Isebe Elilawulayo: Ukuqonda Amandla Alo Nendima Yakho Njengendawo

Isebe elilawulayo yi-injini eqhuba imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo yomhla nosuku lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ngeli xesha igunya lomthetho elikwiziko lomthetho kwiBhunga nakumandla okugweba kwiinkundla, isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Kubemi, ukuqonda amandla nemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo akuyonkqubo nje yemfundo yemfundo kuphela.⁠"Ibalulekile ukuze bahlale benolwazi ngendlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho, uluntu, kunye nohlanga lonke. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamandla esebe eliphetheyo, abadlali abangundoqo, neendlela ezisebenzisekayo abahlala kulo abanokuzenza zihambele ndawo baze babandakanye nezenzo zolawulo.

Iindima neembopheleleko zesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli wase-United States, onyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine yiElectoral College. Umsebenzi ophambili woMongameli ku “kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka,” okuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba imimiselo karhulumente iphunyezwe ngokufezekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Le ndima inwenwa phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yobomi baseMelika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakumgaqo wangaphandle ukuya kumgaqo wezoqoqosho kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka uMongameli oPhawulayo, iKhabhinethi (eyiNdlu yeSebe eliphetheyo elingu15), kunye namasebe amaninzi karhulumente, amasebe, amasebe, amasebe, kunye nemibutho ezimeleyo. Zombini, la maqela alawula yonke into echaphazela inkxaso yoKhuselo loluntu kunye nenkuselo yemekobume ekunyanzelweni kwabantu nokuhlaliswa kwezentlekele. IHomente eWhite ne-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlawulo (OMB) imigaqo yokulungelelaniso kunye noqingqo-mali, ngoxa abameli abafana neSebe leSizwe loKhuselo, iSebe lezezo-Nyuselo, kunye neSebe leNkonzo yoLuntu benzelo lwezeNtlalo-mali, kunye neNyuwabantu besenza imisebenzi yabo ekhethekileyo.

Imbopheleleko engundoqo yesebe elilawulayo kukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. UMongameli usebenza njengonozakuzaku omkhulu, izivumelwano (ngemvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanga), ukwamkela ii-arhente, kwaye umela i-United States kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke. ISebe leSizwe neBhunga loKhuseleko loMkhosi weSizwe lixhasa uMongameli ekulungiseni nasekusebenziseni inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle, kuquka izivumelwano zorhwebo, izivumelwano, kunye nokusabela kwiingxaki zezizwe ngezizwe.

Omnye umsebenzi ongundoqo kukulawula abasebenzi basekuhlaleni. Abasebenzi abangabemi abamalunga nezigidi ezi-2, isebe eliphetheyo lingumqeshi omkhulu wesizwe. Aba basebenzi basekuhlaleni (__basuka kumaqela eepaki kunye nabahloli bokutya ukuya kubahloli abanobuchule nokuvavanya imvume-okanye nabavavanyi abanobuchule) baphumeza imithetho neenkonzo ezigunyaziswe yiBhunga. UMongameli unegunya elibalulekileyo lokumisela abasebenzi izinto eziza kuqala ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, i-tabranda, kunye nokhokelo lolawulo.

Amandla Aphambili KaMongameli

UMongameli uphethe amandla amaninzi omgaqo-siseko nomthetho avumela impembelelo ephawulekayo kwinkqubo yesizwe. Ukuqonda la mandla kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukuphenduliswa ngeenkokeli zabo.

Imiyalelo yesigqeba kunye noMongameli weMeetranda

Esinye sezixhobo ezibonakalayo ngumyalelo olawulayo. Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, ibisetyenziswa nguMongameli ngamnye ukususela oko uGeorge Washington ukwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wezwe. Umyalelo olawulayo uthwala impembelelo yomthetho kodwa awufuni kugunyazwa kwequmrhu. Noko ke, kufuneka ubekwe kwigunya elikhoyo okanye amandla omgaqo-siseko woMongameli. Iinkundla zinokubetha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo egqitha imida esemthethweni. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli u-Rorry Truman's desecounting comment of der (Udweliso 9981) noMongameli u-Frank Franklin D. Roosevelt’s internegated of American (Umthetho-Edentive 906, egxekwayo kamva nomva).

Umongameli we-Presidential tranda uyafana kodwa usetyenziswa kakhulu kwimicimbi yolawulo kwaye azifuni mpapasho kwi-Federal Register. Zombini izixhobo zivumela oomongameli ukuba benze utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwenkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga, okungoko kubangela ukuba basoloko bephikisana. Abami bangalandela imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo nge-FLT Register esemthethweni.

Amandla Edinga

UMongameli umisela amawaka amagosa karhulumente, kuquka oobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi besizwe (kuquka amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo), iijaji, neentloko zamasebe azimeleyo. Uninzi lwala madinga afuna ukuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNdlu, nto leyo enika ingqwalasela ngamandla obungameli. Amandla okumisa avumela uMongameli ukuba alungise ulawulo lukarhulumente kangangeminyaka eli-$namashumi eminyaka/amashumi eminyaka ./____ixesha elinye, ingakumbi ukumiswa kwekomiti egweba yomthetho ehlala ihleli. Ingine kufuneka inike ingqalelo kwii-myuziyamvo zowiso kuba zichaphazela indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo kwimibandela efana nemibandela yokuvota, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nomthetho wemeko.

Umyaleli- ngaphakathi- kwiNtlanganiso

UMgaqo-siseko utyumba uMongameli njengoMthetheli-mkhosi wemikhosi exhobileyo. Oku kunika uMongameli igunya lokukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi, ukuyalela imikhosi ukuba ilwe, kwaye enze izigqibo zobuchule ngokhuseleko lwesizwe. Noko ke, kuphela iBhunga elinamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamandla omongameli kunye negunya lombutho lomkhosi luye lwaba ngumthombo wengxaki kuyo yonke imbali, ngokubalaseleyo emva kwesigqibo semfazwe ka-1973, lwadluliselwa phezu koMongameli Nixon’s sigoto. Ukuqonda le ntlanganiso inamandla kunceda abemi balu kuhlolwa iingxoxo ngokungenelela komkhosi nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Umbane weVeto

UMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, awuthinteli ukuba ube ngumthetho. Ingqungquthela ingawudlulisa umgangatho nge-veto ngoninzi oluzii-3 kumnitha wamagumbi omabini, kodwa ukuqhuba iinguqu okunjalo kunqabile. Amandla eveto anika uMongameli indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.Ivumela umphathi ukuba athintele amatyala awachasayo kwaye avumelane noxanduvaniso. Abalawuli kwakhona basebenzisa isisongelo seveto ukuphembelela oko kubekwa yiBhunga. Ingxowa, eyenzeka xa uMongameli engasayisayi iintsuku ezilishumi ngelixa ngexa inguqu zikhokelwa, sisesona sixhobo siqhelekileyo kodwa sinamandla.

Iipardon kunye neeparrie

UMongameli unamandla okuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungathobeli. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba axolele ukuma kwetyala lomntu aze aphinde alungise amalungelo abo asekuhlaleni. UPardons angaphikiswa xa esetyenziswa ukuncedisa amaqabane okanye njengesixhobo sezobupolitika. Eli gunya lokuxolela liphelele kwinkqubo karhulumente, kodwa alisebenzi kulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abemi bahlole izigqibo zomongameli ezingobulungisa kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Indlela Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu Elilulungelelwaniso Ngayo

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko benza ngabom inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kuthintelwe naliphi na isebe elinye ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Amandla esebe elilawulayo avavanywa yiKhonkxane kunye nejaji ngeendlela ezininzi ezibukhali.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga linegunya lokulawula isebe elilawulayo ngokuva, ngokuphanda, nangokuphanda. Iikomiti zeBhunga zingenza ukuba amagosa amasebe aphezulu anikele ubungqina ngezenzo zawo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli lize lifake izivumelwano. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali lwesebe lwesizwe (_akukho mali enokuthi isetyenziswe ngaphandle kwe-approriation, kwaye uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuphakathisa imali ngokwesingelele ngeenjongo ezingavunyelwanga yiBhunga. Indlu yowiso-mthetho, evumela ukuba iNdlukwano ibekwe ityala uMongameli ngezenzo eziphezulu nangezenzo ezingafanelekanga zokuzisusa, inamandla. Kuphela oomongameli abathathu abangazange bahlolwe. UAndlonyson Clin, noDonalden (Crice) uGenegney (igne)

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zephondo zingaphinda zihlole izenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba umthetho okanye umyalelo olawulayo uyawuphula umGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zingawubetha. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo ulutsha olusemgceni wephepha le-Thromet ```````````````````''''''. (1952)' uphazanyiswa nguMongameli Truman' ozama ukuthatha izigamgamgambhu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, siqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakusebenza ngaphaya kwegunya elingumgaqo-siseko negunya. Kutsha, iinkundla ziye zavala okanye zalungisa izenzo ezininzi zolawulo oluphezulu, kuquka ukuvalwa kohambo kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yokufuduka. Abami baseluleki bangalandela izigqibo zenkundla enkulu zenkundla yezoburhulumente

Iimbono Zabantu Nemithombo Yezindaba

Nangona ingeyiyo i-chenjelelo esemthethweni, uluvo lukawonke wonke kunye namajelo eendaba anempembelelo enamandla kwisebe eliphetheyo. Oomongameli bafuna inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukuze baphinde bamiselwe kwaye baqhube iingcebiso zabo. Ulindixesha lobumbasa lungabhenca ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. IsiHlamlo sokuqala sikhusela amandla ephephandaba okuchaza izenzo zolawulo, kwaye abemi abanolwazi banokuhlala benolwazi banokuphendulisa iinkokeli ngokuvota nangombutho wasekuhlaleni.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

IKhabhinethi inamaSebe angoMongameli oyiSikhokelo kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengeSebe loRhulumente, uBungameli, uBulungiseleli, Urhwebo, Imisebenzi, Impilo, Iinkonzo Zokusebenza, Uphuhliso, Izenzo, Imfundo, Imicimbi yePhondo, iProjekthi, kunye noKhuselo lwe Homeland. Isebe ngalinye linomsebenzi okhethekileyo kwaye liqhuba iinkqubo ezichaphazela izigidi zamaMelika. Umzekelo, iSebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yezente, iMicimbi yezeMpilo, iSebe, iNgcimbi yezempilo neyoMsebenzi yezezoMgangatho-Mmandla, i-Arhente (EPA) limisela iMigangatho yezentengo yoKhuselo yoKhuselo-moya kuMgaqolo-ntle yeNtshona Koloni phantsi komthetho karhulumente.

Amaqumrhu neenkomfa ezizimeleyo, ezifana neFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano (FCC), kunye neKhomishini yeSibonelelo kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC), zisebenza ngozimeleyo ezithile kuMongameli ukuwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Noko ke, uMongameli umisela iinkokeli zazo, ngokufuthi ngemithetho entsonkothileyo ukugcina inkqubela phambili. Inginyane yezakhono zingafumana iinkcukacha malunga nombutho ngamnye USA.gov uvimba weefayile zabameli bezwe borhulumente borhulumente..

Imiyalelo yegunya kwisenzo: Impembelelo yehlabathi lokwenene

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo inokuba neziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezifikelela kude. Umzekelo, umyalelo woMongameli Joe Biden kutshintsho lwemozulu wadibana nesivumelwano se Paris, ngexesha uMongameli uDonald Trump xa ethetha ngemiqathango yokufuduka emiselwe ukufuduka evela kumazwe amaninzi. Wonke umyalelo wegunyaziso upapashwa kwiFederal Register kwaye uqukwa kwiSihlomelo 3 seKhodi yeFederal. I-Citizecuty ingaphendla ize igqabaze imithetho ecetyisiweyo idlulela kwi [[FLT: 0] imiqathango.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwemiyalelo yegunya nemithetho. Umyalelo olawulayo awunakuwugqitha ummiselo odluliswe yiKhonkxale. Ukuba iNkqutyana ayivumelani nomyalelo wegunya, kungagqithisa umthetho wokuwulahla, kodwa ke ukuba umthetho uphantsi komongameli we-veto. Umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo ulawula IRhwebethi yeNkundla yaseHomeland yoKhuselo . IRegents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[[[[FLT] [FLT:] [2020] wabonisa ukuba iinkundla ziya kuqwalasela ukuba ngaba uMongameli ulandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Profesi.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuhlala Beliqonda Ngayo Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

Ukuhlala unolwazi akufuni nje ukubukela iindaba.

  • elandela iiwebhsayithi zorhulumente ezisemthethweni kunye neziqhagamshelanisi zoluntu. Indlu emhlophe ( house.gov) ipapasha imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, ishicilela imishwankathela-mcito, kunye neengxelo zenkqubo. Iiwebhusayithi ze-Agency zinika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngemimiselo, iinkqubo, namagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Iingxelo zezezentlalo-ntle ezivela kuMongameli, kubabhali beKhabhinethi, kunye nabameli basoloko bevakalisa inyathelo elitsha ngexesha lokwenene.
  • Amaqela amaninzi akwintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kunye neeholo zedolophu. alungiselela iintlanganiso ezisisidlangalala ukucela igalelo kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo. Amalungu eBhunga akwamkela iiholo zedolophu apho unokubuza khona imibuzo ngezenzo zolawulo. Iincwadi zoluntu kunye namaqela entlalo-ntle ngamanye amaxesha alungiselela iintlanganiso neengcali.
  • Funda imithombo yeendaba edumileyo egquma izenzo zikarhulumente. Amaphephandaba amakhulu njenge The New York Times, i Washington Post, iWall Street Journal, kunye neAssociated Press anikezele iWhite House kunye neentatheli zenkqubo karhulumente. Iindawo eziphumayo ezifana ne-NPR, C-SPAN, kunye nePBS News Hour zinikezela ngobubanzi ngaphandle koluvolu lulu.
  • Icandelo kwiinkqubo zemfundo yoluntu. Intlangano ezifana neSiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe, iBill of Rights Institute, kunye noManyano lwaMasebe Omfazi lunikela ubuncwane bamahhala ngendlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo. Iikholeji ezininzi zoluntu neeyunivesithi zingenisa iintetho okanye izifundo ze-intanethi.
  • Sebenzisa izixhobo zokubonisana zorhulumente. UMthetho wePhuhliso (FOIA) uvumela abemi ukuba bacele iirekhodi ezivela kumasebe karhulumente. I-Ofisi yoPhuhliso yoRhulumente (GPO) inikeza ukufikelela kwiCongregal Record Register, kunye namanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni. I-GovInfo
  • Sitle izilumkiso ze email ezivela kumasebe owakhathaleleyo. Umzekelo, i-EPA inika izilumkiso kwimimiselo emitsha, kwaye iFederal Register ithumela ushwankatho lwamihla le lwamaphepha omongameli kunye neentshukumo zombutho.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMlawuli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli oyintloko unendima ezimbini ezingundoqo: ukongamela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso (ukubeka amavoti okonakalisa) nokulandela uMongameli ukuba iofisi ayibikho. UMthetho woPhinda-mva kwelama-25, wagunyaziswa ngo1967, usungulwe iinkqubo zokulandelela umongameli kunye nokungasebenzi kokwexeshana. UMongameli osisigxina usoloko esebenza njengommeli nongummeli woMongameli kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Umongameli wakutshanje uthathe ingqalelo lwe-portfolios, njengoKamara Harris ekungeneni amalungelo okuvota kunye nokufuduka.

Amandla Eengozi Nemida Yegunya Elilawulayo

Ngexesha lentlekele ``imfazwe', izifo ezimandundu', iintlekele zendalo `ingingqi' zidla ngokubiza amagunya ongxamiseko avulekileyo. UMthetho wesizwe we-Emerditions Act (196) uvumela uMongameli ukuba avakalise ungxamiseko lwesizwe, avule amagunya akhethekileyo omthetho. Umzekelo, uMongameli Trump wavakalisa ungxamiseko lwesizwe ukuxhasa ulwakhiwo lomda, kunye noMongameli Biden wavakalisa ungxamiseko kwisifo se-CHOVID-19 kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Noko ke, iBhunga linokuphelisa ungxamiseko ngokudlulisa isigqibo esinxulumeneyo, kwaye iinkundla zinokuzisa umda wamandla ongxamisekileyo.

Umgaqo - siseko Wasemzini, Izivumelwano Zokunikela Inkxaso, Nezivumelwano Ezilawulayo

UMongameli uthethana namanye amazwe, kodwa ii-3 ezimbini zeBhunga leNdlu yeMimandla kufuneka zivume ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano sisebenze. Ukuphepha lo mqobo, oomongameli badla ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zolawulo, ezizizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezingafuni iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Ezi zivumelwano zibophelelekile phantsi komthetho wezizwe kodwa zinokupheliswa ngabona baphambili besivumelwano. Ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zolawulo oluphezulu kuye kwakhula ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukulungelelaniswa kolawulo lomongameli kunye nolawulo lwequmrhu. Ingineziya zingafumana imibhalo yezivumelwano nge-webhsayithi yeSebe likaRhulumente.

Isiqinisekiso: Uphando Olupheleleyo

Ukuvota okuzii-3 kwiNdlu yabameli yinkqubo eneenyathelo ezimbini: iNdlu yabameli ivoti kumanqaku okungagunyaziswanga (njengetyala), kwaye ukuba kukho nayiphi na impatho, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi elawulayo ibamba ityala. I-gqwesi elibini lesithathu lifuna ukuvota kwezobupolitika, hayi njengesaphuli-mthetho, kwaye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kakubi komongameli wegunya. Abahlali kufuneka baqonde ukuba ukungaquki kwemithetho-mthetho (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump kabini, kodwa akukho nanye elisusiwe. Inkqubo yokuvota ephambili iquka ukuphatha kakubi kwegunya.

Isiphelo: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Isebe elilawulayo lingumbutho onamandla nontsonkothileyo obumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo salo, amandla, kunye nemida, abemi bangabandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lisebenza ngaphandle kolawulo, kodwa kuxhomekeke kubemi ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhoyo ````iincwadi'', ukuqhagamshelana namagosa akhethiweyo, ukuphulaphula, nokulandela imithombo ethembekileyo.

Ziphe ixesha lokuhlola izinto ezinxulumene nalo lonke eli nqaku. Inqaku lenqaku lenqaku lichaza igumbi lokushicilela leWhite House, linikezele kumaxwebhu apapashwayo, lize libeke ecaleni imizuzu embalwa veki nganye ukuhlola imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu kunye nokutshintsha kolawulo lwezibonelelo.