, ukuseka uBulunga, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olufanayo, ukukhuthaza i-Welfare, nokukhusela iintsikelelo ze-Liberty kwisiqu sethu, hayi kumazwe. Ezi njongo zikhokele ukutolikwa nokulawulwa kwemithetho ye-Roc.

Inqaku I: Isebe Elisemthethweni

Inqaku I liquke iBhunga, eliquka iNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli, kwaye libala amagunya ayo. Linqaku elide, elibonisa inkolelo yabalawuli bendlu yowiso-mthetho yokuba isebe elinamandla. Amandla angundoqo aquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula intengo yemali ephakathi kwelizwe neyolunye uhlanga, imali yemali, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa imikhosi, kwaye ukwenza yonke imithetho “efanelekileyo nefanelekileyo” ekuphumeleni loo magunya. Imithetho ndikwayibeka imiqathango yamandla eBhunga, isithintela yokufikelela, isala amatyala eposi, isalathathi-as cort coo, kunye nokurhoxings-ma kwe-habes sherpu ngaphandle kweemeko zemvukelo okanye ukuhlasela.

Inqaku II: Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu

Inqaku lesibini lezakhono eziphezulu kuMongameli wase-United States, ukuba anyulwe yiElectoral College. Limisela iimfaneleko zomongameli, igama leofisi (iminyaka emine), kunye nemisebenzi: ukukhonza njengoMphathi kwiNtloko, ukunikezela nge-repriev kunye nokuxolelwa, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso kunye nokuvuma kweBhunga), ukumisela amagosa namagqwetha eNkundla ePhakamileyo, nokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. Ukungacaciki kweQumrhu II kuye kwakhokelela ekuchazeni igunya lomongameli ixesha elide.

Inqaku III: Isebe Lezahlulelo

Inqaku III limisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo lize livumele iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba imisele iinkundla ezisezantsi. Lichaza igunya lokugweba (injongo yawo onke amatyala aqukunjelwa phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano) kwaye liqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngabachopheli-tyala kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Eli nqaku aliwaniki ngokucacileyo amandla okuhlola ikomiti (ukubhalisa imithetho engavumelani nemithetho), kodwa elo gunya lagunya lagunyaziswa yiNkuNkulwano ePhakamileyo kummiselo 1803 .

Amanqaku IV/VII

Inqaku le-IV lithetha ngolwalamano phakathi kwamazwe, lifuna “ukholo olupheleleyo kunye netyala” kwizenzo zamanye amaphondo kunye nokuqinisekisa uhlobo lukarhulumente weriphabliki. Inqaku lesi-5 lichaza inkqubo yokulungisa: ukubuyiselwa kusenokucetyiswa ngevoti yezindlu ezimbini zeBhunga okanye ngendibano yesizwe eceliweyo ngamagosa amabini-sithathu ewindidi, kwaye kufuneka aqinisekiswe ziimfuno zowiso-mthetho ezintathu ezinesine zikarhulumente. Inqaku le- VI liqulethe isiqu sobungangamsha, ichaza ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho yesizwe, kunye nezivumelwano “zinguMthetho wesizwe ongaphezulu welizwe, oceliweyo, kwaye ufuna onke amagosa ukuba afunge isifungo sokuxhasa. ISiko semithetho ye-I esimisela iimfuno-ratiotio-o-omGwa-omGaqonga wakuqala.

Ingxelo Ephilayo: Izicombululo Nezilungelelaniso

Abaxhasi benza ngabom umGaqo-siseko ube nzima ukuphelisa kodwa hayi ukuba yinto engenakwenzeka. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama- 230, iinguquko ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela ziye zavunywa, umnqophiso wokumelana nolu xwebhu kunye nesilumkiso amaMerika asondela ngaso kutshintsho olusisiseko. Ishumi lokuqala ```IBhili yamaLungelo) yongezwa ngoko nangoko ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu efana nokuthetha, unqulo, ucinezela, indibano, kwanelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo, kwanokukhusela ekuphangweni nasekuxhuzumeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukugxuba, ukungazingcisa, kunye nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga.

Izilungiso ezilandelayo ziguqule uhlanga. UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lweMbetho (1865) lwaphelisa ubukhoboka. UMthetho-mpumlo weshumi elinesine (1868) waqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, ekubeni sisiseko samalungelo amakhaya achazwayo kunye nokufakwa kweBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namazwe. UMthetho weSihlanu (1870) wakwalela ukukhanyelwa kovoti esekelwe kuhlanga. Umphetho weshumi elinesithoba (1920) wanika amabhinqa i-Sikhuseli soMphetho-Sikhuseli se-ukubheno (1971) ukuthoba ishumi elineshumi elinesithoba elinamba ukuya kunyaka weshumi elinesibhozo.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Elungeleleneyo Ilungelelaniswe

Ukukwazi ukuphelisa umGaqo-siseko .-okudityaniswe nokucaciswa kwemithetho-mthetho .Ivumela uxwebhu ukuba lusinde kwisiphithiphithi sentlalo, uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho, imfazwe, kunye notshintsho lwezobugcisa. Isakhiwo esinye esithethelela ubukhoboka ngo1787, ngokuyekelela, kwakhona sanika izixhobo ezisemthethweni zokuyiphelisa. Oku kuguquka kusenokuba ngawona mandla amakhulu oMgaqo-siseko. Sisiseko esixhasa ukukhula ngaphandle kokuwa. Ukwenziwa kwenkqubela-phambili kwembali eguquguqukayo, izibonelelo zobuzwe ezinika izibonelelo eziphambili zomthombo kunye noovimba bemfundo.

Imigaqo Yezono Ekhusela Inkululeko

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Intanda-bulumko kaMontesquieu yokwahlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu, isebe eliphetheyo, kunye nezomthetho, yayalelwa ngabalawuli ukukhusela ukubekwa kwamandla. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, kodwa liyadibana ngeendlela ezivumela ngamnye ukuba ahlole ezinye. Umongameli angawuvumela umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingayilawula iveto kunye nenani elipheleleyo. Indlu yeQento iqinisekisa ukumiswa kwamongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iyakwazi ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zeququzelela. Olu lungelelwano oluntluntlukwano aluko lungapheleli nje ukwenziwa komthetho wobugrobaso; lungamele lukhuselwe nje kwizenzo zobundlongo. Njengoko uJames Mascison wabhala ku-[FLD: 0] Falist.[51]

Umanyano Nokwahlulwa Kwamandla

UMgaqo-siseko udala inkqubo karhulumente apho igunya labelana khona phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Ugcino loMmiselo weSihlalo seshumi kumaphondo (okanye abantu) nawuphi na amandla angagunyaziswanga eUnited States. Eli candelo livumela uvavanyo lwasekuhlaleni kwaye ligcina iqondo lokuzimela ngokwamazwe. Likwavelisa ingxingo yoxinzelelo olungapheliyo `imibandela yemfundo, yempilo, ivota amalungelo, kunye nomthetho wemekobume ) xa imida yamandla karhulumente ivavanywa.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kukhusela amalungelo asisiseko, kodwa ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko inkululeko kuya kutsho nzulu. Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo, efunyenwe kwiiNkxaso zeNtlambululo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine, ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokunxibela umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ingxelo elinganayo yokhuseleko olulinganayo loMphengululo weshumi elinesine loMgaqo-siseko iye yaba sisiseko esisemthethweni sokususa umgangatho ophezulu wenkululeko yomntu nokukhuthaza ukulingana kwe-bufana. Ulawulo lokuqala lokuzinzisa-mthetho, ushicilelo, uluvocinelo, unqulo, izicelo, kunye nendibano zisisikhuseli esiphantsi solawulo lwentlalo, isenza abemi bagxeke kurhulumente babo nabameli beze bafumane utshintsho.

Ukufundisa uMgaqo-siseko: Imigaqo yabafundisi

Oothisha banendima ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni umGaqo-siseko ufaneleke kubafundi abawujonga njengomfanekiso onothuli. Isikhokelo kukudibanisa imigaqo yawo nemibandela yanamhlanje nokubandakanya abafundi abakhutheleyo ekufundeni ukuba ingqinela inkqubo yokucetyiswa kwedemokhrasi.

Ukufikelela okusisiseko

  • Vala ufundo lweziFuno eziQala: Abafundi bafunde umbhalo wokuqala (okanye izicatshulwa) womGaqo-siseko, amaPhepha oBukhosi, kunye neencwadi ze-Anti-Federalist. Anote, incaciswa, kunye nengxoxo yentsingiselo yamabinzana athile. [[FLT:] Ilibrary yeBhunga leBhunga uJames Madison Papers inika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwiinjongo ze-frameters.
  • Ukwenziwa kombhalo okubhaliweyo: Beka umGaqo-siseko kwindawo yomhla wama-1780. Xoxa ngobukhoboka, imeko yamabhinqa, iimfaneleko zempahla yokuvota, kunye nezilangazelelo zezoqoqosho zabathunywa. Nceda abafundi balujonge uxwebhu njengemveliso yexesha lalo kunye nesikhokelo ngalo lonke ixesha.
  • Nxulumanisa kwaye uthelekise: Thelekisa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye namanye amaxwebhu okuseka (umz., iMagna Carta, iSindululo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu nowabemi) okanye nemithetho-siseko yombuso. Oku kuqaqambisa imigaqo eyabelanayo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ukunikela Imisebenzi Yegumbi Leklasi

  • Indibano yomGaqo-siseko we-Mock: Yabela abafundi iindima njengabathunywa (umz., Madison, Hamilton, Sherman, Paterson) kwaye bafune ingxoxo kunye nevoti kwimibandela engundoqo: umelo, igunya eliphezulu, ubukhoboka. Oku kufuna uphando nempikiswano.
  • uphawu lwelizwe oluphezulu lwetyala lenkundla: Uhlalutya amatyala anje Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1454] kukhuseleko olulinganayo, [[[FLT:]] Isikhanyiso somphicothi--mali-mali-----mali. Des Moines [1] [196]] kulwimi lwenkululeko ezikolweni, okanye 06] 06]. Hodges[FL:] (20) kumtshato olingana. (20)
  • Ingxoxo yegumbi lonxibelelwano: iingxoxo zomququzeleli kwimiba yexesha lomgaqo-siseko: inkxaso-mali yephulo (iCatizens United), umlinganiselo wemiyalelo yabalawuli, amalungelo empumlo (Indawo yeColumbia v. Heller), ubuqu ngexesha lamanani, nendima yeElectoral College.
  • Imfaniso yokwandiswa: Abafundi bacebisa baze benze ulungiso olutsha lomgaqo-siseko ngenkxalabo yangoku (umz., amalungelo e-Internet, ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, imida yexesha). Emva koko lingisa inkqubo yokwandiswa kwezixhobo, ukuxubusha ubunzima bokufumana izinto ezikhulu.
  • Iprojekthi zokwandiswa: Abafundi bangadala ixesha lokubona, iifoto ezimalunga namasebe karhulumente, okanye iividiyo ezichaza imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko ngolwimi olucacileyo.

Ukunxulumana Nemibimbi Nabemi

Ukufundisa umGaqo-siseko kukwangokufundisa uxanduva loluntu. Khuthaza abafundi ukuba babhalise ukuvota, babhalele abameli babo, bafunde kwiintlanganiso zequmrhu lesikolo, baze babe nenxaxheba kunyulo lwentengo. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kubanika amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo nokufeza imisebenzi yabo njengabemi. Isiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unikela izibonelelo ezintle kwi-intanethi, izifundo eziluncedo, kunye neeklasi eziphilileyo.

Ucelomngeni kunye noManyano kwiNkcazelo yeMigaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko awuzichazi ngokwawo. Izikolo ezibini ezibanzi zengqiqo ziye zalawula ingcaciso yeSigqibo saseMerika: inkcazo (ukuchaza umbhalo njengoko uqondwa ngexesha lokumkelwa kwawo) kunye nokuhlala komGaqo-siseko (ukuvumela intsingiselo yokuguquka ngeenguqu zentlalo). Le ntanda-bulumko idlala kuyo yonke ityala elikhulu leNkundla Ephakamileyo. Umzekelo, iingxoxo ezimalunga neSigqibo sesibini soMmiselo zixhomekeke ekubeni "imigaqo elungeleleneyo eMilitia" iyimfuneko kukuqonda ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo. Ngokufanayo, ukuthintela kweSine sokuzinzisa "ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okuneyo nokuxhuzula" kuphakamisa imibuzo entsoko yamanani enzima ngeminyaka yobudala be-sconeli.

Ngaphezu koko, umGaqo-siseko uye wasetyenziswa ukukhusela nokucinezela. Uxwebhu lwantlandlolo lubala abantu abangamakhoboka njengesithathu seminyaka yomntu ukwenzela ukumela, kunye nenkulungwane yokulwela okungekho sikweni uDred Scott isigqibo sathi ngokunyaniseka [1857] sivakalise ukuba amaMerika aseAfrika akasoze abe ngabemi. Yathatha imfazwe yamakhaya, iintlawulo ezintathu zomGaqo-siseko, kunye nenkulungwane yokulwela okungekho sikweni ukuze kupheliswe ngokwenxalenye. Ukufundisa le mbali ngokunyanisekileyo (``iimbali]) kuquka ukungaphumeleli nokuphikisana kwabafundi bolu xwebhu kunye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha umanyano olufezekileyo.

Isiphumo: UmGaqo-siseko njengesicelo sokuthatha inyathelo

UMgaqo-siseko ungaphezulu kunento eyenzekayo embalini; sisakhiwo esiphilayo esiqhubeka sibumba ubomi baseMerika. Simisela imithetho yomdlalo wedemokhrasi yethu, ikhusela amalungelo asisiseko, kwaye simisela urhulumente oya kuphendula kubantu ngendlela yawo egqibeleleyo. Kodwa umgaqo-siseko womelele kuphela njengabemi abawuxhasayo. Ukuqonda imigaqo yawo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zawo, nokugcina iinkokeli zimele ziphendule ngeembopheleleko zesizukulwana ngasinye.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, umGaqo-siseko unika ithuba elingenakuthelekiswa nanto lokufundisa ukugxeka, ukuganana kwesizwe, nemilinganiselo yokusesikweni nenkululeko. Ngokubuyisela uxwebhu ebomini ngezifundo ezinamandla nangengxubusho enyanisekileyo, sinokubanceda abafundi bakuqonde oko kuthethwa ngumGaqo-siseko kungekuphela nje kodwa isizathu sokuba kubaluleke. Imigaqo yowe-1787 ihlala isebenza kuba isoloko ivavanywa yaye ihlaziyeka kwakhona sisizukulwana ngasinye. UmGaqo-siseko asiyonto ecacileyo; ngumyalelo wokuphila ukuba bonke abayamkela inkululeko basebenze.