Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingumgaqo osisiseko kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente waseMelika. Ilungiselelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni amandla angathintelwayo, le nkqubo inceda ukusebenzisana ngeli lixa ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ukususela ekusungulweni kwayo, uvavanyo nolwahlulo lusasele luyintsalela echazayo ye-U.S., ukubumba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla karhulumente wezwe kunye neziphumo zenkqubo ephembelelayo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi misebenzi zisebenza ngayo qha, kunye neziphumo zazo zehlabathi, zibalulekile kubafundi bezezezentlalo, imbali, kunye nezopolitiki.

Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunzulu lwempembelelo yovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano kurhulumente waseMerika. Siza kulandela iingcambu zalo zembali, sihlole iziphumo zalo ezingundoqo, sihlalutya iziphumo zayo kwityala le-grid neqhina lentsimbi, kwaye siqwalasele iingxaki zangoku. Ngesiphelo, uzakuba nembono ebanzi yokuba kutheni abakhenkci besakhelo beyijonga le nkqubo njengebalulekileyo kwaye njani ukuba iqhubeke njani izenzeka.

Ukuqonda Kunokuxilonga Kuze Kulungelelane

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubhekisela kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko evumela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente($isebe eliphetheyo, imigaqo-mthetho, kunye nekomiti yokugweba) ukuze limisele amandla abanye. Le nkqubo ifakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. kwaye ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho nasekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Ngokungafaniyo nokwahlulwa okugqibeleleyo kwamandla, apho amasebe esebenza ngokwawo, ukuhlolwa nokulungelelaniswa kwenza igunya elingenani kunye nolawulo loluntu.

Le ngcamango isoloko ithelekiswa neenkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo apho amandla edibene khona. Kumzekelo waseMerika, akukho sebe lingasebenza ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lomkhokeli okanye ulwalathiso komnye. Umzekelo, iBhunga limisa imithetho, kodwa umongameli umele ayityikitye; umongameli umisela abagwebi, kodwa iBhunga limele liziqinisekise; iinkundla zichaza imithetho, kodwa iBhunga liyakwazi ukuyiphelisa. Oku kukhuthaza ukucinga ngokungxama okanye ukunyanzela.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Ukuze kuqondwe uvavanyo nolungelelwano, kufuneka kuqala kucaciswe indima yesebe ngalinye:

  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Likhokelwa ngumongameli, elisebe linyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente, liqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, liyalela imikhosi exhobileyo, kwaye lijonge urhulumente. Isekela lomongameli kunye neKhabhinethi lixhasa umongameli.
  • Isebe elinomthetho: Congress, ekhiwe yiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanga neNdlu yabameli, inamandla okwenza imithetho, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukunyusa ingeniso, nokungaququzeleli kwamagosa karhulumente. Ikwaqinisekisa ukubekwa kwekomiti kunye nokubekwa kwegunya kunye nokuqulunqa izivumelwano.
  • Isebe leMigaqo-siseko: Iinkundla zephondo, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ezitolika imithetho, ezihlola izenzo zolawulo, kwaye zigqibe ubume bomthetho ngokuhlola.

La masebe akahlukanga kumsebenzi kodwa axhomekeke kuvavanyo. Umzekelo, umphathi angawukhupha umthetho, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawususa umgangatho ongaphezulu ngobuninzi obuzii-3 ezimbini, kwaye ijaji ingabetha imithetho njengengahambelaniyo nemithetho.

Imeko Yembali: Umbono Wezakhelo

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko babephenjelelwa ngokunzulu ziingcinga zoluvo, ingakumbi uBaron de Montesquieu, omsebenzi wakhe Umoya woMthetho [ [1748]) baphikisa ukuba inkululeko ingagcinwa ngokungcono ngokwahlulwa kwamagunya karhulumente. Amarhamncwa aseMerika aye anamava obuqu ngegunya eliphezulu elingathintelekiyo phantsi koKumkani uGeorge III, owakhuthaza umnqweno wawo wenkqubo yamandla asasazwayo.

Ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787, abameli baphikisana ngendlela yokwakha urhulumente omtsha. Ucelomngeni yayikukudala urhulumente onamandla anamandla alinganayo ukuze aphephe ubuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko ngeli lixa uthintela ulawulo olunzima. Isisombululo asilulo okwahlulwa ngokupheleleyo kwamagunya kodwa yayiyinkqubo edityanisiweyo apho isebe ngalinye liza kuba nengxilongo kwezinye. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhalayo kwi [[FLT: 0] Fideralist No. 51, "Ulwaluko kufuneka lwenziwe lulwe."

Iphepha loluhlu lomanyano

Ku [[NTL:0] Uluhlu lwe-Federali No. 51, uMadison wachaza imfuneko yee-check kunye nolungelelwano: isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka sinikezele "ngeenjongo ezichaseneyo neziphikisanayo" isiphene seentshukumisa ezingcono. Waphikisa ukuba isebe ngalinye limele lizimele kwaye libe neendlela zomgaqo-siseko kunye neentshukumisa zobuqu zokuxhathisa ukungenelela ezinye. Lo mgaqo ucatshulwe namhlanje kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko.

[[FLT: 0] Iphepha lomanyano lihlala libalulekile ukuze kufundwe injongo yokuqala esemva kohlolo nolwahlulo. Zichaza ngokucacileyo indlela iriphabliki enkulu enokuthi ixhase ngayo amaqela akhuphisanayo ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane nokuqinisekisa uzinzo.

Oomatshini Abangundoqo Bokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olusebenza kwiintlobo-ntlobo zenkqubo eziqhelekileyo nezingacwangciswanga. Ezinye zibhalwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ngoxa ezinye zivele ngokusebenza. Ngasezantsi zizona zibalulekileyo:

  • Igunya lomkhosi: Umongameli angawubeka nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Noko ke, iBhunga lingawugqitha umphetho kunye namaninzi amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini. Le mikhosi ihlola ilalanisa kwaye ithintela umongameli ekwenzeni umthetho ongazange ubonwe.
  • [[NTL: 0] Impinda ye Jodicial: Ibekwe kwi Marbury v. Madison (1803), iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zesebe ezilawulayo ezingahambelaniyo. Le yenye yezona zihlo zinamandla, njengoko ivumela ijudicario ukuba inciphise izigqibo ezenziwa ngamasebe anyuliweyo.
  • Indlu yabameli inamandla okungathathi nxaxheba (ukuzisa izityholo nxamnye) nomongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi besizwe. Indlu yeNtlanga yandula ke ibambe ityala kwaye ikwazi ukususa amagosa ngevoti ezimbini ezithathu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anokuba netyala "ngetyala elikhulu nangabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangalunganga"
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise ukudibana komongameli kwiKhabinethi, iinkundla zorhulumente, nezinye iindawo eziphezulu. Oku kuhlola kunika indlu yowiso-mthetho indima ekulungiseni iqumrhu eliphetheyo nelokugweba.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa afuna ivoti yekota yesithathu ezimbini ukuze isebenze. Oku kuthintela umphathi ukuba angenzi izibophelelo zamanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho ebanzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ePusela: Congress ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafu kurhulumente. Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle komthetho wokukhupha izicelo. Oku kunika indlu yowiso-mthetho igunya leenkqubo kunye nezinto eziphambili.
  • umlinganiselo weVetoes:[ Njengoko kuphawuliwe, iBhunga lingayigqitha iveto engumongameli, efuna izakhiwo ezinkulu emagumbini omabini. Le nkqubo igcina umlinganiselo wamandla naxa intloko-ntloko ingavumelani neBhunga.

Ezinye iingqikelelo ezingacwangciswanga ziquka indima yamajelo eendaba ekubhenca ukuxhatshazwa, uluvo lukawonke-wonke olubumba iziphumo zonyulo, nesibakala sokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingandiswa okanye iphinde ilungiswe yiBhunga (nangona kunqabileyo ukukwenziwa). Le nkqubo izimisele ukucutha ngesiquphe ithuba lokulawula elinye isebe.

Impembelelo kuRhulumente waseMerika

Impembelelo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano kurhulumente waseMerika inzulu kwaye ijikelele. Kwesinye isandla, inkqubo ikhuthaza ukuphendula, ikhusela ubundlobongela, kwaye ikhuthaza ukulalanisa. Kwelinye icala, isenokukhokelela kwiqhina elinqamlezayo nokungafezeki, ingakumbi kumaxesha okuguquka kwemimandla. Ukuqonda amacala omabini abaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwenkqubo jikelele.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula

Ukujonga nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente aphendulwe ngezenzo zawo. Ukuba elinye isebe ligqitha igunya lalo, elinye linokungenelela. Ngokomzekelo, umongameli osebenzisa kakubi imiyalelo yezolawulo angajamelana nokumangalelwa enkundleni karhulumente, kwaye iBhunga linokuhlola lize libambe ityala. Inkqubo yokungaququzeleli yinkqubo epheleleyo yamagosa aphezulu.

Oku kuphendula kukwadlulela kwijaji. Abagwebi boManyano basebenza ubomi babo bonke, kodwa bangacetyiswa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. IKhomishini ikwalawula igunya leenkundla zephondo kwaye iyakwazi ukumisela indlela amatyala aviwa ngayo.

Ukukhusela Ubuchule

Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa inceda ekuthinteleni naliphi na isebe ekubeni namandla kakhulu. Oku kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo nenkululeko yabemi. Abafaki-famfa babezazi kakuhle iingozi zamandla onyanzelekileyo, bephile phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Bayila inkqubo apho kwanomongameli odumileyo engenako ukuwuguqula umthetho okanye athintele ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokuchasana neBhunga okanye iinkundla.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa oku. Ngexesha lehlazo laseWatergate, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iiteyipu ezirekhodiweyo, kunye neKomiti yeHouse Judicary amanqaku avunyiweyo okungakhuthazi zincwadi. uNixon warhoxa phambi kwetyala leNtlanganiso, ebonisa ukuba ingxilongo nomlinganiselo zinokugcina eyona ofisi inamandla kwelo lizwe izakuphendula.

Ukhuthazo Olukhuthazayo Nokulalanisa

Imfuneko yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe ingakhokelela kumthetho othe qwa. Ucalulo lukhuthaza incoko kunye nokulungelelaniswa, okungaphumela ekulawuleni okunempumelelo. Umzekelo, umthetho ogqitha iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimi ezixhasayo kwaye utyikitywa ngumongameli usenokuba nolwazi olubanzi, ukunciphisa ithuba lokufumana ucelomngeni olukhawulezileyo okanye olusemthethweni.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ikhuthaza intsebenziswano: oomongameli badla ngokuqhagamshelana namaqumrhu ahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba atyumbe inkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye abachopheli baqhelekile ukuze baqinisekise ukuqinisekiswa. Kodwa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, olu nxibelelwano luye lwanengxabano.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo zayo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene nokugxeka okubalulekileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ingenza ubuchule kunye nokungalawuleki kwezobupolitika, ingakumbi ngamaxesha karhulumente owahluleleneyo. Xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula amasebe awahlukeneyo, anokuphumela ekuyekeni apho kungenziwa nto ingako. Le ngxangxasi ingabaphazamisa abemi kwaye ikhokelela ekudimazekeni ngurhulumente.

Uxinezeleko Lwezobupolitika

I-Gridlock mhlawumbi yeyona iqhelekile ukugxekwa kwee-check kunye nolungelelwano. Umzekelo, ukususela ngo-2022, i-United States yafumana iivalelo ezininzi zikarhulumente ngenxa yeengxoxo zoqingqo-mali phakathi kwendlu exhotyisiweyo yeRiphabliki kunye nomongameli we-Democratic okanye i-exampli. Iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo zaphazamiseka, kwaye abantu banomsindo. Ngokufanayo, iCantenal Renalbuster .A isixhobo asizange sivele kuMgaqo-siseko kodwa ngoku sivumele inani eliphambili leqela labaquququzeleli ukuba bavise umthetho, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni baqhubekeke kamashumi eminyaka kwimicimbi efana notshintsho lobuzwe notshintsho lwemozulu.

Abaphengululi baphikisana ukuba igridlock yibug okanye imbonakalo. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi abafaki zixhobo benza utshintsho ngabom ukuze bakhusele umthetho ongxamayo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukurhoxa kwemimandla engaphandle kule mihla kuye kwenza inkqubo yendalo ingasebenzi kakuhle. Njengoko isazinzulu sezopolitiko uFrances Lee siphawula, "Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nolungelelwaniso isebenza kakuhle kuphela xa amaqela ezobupolitika ekulungele ukulalanisa.

Amandla Okuxhatshazwa

Ngeli xesha ii-checks kunye nolwaluko lucetyiswa ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa, zinokusetyenziswa ukuze kufumaneke inzuzo yabaxhaphazi. Umzekelo, ukungacengi kusetyenziswe njengesixhobo sezobupolitika. Ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton waphenjelelwa yindlu elawulwa yiRiphabliki yendlu ye-perjury kunye nokungaqiniseki kobulungisa okunxulumene nehlazo lobuqu . .A kutshanje, uMongameli Donald Trump wabekwa ityala kabini yiDidemocratic House, kunye noRiphablikians etyhola iDemocrates yokuxhobisa le nkqubo.

Uhlolo lwejaji lungaxhatshazwa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla maxa wambi zigqitha ngokubetha imithetho esekelwe kwiinkcazelo zengqiqo kunokuba icacise isiseko somGaqo-siseko. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Citizens United v. FEC [2010] ngumzekelo ophambili apho abagxeki bathi iNkundla yandisa ingeniso yezopolitiko ngaphaya koko kwakucetyiwe ngumGaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nezimbo

Kule nkulungwane yama - 21, ukunyuka kwemiyalelo yabalawuli, ukuthunywa kwamandla okusuka kwiNgqungquthela ukuya kumaqumrhu karhulumente, nokukhula kwempembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika konke kuye kwalivavanya ilungiselelo lokuqala.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo

Abalawuli bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yezolawulo, izibhengezo, kunye nencwadi yesandla ukudlulisa iKhomishini kwimibandela enjengeyokufuduka, umgaqo-siseko, kunye nenkxalabo yempilo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli besebe ingumGaqo-siseko ``isixhobo sokulawula umsebenzi wesebe-owonakeleyo] banokuwolula imida yamagunya omongameli. Maxa wambi iinkundla ziye zabetha ngokuphandle okungathethekiyo, kodwa umthamo omkhulu wesenzo solawulo oluphezulu uye wathambekela kulungelelwano lomgangatho ophezulu.

IBhunga liphendule kancinci. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisoloko lingakufuni ukubuyisela koomongameli beqela labo, kwaye isisongelo se-veto senza kube nzima ukuphelisa. Oku kungalingani kubangele abanye abaphengululi ukuba babize u "ukulolonga" amagunya, mhlawumbi ngokunyanzelisa ngamandla okunyanzelisa i-ChonRevontal Review Act[ okanye ngokulinganisela amandla kamongameli okuvakalisa izinto ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe.

Indima YeNkundla Ephakamileyo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaba libala elisembindini lokulwa ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni. Ngegunya lokuphelisa imithetho, ukwenziwa kweNkundla kuyaphikiswa ngokukrakra. Ukumiswa kokusesikweni kuthe kwagqalwa kakhulu, iqela ngalinye lifuna ukubumba icandelo lejaji ngokwezizukulwana. Ukunqanda umpumpulwa kweBhunga likaMerick Garland' ngunobumbanomzilili weBhunga, ulandelwa kukuqinisekiswa ngokukhawuleza kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kubalase indlela uvavanyo olunokusetyenziswa ngayo izixhobo.

Ngokubhekele phaya, iNkundla ngokwayo iye yaba yeyokunyathela. Kumagama akutshanje, iye yabhukuqa imizekelo emide yokuqhomfa ( iDobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'AseMpilweni), amalungelo empu ([[[FLT:]]]] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association v. Bruten]) nomthetho wolawulo ([[FLT:]] West Virginia v. [[FLT:]]]. Ezi zigqibo zigqithile zithetha ngendima efanelekileyo yokuhlola. Kuhlalutyo, bona nzulu, [[FLT]] uphando oluphando oluphangaleleyo lophando lwasekuhlaleni [FL]]

Ukuhlaza Kwezibhaka-bhaka Nokuthotywa Kwemilo

Mhlawumbi eyona nto inzima ukuvavanya nokulinganisela namhlanje kukungahambelani ngokuchaseneyo. Xa amaqela ezobupolitika ejongana njengezisongelo ezikhoyo, inkqubo yokuzibamba iyaphuka. Indlu yeNdlu igcina imigaqo yesebe, eyayikhe yanqabile, ngoku ingumkhwa; i-monicbuster isetyenziselwa ukuvala zonke izicwangciso zemithetho; kwaye izisongelo zokwandisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye ukudibanisa ngemithetho emitsha iphelisa umgaqo wokuzimela ngokwamanyuko.

Bambi bathi le nkqubo ifuna utshintsho. Izilumkiso ziquka ukuphelisa i-monilbuster, imida emisela amagama kumatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ifuna amagunya amakhulu ukwenzela izenzo ezithile zolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nokomeleza amandla eBhunga ukuba agcine umongameli enetyala. Abanye balumkisa ukuba ukuqhatha nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko kungaba neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lokuxilongwa Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ihlala ililitye ledemokhrasi yaseMelika. Ngexa inika imingeni ``igrick', ukuxhatshazwa kwentsebenziswano, nokungafezeki kwentsebenziswano-kukhuthaza ukuphendula nokuthintela ubundlobongela buxabiseke kakhulu. Abakhi bezixhobo bayakhela inkqubo eya kumelana novavanyo lwexesha kunye noxinzelelo lwe-corionolionism. Isebenza, nangona ingeyiyo, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama- 230 kamva, ingubungqina boyilo.

Ukuqonda ii-checks nokulungelelana kubalulekile kubafundi nabafundisi bembali, bomthetho, kunye nenzululwazi yezobupolitika. Asiyomigaqo nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa sisixhobo esiphilayo esilawula yonke imfazwe enkulu yezobupolitika eUnited States. Enoba uhlola iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuvalwa kwetyala likarhulumente, okanye ukuvavanywa kwetyala, isiseko sobuchule nokulungelelaniswa siyasebenza.

Njengokuba uhlanga luqhubeka luguquka, ngokufanayo nokutolikwa nokuqheliswa korhulumente olinganiselweyo. Ucelomngeni kubemi nabenzi bomthetho kukukhusela injongo engundoqo yenkqubo .ukuyila ingcinezelo nokukhusela inkululeko, xa kusenziwa ulungelelwaniso lwezizinto zanamhlanje. Kuloo mgudu, abantu abafundileyo banokuxilonga ngokupheleleyo.