ISiseko somGaqo-siseko: Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa okuNgako

UMgaqo-siseko we-United States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wasekwa ngurhulumente onamagunya alinganiselweyo, odwelisweyo. Abayili bawo babelijongile kakhulu igunya eliphakamileyo, bezoba izifundo zomamonari waseBritani kunye nokusilela kweMigaqo yeKhomishini. Ukuthintela nayiphi na into enye elawulayo, bahlula amasebe orhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: uLawulo oluPhezulu, noMlawuli-Mgaqo-siseko, kunye noMgaqo-siseko. Oku kwahlula-siseko, kudityaniswe nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa, kwenza isakhiwo esinamandla apho amasebe onke enceda aze athintele amanye. Ukuqonda indlela isebe ngalinye elixhasa ngayo umGaqo-siseko akuyo abaluleke ngayo abafundi kodwa kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi bolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi. Amacandelo oonobugqeshoba, umgaqo-gqeshol, kunye nendlela yomthetho wehlabathi ngalinye elinguwongawonga wonke.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu Ekuqulunqeni Imithetho

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho onke kwiBhunga, lilenza libe lisebe lokuqala elichazwe kulo xwebhu. Ingqungquthela lisebe le-baobal."Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso" nganye eyenziwe ngemithetho eyahlukileyo, ubude, kunye namandla. Umsebenzi oyintloko weSebe leMithetho-mthetho ngukwenza imithetho, kodwa indima yalo yesiseko somthetho ingaphaya kwemithetho egunya. IBhunga lisondelelene nabantu, kwaye lisebenza njengentloko ye-omstritum yemigaqo-siseko yemi yongqungquthela, imela izilangazelelo zesizwe, imela izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuhlola amanye amasebe.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kunye nemithetho yomgaqo-siseko

Umthetho ngamnye odluliswa yiBhunga kufuneka wehle phakathi kwamagunya anikwe nguMgaqo-siseko. Amagunya adweliswe kwiCandelo I, iCandelo 8(8) kuquka amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula ezorhwebo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokuphakamisa umkhosi (_ukumisela imida engaphandle yomthetho karhulumente. Noko ke, i-Faneo neSeaty Claus (ISiqendu sika-I, iCandelo u-Celaus 18) inika iNgqungquthela imvume yokwenza amandla ayo adwebekiweyo, ilungiselelo lokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolike ngokubanzi. Xa i-mthetho wezoshishino, iBhunga-mthetho kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba amatyala angaphululeki ngokomthetho omthetho othile, njengalawo akuMandla afumana amaLungelo. Abenzi boMthetho-Candelo lwe-Calicalalves Servation kunye ne-Ofications ofisi ye-Gagestical i-ography

Ulawulo Namandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezimbini ezinamandla zokuhlola iSebe eliLawulayo: ukuphatha nokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali. Ukulawula kubandakanya ukuva, ukuphengulula, kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu okanye ubungqina obuvela kumagosa aphetheyo. Iikomiti zeBhunga leKhomishini, njenge House Oversity and Reformation Committee okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeNdlu yeQela, rhoqo ihlola indlela abameli abamisa ngayo imithetho. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Akhawuleze-Akhawunti yoRhulumente [[FLT] i-arenti ye-accounts] ikhankal'ee, njenge-Progracties eKongressququoth; icela. Amandla esi singxowayiyo sithe ngqo: umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba kungabikho mithetho eMphathiswa ngaphandle kokuba igunyazwe ngumthetho.

Inkqubo yoHlaliso: Ukutshintsha umGaqo-siseko

IKhomishini idlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokulungisa phantsi kweGatya V. Isindululo esicetyiweyo sifuna ukuvota okuzii-3 ezimbini ze-atmonegrafi kwindlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso (okanye indibano esemthethweni ebizwa ngee-35 zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente (engazange isetyenziswe ekulungiseni iintlawulo zomhla). Emva kokumiswa, iikota ezintathu zendlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye iindibano zikarhulumente) kufuneka ziqinisekise ukupheliswa kwemithetho-mvisi. Le ntambo iqinisekisa ukuba intluphelo-jiko ixhaswe ngokuba yinxenye yomgaqo-siseko. Ingqungquthela ice icebisiwe ngama-33; 27 ivunyiwe. Inkqubo ivumela umGalo ukuba ukhuselwe umgangatho osisiseko xa ukhusela kwimigaqo-siseko yezopolitiko.

Indlu Yabameli: Ukunikela Namandla Okunceda

Indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngokuthe ngqo kubantu. Amalungu akhonza amagama eminyaka emibini kwaye amela isithili esincinane, ewenza anikele ingqalelo kwizinto zasekuhlaleni. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu amandla okungakhutsheli (Icandelo 2, Clause 5). ICandelo linyathelo lokuqala ekususeni umongameli, umongameli, umongameli wesizwe, okanye omnye umphathi-mikhosi wesizwe we- “ iTreason, iSifumba, okanye omnye umgangatho ophezulu weCrimes kunye neMisdeators. IKomiti yendlu ka-Jiary ihlola kunye namanqaku eenkqubo eenkqubo eencwadini ebhankithayo, emele idlule ngovoti-voti yendlu epheleleyo. Kwangoku nje, igosagosa, ityala eliphambili kwii-Scoadern.

INdlu yeeNtlanganiso: Ukumanyana, Icebiso Nokuvumelana

IBhunga leNtlanganiso, kunye nemithetho yalo yeminyaka emithandathu kunye namalungu amancinane (ababini) ayenzelwe ukuba abe liqumrhu elipheleleyo. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi ivumela ingxoxo eyandisiweyo kunye neeNkundla ze-monibs, ezifuna ivoti enkulu (ngokuqhelekileyo engama-60). Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza ukulalanisa nokukhusela intlukwano ezincinci. UMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga leNtsimbi amandla amaninzi akhethekileyo (ii-cabharn, abagwebi be-osi-mthetho be-ontakantine, abagwebi be-mthetho-mthetho, abaphezulu, abamele i-ontathe), ngevoti yoninzi, kwaye ifaka izivumelwano ezingundoqo ezimbini-3-3. IBhunga elifuna iivoti ezimbini-zi. [i-3]

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Isebe elinyanzelisayo, iVito, negosa lomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku lesibini lezakhono ezilawulayo kuMongameli we-United States. Ngeli xesha uMongameli ’ umsebenzi ophambili kukuqhuba imigaqo yangaphandle, i-” ukujongana neSebe Elilawulayo lale mihla liquka isebe elikhulu lamasebe, amasebe, kunye negunya elimisa umthetho karhulumente. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengoMyaleli-oMkhosi-omkhosi wemikhosi yemikhosi, uqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye unengqiqo ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yasekhaya. Ngoko ke, zonke izenzo zequmrhu eliphethe kufuneka zihambelane nomGawula nomthetho wemithetho. Umongameli uxhasa umGaqo-siseko kungekuphela ngokumisela imithetho kodwa ngokuhlonela imiqathango yegunya lempatho.

Ukuphunyezwa Komthetho Ngokuthembeka

Ibinzana le “ Khathalela ukuba uMthetho ubulawe ngokuthembekileyo i” (Artle II, Icandelo 3) libeka umsebenzi kuMongameli ukuphumeza yonke imimiselo edluliselwe yiBhunga. Oku kuquka ukumisela imithetho yomthetho-siseko, ukumisela iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumisela iinkqubo zolawulo, nokukhusela amalungelo asekuhlaleni, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Xa umongameli engavumelani nomthetho, ukhetho lulinganiselwe: ukufuna ukupheliswa kwiBhunga, ukuqinisekisa iSebe leJaji ukukhusela umthetho enkundleni, okanye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ukugatya ukuwunyanzela ukuba unyanzelo lungacaciselwanga ngokucacileyo. Isebe leJaji ye-&usquo; i-ofisi yeSiluleko somthetho inikela izimvo kwimiqathangosiselo segunyazo.

Amandla EVito: Uhlolisiso Kwingqungquthela

Inqaku I, Icandelo 7 linika uMongameli amandla okubeka umthetho. Isivumelwano esinikwe uMongameli siba ngumthetho kuphela ukuba sityikityiwe; ukuba ithe yatyiswa, iKhomishini ingawulawula umphetho ngemiqathango emibini yesithathu yokuvota kuzo zombini iigumbi. Iveto lisixhobo esibukhali kodwa esinamandla. Inyanzelisa iBhunga ukuba liphinde limisele umthetho kwaye ikhokelele kwingxoxo. Abameli baye basebenzisa ii-vingconi ukuvala iimfanelo ezithenjiweyo ukukholelwa ukudlula imiqathango yemithetho yesiseko, ukuphazamisana nemithetho yangaphandle, okanye ukuphazamisa inzala yesizwe. Umzekelo, [[FLT.[FL:0] umGaqo-siseko &quo; ucangciso Clauslecreast [[FLT] [12] kwi-ARGenestitualgne; i-Avidentine ye-oms provideusts] kwi-omatiastianste .[12]

Imiqathango yegunya neMiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko

Imiyalelo yequmrhu elilawulayo kunye nemiyalelo yomongameli ivumela uMongameli ukuba alawule urhulumente wesizwe i’ imisebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume yorhulumente. Noko ke, imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo kufuneka imiswe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imiyalelo yegunya elingaphezulu kwegunya lomongameli okanye ingqubano yamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Umzekelo, [[FLTLT:0]] ulutsha olusemgqebasini we & camp; Tube. v.

ISindululo soMongameli neSindululo

UMongameli ’ unegunya lokumisela abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo . “‘ iquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo (iyenye yemisebenzi ephumele phambili. Ukubekwa kwemiqathango yezomthetho kungqinela iNdlu yeNtlanganiso, kwaye xa ikhe yaqinisekiswa, abagwebi basebenza ubomi babo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle. Oku kuthetha ukuba umongameli angabumba i-judiary ’ ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko iminyaka engamashumi eminyaka. Abalawuli bathambeka ekubeni intanda-mthetho yezomthetho ixhomekeke kwimiqatha yezomthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimfazwe ezinkulu zemithetho engekho mthethweni. Igunya elingundoqo lisebenza ngelinye isebe elilawulayo, kodwa i-Implatement Acterreant; ukunqanda ukulawulwa kwe-Oversethi ye-omgalelo.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika, Impinda Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

IGatya III elimisela iSebe lezeejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo kuquka neenkundla ezisezantsi zezephondo ezakhiwa yiBhunga. Umsebenzi ophambili kukutolika umthetho ngokuwuchaza nokumisela umGaqo-siseko wawo. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amasebe, abagwebi bequzeli borhulumente bamiselwe ubomi kwaye bangasuswa kuphela ngokungagunyaziswa, ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabo kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko. ISebe lezezomthetho lixhasa umGaqo-siseko ngokusebenza njengommeli wokugqibela wokowulawula umGaqo-siseko, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nokuphelisa ingxabano phakathi kwamazwe okanye oorhulumente.

Impinda Yomgwebo: Amandla Okutshabalalisa Imithetho

INkundla ePhakamileyo i&squo; amandla okuhlola kwezomthetho,(-). Igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingachananga nezomthetho (awuchazi ngokucacileyo kwiNkundla ngokwayo [[FLT: 0]] kuMarbury v. Madison[[[FLL:1]] [183]. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall waphikisa ukuba ngumsebenzi wecandelo lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho, nokuba nawuphi na umthetho ochasene noMgaqo-siseko uphuthile. Ukususela ngoko, iNkuphendulo ibuye ilungise amawaka etyala, ibetha phantsi kwemiqathango yomthetho nemithetho echasene nemigaqo yomthetho. Inkundla iphendulo i-judiactal &quo; ikhangela amasebe. Xa iNkugqiba umthetho, isenokusabela ngomthetho ngokuthobela okanye ngokugweba ngemvumelo. [3]

Ukukhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

ISigqibo samaLungelo kunye nokubuyiselwa okulandelayo kuqinisekisa inkululeko yabantu ngabanye enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, ye-athom, nelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo; ikhusela ekuphangweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, ukuzikhusela, nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga; kunye nesokukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho. Isebe Lezomthetho liwanyanzelisa la malungelo ngokuhlola imithetho, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezithi zichasa. Amabhinqa &ququa; Intlangano yezonyango yezonyango [FTPhondo], isoloko ibandakanya umgaqo-mquququzelo-mrhu: [[FLT], [12], ulawulo oluneede.[3], ulawulo olufanayonke.[3] [FFFF.NT.NUM.NT.[10], uG.[10]

IiNkundla zoManyano neSigqibo sokuXaxwa

Ngaphandle kwamatyala omgaqo-siseko, inkundla yejaji yephondo isombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, phakathi kwabemi bomazwe ahlukeneyo (igunya lolawulo lommandla) kunye namatyala abandakanya urhulumente wase-United States. Iinkundla zesithili zibamba iityala, iinkundla zesiphakamiso zesiphakamiso ziva izibheno, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo inika iCertioriari kwintwana encinane yezicelo (malunga namatyala angama-80-100 ngonyaka). Umgaqo we- u-aresteros decis[[ [iiienza] ityala lokubhenela, kodwa inkundla isenokusimisela ukuma okungaguquguquka, kodwa iNkundla ingawubhukuda umgaqo wokulawula kwangaphambili xa ifumene ukungagqibeki okunzulu okanye ukungagqibeki. I-judiary &quo; indima yesigqibo kwisigqibo semigaqo-ognomenti, imimiselo, kunye nemimiselo yemithetho yomthetho-ogqesho esemthethweni.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: IGuardian yomGaqo-siseko

INkundla ePhakamileyo imi kwincopho yenkqubo yokugweba. Abagwebi bayo abasithoba basebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo lokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. INkundla i’ izigqibo ezimisela imodeli yenkundla esezantsi zezeHlanto ze imisele yesizwe sigqibelele imo yezomthetho yesizwe sonke. Ngenxa yokuba abagwebi basebenza ngokwemigaqo yokuphila, iNkundla ingenza njengokuhlola amatyala amakhulu eBhunga okanye ulawulo lwezikhundla. Imithetho yelizwe efana [FLT: 0] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo[FLT][FFFOLT:1] [1954] [54] iphele i-luvo lohlanga kwizikolo; [[FLT:] [124] [iiiimperea] [igrand] [ignon] ingumba-margount athe , ingulomodus , ingumba yoonke, ingumphant, ingulo-Andla, ingulo, ingulo, i

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Inkqubo elawulayo yedangatho lomanyano

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya bekuya kuba kokungagqibekanga ngaphandle kwenkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana, kuvumela isebe ngalinye limisele ezinye i’ izenzo. UmGaqo-siseko umisela iinkqubo ezininzi zokuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Ezi ziquka amalungiselelo acacileyo kwakunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo yezobupolitika.

Ingqwalasela yoMthetho kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

ICandelo ingamhlola uMongameli ngeendlela ezininzi: ukuyeka ukuphatha uMongameli, ukukhupha nokususa uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa, ukugatya amadinga okanye izivumelwano, ukuqhuba uphando, kunye nokususa izinto eziphambili eziphambili. IHouse ’ amandla okusungula imiyalelo kunye neNkampala i’ amandla okugweba ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwetyala ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga enzulu. IBhunga likwalawula isakhiwo kunye nolawulo lwenkundla yephondo (kungakhanziswa kweNkungalo yeNkundla i’ igunya loqobo loqobo), linokuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya, kwaye linokucebisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho egqwetha izigwebo kwizigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. I-aproprications arvements aunice womask, njengoko onke amasebe efuna ugunya eekhomputha-mthetho karhulumente (ngaphandle komthetho womthetho wesizwe).

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola iMithetho neSikolo

UMongameli angakhupha umthetho, abize iNgqungquthela kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo (nangona eli gunya linqabile ukusetyenziswa), kwaye anike imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo engqalileyo indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho. UMongameli ukwamisela abagwebi besizwe, ukubumba isalathisi, ukulungiselela izizukulwana. Ukuxolela kuvumela uMongameli ukuba ajike amagwebo okanye anike umlomo, kwanabo bagwetyiweyo yinkundla. Kwimicimbi yangaphandle, uMongameli uqhuba ulawulo lwemicimbi kunye nezivumelwano (ngokuyintloko kokuvunyelwa kweNqila) kwaye njengoMphathi-i-Chef, angayalela ukuthatha inyathelo lomkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwangaphambili (nawoMgaqo-siseko wemfazwe). Isebe linokugatya ukukhusela umthetho kwinkundla ukuba i-Generalcetneants, i-gconfigneywork.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

Ijudicaary ’ uhlolo olunamandla kakhulu luhlolo lwezomthetho, oluvumela iinkundla ukuba zityhale imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bamaGaqo-siseko basebenza ubomi, bakhusela imiyalelo kunye nezigwebo zezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokusebenzisa imimiselo kunye nezigwebo zokususa ityala, iinkundla zingathintela ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho engekho mthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla i&rsquoo; ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko kubandakanya bonke abanye abadlali borhulumente, nangona isenokutshintshwa yimigaqo-siseko. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho ka-Judiary ka-1789 kunye nolandelayo uchaza ukulawula kweenkundla ezisezantsi, inika ulawulo oluthile, kodwa amasebe ejaji ejaji ekwalo agcina igama elipheleleyo kwiimeko ezikhoyo. INkuNkulwanonga eliphezulu liye lazinzisa imigaqo ye-Gogqeqeqesho phantsi kwemithetho ye-Smagracrea.

Isiphelo: Ukugqalwa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kukho Ukwahlukana Kwamandla

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wesizwe. [Isebe elilawulayo ligunyazisa umthetho kwaye lisebenzisa igunya lokulawula, elilawulayo, elilawulayo, elisebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo nelokulawula. [[FF], eninzi yamazwe angaphandle, icandelo ngalinye linendima ekhethekileyo ekusekeleni umthetho. Isebe Lesizwe elilawulayo liyilalela umthetho lize lisebenzise amagunya okulawula inkqubo kunye nomthetho. [[3] Isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa isebe elilawulayo ukuphembelela ukuphembelela imigaqo kunye nemigaqo-mthetho. [[3] [iiiiiii-gxandex] [F], liyakwazi ukuphembelela isebe ngalinye, liyakwazi ukumelana nemiqathango yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.[5] [ngenjalo, i-FF]