Ukwazisa

Urhulumente wase-United States wakhiwe kwinkqubo yokwahlula amagunya, uhlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nezomthetho. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linye elinamandla angathintelwayo. Ngoxa la masebe esoloko ebonakala ekude, abumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla . Ngokusuka kumgangatho womoya ophefumlelwayo kwingingqi yakho, imfundo abantwana bakho bayifumanayo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo akho angundoqo. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elisebenza ngayo nendlela izigqibo zalo ezichaphazela ngayo ucwangciso lwakho olusebenzayo, lobumi. Eli nqaku lihlola imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yesebe ngalinye kwaye linikela imizekelo ecacileyo yempembelelo yabo kwimisebenzi yakho yosuku ngalunye, ukukunceda urhulumente ukuba ungayiboni njengenkqubo engenakufikeleleka.

Ibali lamasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Abaseki be-United States benza urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo ukuze adale inkqubo yokukhangela kunye nolungelelwano. I- isebe eliqeqeshiweyo yenza imithetho, [ i-'ex'ex''' eqinileyo] i-'isebe elinqumlayo' [[ lizinyanzelisa, kwaye isebe lobudikoni'ilidia' [[[ liyalichaza. Eli candelo likhusela naliphi isebe elinye ukuba lingabini linamandla kakhulu kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo iqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwi-engile ezininzi. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya alo naxawalo, kodwa likwa likwasebenzisana elinye, lisenza nomnye umlinganiselo onyamele iinkulungwane ezimbini.

[[UMTL:0] Ukuqokelelwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nejaji, kwangaxeshanye... ngokufanelekileyo kungabizwa njengenkcazelo yobuzwilakhe. – uJames Madison, uNxulu-ntathu No. 47

Isebe Lomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Ebumba Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elibizwa ngokuba yiBhunga, liyilwe ngamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yabameli (435 yabelwe amalungu karhulumente) kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (amalungu ali-100, amabini kwiphondo ngalinye). IBhunga linembopheleleko yokurhuqa, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa imithetho elawula uhlanga. Likwalawula nemali echithwa ngurhulumente, ibhengeza imfazwe, kwaye lilungiselela ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo. Imithetho yeBhunga ichaphazela phantse macala onke osuku lwakho, ukususela kwixesha ovuka ngalo ukuya kutsho kulo ubutho.

Imisebenzi yeSebe loMgaqo-siseko

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenza umthetho: Izabelo, ukulungiswa, kunye neevoti eziba ngumthetho wequmrhu.
  • [[UMTHL:0] Ukugutyungelwa kunye nezicelo: igqiba indlela imali yomhlawula-rhafu echithwa ngayo kwiinkqubo, kwizibonelelo, kunye neenkonzo.
  • Ulwamkelo: Amalungu eBhunga aphulaphula amalungu kwaye athethele izilangazelelo zawo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukugqithisa: izenzo zolawulo lwezibonelelo kwaye ugcina iindlebe ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuqinisekisa kunye neSivumelwano seRatiation: iNdlu yeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano (imisebenzi yeSantio kuphela).

Indlela Isebe Elisemthethweni Elibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Le

Ucwangciso lwemibutho luye ludlulele ngeendlela ezininzi.

  • Imfundo: I-Everses FuedueSect (ESA) imisela imigaqo yezwelonke yemfundo yeK-12, iphembelela imigangatho yokufundisa kunye nenkxaso yemali kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Xa iBhunga liphinda ligunyazisa lo mthetho, lichaphazela ngqo ubuncwane obukhoyo kwiklasi yomntwana wakho.
  • Imithetho efana noMthetho we-Affordble Care ACA imisela ukufikelela kwakho kwi-inshorensi yempilo, inkxaso-mali kwiimeko zangaphambi kokuba kubekho, kunye nenkxaso-mali yemali yemali. Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali lweBhunga zikwachaphazela inkxaso-mali yeMedicaid, iMedicare, kunye nophando lwempilo kawonke-wonke kwiZiko leSizwe leMpilo.
  • [[NTLA] ICorsumer Protections: Umthetho ofana noMthetho we Consumer Propublication Reconfice Act ulawula ukhuseleko lwemveliso oyithengayo, ukusuka kwi-cribrs ukuya kwii-elektroniki. IBhunga likwamisela imithetho yokulayisha ukutya kunye nokhuseleko lwetsheyina lokunikezela.
  • Umthetho wokwehla komoya kunye nococeko lwamanzi, ogqithwe yiKhonkxane kwaye kamva walungiswa, useka imilinganiselo yokukhupha umphunga kunye nomgangatho webhenji yamanzi echaphazela umoya ophefumlayo kunye namanzi owaselayo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imithetho yerhafu imisela ukuba ingakanani irhafu yakho eya kurhulumente kwaye iphembelela izigqibo ezifana nokuthenga ikhaya okanye ukugcina umhlala-phantsi.
  • [[NTLA] Uthutho:[[FT:1] Imali yemali yemali ebhanki yohola wendlela, ukwakhiwa kwebrorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke. Ukuba uhamba imihla ngemihla, imeko yaloo ndlela kunye nokufumaneka kololiwe okanye uduladula kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimibutho engqukuva.

Qho xa uhlawula ityala, uthumela umntwana wakho esikolweni, okanye ujika impompo, ufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinxulumani kukunceda uhlolisise izikhundla zabameli bakho abanyuliweyo uze wenze ukhetho lokuvota ngolwazi.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuthobela imithetho nokunika iinkonzo

Isebe eliphetheyo likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nomphathi-mikhosi. Likwaquka uMongameli onguMongameli, amasebe eKhabhinethi (15 kunye namanye amasebe), kunye nentabalala yabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini. Imbopheleleko ephambili yesebe eliphetheyo kukuqhuba nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Ngokwenjenjalo, iphumeza ngqo iinkonzo ezixhomekeke kumaMerika yonke imihla.

Imisebenzi yesebe eliphethe i-Gradient

  • Ukwenziwa komthetho: amasebe aMazwe aManyeneyo abhala imimiselo kunye nemimiselo enyanzeliswayo ukuze aphumeze umthetho wombutho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imicimbi yasebuRhubheni kunye neMicimbi yeNkcubeko: uMongameli uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, uququzelela izivumelwano, kwaye umisela abameli.
  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Isebe lokhuselo kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo ikhusela uhlanga kwizisongelo zangaphandle.
  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkonzo zePublic:[ amasebe alawulayo alawula iinkqubo ezisuka kuKhuseleko loLuntu neMedica akwimpendulo yentlekele nokhuseleko lwemekobume.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalelo ephumezekayo kunye neziphumo: UMongameli angalathisa isebe eliphetheyo ukuba lisebenze ngaphakathi komthetho okhoyo, ukubumba inkqubo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha.

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Elibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Isebe elilawulayo lichaphazela ubomi bakho ngokungqalileyo kunalo naliphi na elinye isebe ngeenkonzo elizinikelayo nangemimiselo eliyinyanzelisayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko nokhuseleko lwezikhuseli: I-Social Security Administration ithumela umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka, kunye neenzuzo ezisindileyo kwizigidi zamaMedicare & IiNkonzo zeMedicaid zinika inkcaso yempilo kubantu abadala kunye nabantu abahlawulwayo abaphantsi. Ezi nkqubo zinika intsapho yakho imali kunye nokhuseleko lwezamayeza.
  • Ukutya Okukhuselekileyo nempilo kawonke-wonke: I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ihlola ukhuseleko lokutya, amayeza, kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Iziko lothintelo lwezifo (CDC) lihlasela izifo eziqhambukayo kunye nemigaqo yempilo. Xa udla kwivenkile yokutyela okanye usela amayeza achaziweyo, uxhomekeke kula masebe.
  • Isakhiwo sonikezelo: Isebe lothutho limisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwizithuthi, ligcina ulawulo lomoya, kwaye linika izibonelelo kwimisebenzi yohola wendlela kunye nololiwe. ULawulo lweFederal Aviation Administration (FA) luqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomoya, ngeli lixa iNational Highway Traffic Safety Ad Administration (NHTA) ilawula izithuthi zezithuthi ezikhumbulayo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwezenkcubeko: I-Arhente yeNkcubeko yoKhuselo loKhuselo (EPA) inyanzela umoya ococekileyo kunye nemigangatho yamanzi, ijonge ukucoca inkunkuma eyingozi, kwaye ilawula ukhuseleko lwemichiza. Ubunjani bomoya wakho wasekuhlaleni namanzi buxhomekeke kakhulu kwizenzo ze-EPA.
  • IReso-goso yoluvo lobunyani:[[FT:1] I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ilungelelanisa isiqabu sentlekele ngexesha leenkanyamba, imililo, izikhukula, kunye nezifo ezimandundu. Ngamaxesha amanqam, isebe eliphetheyo linika uncedo olusindisa ubomi kunye nemali yokuzinzisa.
  • I-Consomer Financial Protection Benail UBureau (CFPB) inyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokubolekisa ngezilwanyana ezizingelayo, iqinisekisa ukubonakala kwezibambi zezindlu kunye namakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kwaye isingatha izikhalazo zabathengi. Ukuba unengxaki ngebhanki okanye umgcini-mali, i-CFPB ingangenelela.
  • Ulwahlulo kunye neZiko: Umissionary Office kunye neeNkonzo zoGqibeko lwe-US (USCIS) ziphumeza iinkqubo zemvume, amakhadi aluhlaza, kunye nokwenziwa kwendalo. Izithethe kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP) zikhusela kwaye zinceda urhwebo olusemthethweni nohambo.

Isebe elilawulayo lingumsebenzi worhulumente wabemi abaninzi. Enoba utyelela ipaki yesizwe, uhlawula irhafu ngeIRS, okanye ufumana ipakethe enikezelwa yiNkonzo yePosi yaseUnited States, unxulumana nesebe eliphetheyo.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Imithetho Nokukhusela Amalungelo

Isebe lezomthetho liqulethwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo (iinkundla zamacandelo, iinkundla zezibheno, kunye neenkundla ezingoononkqeba). Indima yalo ephambili kukutolika umthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba uyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ngoncedo lwamandla okuhlola isigwebo, iinkundla zinokubetha imithetho nezenzo ezijongene nemigaqo-siseko. Eli sebe lisebenza njengomlondolozi wamalungelo obuqu kunye nomgwebi wokugqibela weempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imisebenzi yesebe lezahluleli

  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho: kwenkundla kucacisa intsingiselo yemimiselo edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo.
  • [[NTLL:0] Impinda yeJodicial:[ INkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya lokubhengeza imithetho okanye imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo engekho sigqeba, amandla amiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [18]).
  • Isisombululo sesigqibo: iinkundla zoMasipala zisombulula iingxabano ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, ukwahluka-hluka kobumi, okanye umGaqo-siseko.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo: IiNkundla zinyanzelisa iBhili yamaLungelo nezinye iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko, zikhusela abantu kurhulumente abaphangi.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yoManyano: kweNkundla yokuhlola izenzo zoshishino ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nemithetho enika amandla kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.

Indlela Isebe Eligwebayo Elibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bamihla Le

Izigwebo zenkundla zibuchaphazela ubomi bakho ngendlela ekusenokungasoloko kucacile ngayo:

  • I-CIILI KULUNGILE KULUNGILE] Amalungelo kunye nenkululeko: isalathiso seNkundla ePhakamileyo njenge [[FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1454] iphele kucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo, ngelixa Obergecrebv. [[FLT:][FLT]][FLT] [2010] [2015] i-ethemblagi yomtshato osemthethweni wizwe lonke. Ityala [ kunye ne-Mandla.[FLD:] [196] [196]] amalungelo owamkelekileyo ngexesha lokubanjwa kwakho nomthetho.[196]
  • Privtacy: INkundla iye yamkela ilungelo lokuzimela ekusekeleni amalungelo okuzala, ukufikelela ekuthinteleni, nemiqathango ekujongweni kukarhulumente. Ubuchule bakho bokulawula ulwazi lwakho lobuqu kunye nezigqibo zezamayeza ngokufuthi buxhomekeke kwiinkcazelo ezigwebayo.
  • Ityala lomthetho: IiNkundla zimisela imigaqo yokugweba, ukungafezeki kobungqina, nemilinganiselo yokuvavanywa ngokulungileyo. Xa ukhonza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, uthatha inxaxheba ngqo kumsebenzi wesebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imeko-mali kunye namalungelo eempahla: Ityala malunga nezivumelwano, imvume, kunye nokuba nempahla lisombululwe kwiinkundla zelizwe. Imimiselo yempahla engokwasemthethweni ichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kumculo oqukuqela ukuya kwi-software oyisebenzisayo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] UMthetho wezentengiselwano nowoMngeni: ihlola imiqathango ye-EPA, izigqibo zeFDA, kunye nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi. Ukuba inkampani imangalelwe ngokuthengisa imveliso eyingozi, isebe lezomthetho ligqiba ukuphendula nokuhlawula.
  • Ukuhlahlela kunye ne-Asylmu: iinkundla zoMasipala ziva izibheno ezivela kubagwebi abafudukayo, ukubumba ovunyelwayo ukuhlala kwilizwe naphantsi kweemeko.

Isebe eligwebayo liyindawo yokuyeka ukuqhuba yonke eminye imisebenzi karhulumente ehlala ikwimida yomGaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kwayo, amalungelo owathatha lula anokupheliswa sisininzi okanye ngabagqwesi-ntloko.

Iindlela Zokusebenzisana Nesebe

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ithintela naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba lingalawuli. Isebe ngalinye linamandla anokumisela amanye umda:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ikhomputha ingayigqitha iveto engumongameli ngesibini sesithathu sobuninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[UMGANGA] UMongameli angawungenisa umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingawuphazamisa loo mjikelo.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, kodwa iKhomishini ingacebisa ulungiso-mthetho-siseko okanye inike imithetho emitsha ethetha ngeengxaki zeNkundla.
  • [[UMNISELELO:0] uMongameli umisela iijaji zesizwe, kodwa iCanternel kufuneka ibaqinisekise.
  • Ikhonstar ilawula uqingqo-mali lwamasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo, iphembelela imisebenzi yawo.
  • Indlu ingamtyumza uMongameli okanye abagwebi bamazwe, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inokubavalela ize ibasuse.

Le midlalo iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho emiselwe yiBhunga inyanzeliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ichazwa kakuhle. Ikwathetha ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo ofunayo lungafuna inyathelo kumasebe amaninzi.

Iindlela Zokusebenzisa Isebe Ngalinye

Ukuqonda indlela amasebe akuchaphazela ngayo linyathelo lokuqala. Eyesibini inenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nazi iindlela eziluncedo zokuthetha kwisebe ngalinye:

Ukusebenzisana nesebe Lomthetho

  • Unyuso kunyulo lwendlu kunye namaCandelo. Ibhola yakho igqiba ngqo ukuba ngubani omele wena kwiBhunga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukudibana nabameli bakho kunye nee-senator ngemfonomfono, i-imeyili, okanye ileta ukuchaza iimbono zakho kumthetho olindeleyo.
  • Iiholo zedolophu ezithe gqoba kunye neeprojekthi zikawonke-wonke ukubuza imibuzo nokuxoxa ngemibandela.
  • amagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwiindleko nakwiikomiti zokuchophela (ezininzi zivulelwe uwonke wonke).
  • Paricipate kumaqela okungafundi wildvocation ebhenela iKhonkco encochoyini kwimibandela ethile enjengezempilo, imfundo, okanye imekobume.

Ukusebenzisana nesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

Ukusebenzisana Nesebe Lezaphuli - mthetho

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwiqela labachopheli-tyala xa ubizwa. Le yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba.
  • Ifayile imecus curiae (umhlobo wenkundla) imifuno ukuba wena okanye intlangano yakho unolwazi olunxulumene netyala (ngokufuthi yenziwa ngomelo olusemthethweni).
  • Ulandela izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo uze uxubushe ngazo kuluntu lwakho. Uluvo lukawonke wonke lungaphembelela ukubekwa kwezahlulelo zexesha elizayo neempendulo zowiso-mthetho.
  • Imibutho engenisa igalelo lamalungelo abantu okanye ezinye izinto ezikwenza ukhathalele, njenge ACLU, iNaACP Evolution Fund, okanye iZiko loKhuselelo loMgangatho.
  • Hlala usazile [ malunga nesiqinisekiso setyala kwaye uqhagamshelane nee-senator zakho ukuchaza iimbono zakho koo-mmine.

Isiphelo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S. akakho kumaziko akude. Akhona ekutyeni okudla kwakho, umoya owuphefumlayo, iindlela oqhubayo, izikolo abantwana bakho abaya kuzo, nenkululeko onayo. Isebe lezemithetho libhala imithetho emisela imithetho kunye neenkqubo zemali; isebe elilawulayo linikela iinkonzo kwaye linyanzelise loo mithetho; isebe lezomthetho likhusela amalungelo akho kwaye litolike inkqubo esemthethweni elawula yonke into. Ngokuqonda imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yesebe ngalinye, kwaye iindlela elijongana nazo zinokuba ngummi othenjiweyo. Ukuba ngabavoti, gqabaza kwimi, lisebenza kwinkundla yabacholi-mthetho, okanye liqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, likhusela inkqubo yakho yolawulo-demokhrasi. Urhulumente walungiselelwa ukulungiselela abantu, kwaye abantu kufuneka baqhubeke ukuqinisekisa ukuba baphumeze indima yabo.

[[UMTLL:0] kufundo olubhekele phaya, uphando lolawulo olusemthethweni:[[UMQULU:1]