Imboniselo yamandla omanyano

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States umisela inkqubo karhulumente yorhulumente wesizwe norhulumente eyahlula igunya lokulawula phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Amagunya anikwe urhulumente worhulumente adweliswe ngocoselelo kwimiqathango I, II, kunye ne III, ngokulandelelanayo echaza umthetho, impatho-mandla, namasebe agwebayo. Ukuqonda la magunya ayimfuneko kungekuphela kubafundi bezentlalo-ntle kodwa nakubami bonke ababandakanyekileyo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Umgangatho wegunya likarhulumente uguqukile ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zokutolika, ukumisela kwenkundla, kunye nemfuneko esebenzayo, ukanti isiseko somgaqo-siseko sihlala singumthombo wolawulo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Amandla Anempembelelo

Amandla adwelisweyo ngalawo adweliswe ngokucacileyo kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko. La mandla ayenzelwe ukunika urhulumente wesizwe izixhobo eziyimfuneko ukuze asebenze ngokunempumelelo lo gama kugcinwa onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye abantu phantsi koLawulo lweshumi elinambini. Amandla adwelisweyo aquka:

  • Irhafu ehlawulwayo – iBhunga linamandla okunyanzelisa nokuqokelela irhafu, imisebenzi, ii-posts, kunye nee-expostes. Le mali yemali yequmrhu, ukhuselo lwesizwe, neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Kamva uMnyibilikiso wesi-16 wagunyazisa irhafu ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwamazwe.
  • ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle – iThe Commerce Claus enika iBhunga loMbutho ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, namazwe asemzini, kunye nezizwe zamaNative Merika. Eli gunya liye lachazwa ngokubanzi ukugubungela umsebenzi wezoqoqosho ochaphazela kakhulu urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhuthaza imfazwe nokugcina amajoni axhobileyo – Kuphela yiNgqungquthela enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe, iphakamise kwaye ixhase imikhosi, inikezele ize igcine umkhosi waselwandle, kwaye yenze imithetho yomkhosi. Umongameli, njengomphathi kwinkokeli, ukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi kodwa akanakuvakalisa imfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho.
  • Ukuqokelela imali nokulawula ixabiso layo – urhulumente worhulumente wozwelonke uyalawula imali, ucwangcisa ixabiso lemali yengqekembe nemali yephepha, kwaye wohlwaye ubuxoki. Oku kuqinisekisa inkqubo yemali yesizwe eqinileyo.
  • Ukuhambisa ii-ofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zasemva – Amandla eposi enza urhulumente worhulumente wezwe ukuba asebenzise iNkonzo yeposi ye-U.S. kunye nokwakha izibonelelo zezithuthi.
  • Igunya elisemthethweni namalungelo asemthethweni – ukukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yenzululwazi nobugcisa, iBhunga linganika abasunguli nababhali amalungelo apheleleyo amaxesha alinganiselweyo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa iinkundla zelizwe – Inqaku III lidala iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ligunyazisa iKhomishini yokumisela iinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente.

Amagunya adwelisweyo aquka igunya lokuchaza nokubohlwaya, ukulawula iSithili saseColumbia, nokuwenza yonke imithetho ibaluleke kwaye ifaneleke ekuphumezeni amagunya adweliswe kuluhlu. Ezi zibonelelo zingqalileyo zazikulalanisa phakathi kwabo babefuna urhulumente wesizwe onamandla nabo babesoyika igunya elisembindini.

Amandla Asetyenzisiweyo

Amagunya asetyenziswayo awabhalwanga ngqo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa athathwe kuMgaqo-siseko UNecsary kunye noMgangatho kaClaus (Icandelo 8, ICandelo 8, Claus 18), enika iKhomishini igunya lokudlulisela nawuphi na umthetho “ofanelekileyo nofanelekileyo” wokuthwala amandla ayo adwelisweyo. Umba weNkundla ePhakamileyo MCulloch v. Maryland[FLT:] [1819]) wamisela imfundiso yamagunya acacileyo. UJajini omkhulu uJohn Marshall waqitha ukuba umGaqo-siseko awunakukwazi ukudwelisa lwabiwo lwawo onke amandla afunekayo; ngoko ke, uBhunga lunokuthetha ukuba angakwazi ukufikelela iinjongo ezimiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

  • Ukuqinisekisa ibhanki yesizwe – Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi iibhanki, iBhunga lesibini leUnited States laqesha iiBhanki zoLukuqala nezeZibini phantsi kwamandla alo achaziweyo. INkundla yakuxhasa oku uMlulloch[, iphikisa into yokuba ibhanki yayili elona ncedo nesixhobo sokuphatha imali karhulumente.
  • isebenzisa amaqumrhu karhulumente – iNgqungquthela iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo achaziweyo ukudala amaqumrhu anjenge-Epa), iSebe loKhuseleko lweNtlalo-bumeko yeNtshona Koloni, kunye neFederal Reserve. La masebe amisela imithetho kwaye alawula iindawo ezingachananga ngokungqalileyo kumGaqo-siseko.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukulawula imipu – Ngoxa uHlaziyo lwesibini lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, urhulumente wesizwe ulawula ukuthengiswa kwemipu ephakathi kwelizwe, uvimbele izixhobo ezithile, kwaye ufuna uhlolo lwemvelaphi kwi-Bureau of Alcohol, iToba, i-Firemons kunye ne-Explosives (ATF).
  • Ingummiselo wemithetho yemivuzo encinci – I-Fair Labor Standard Act imisela umvuzo ophantsi kwamandla karhulumente phantsi kwamandla eBhunga ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe kunye negunya elicetyiweyo lokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele.

Umlinganiselo wamandla achazwayo uye waba ngumbandela oziphindaphindayo wengxoxo yezobupolitika neyomthetho. Abahlalutyi bathi iinkcazelo ezithe kratya zijonge ulungelelwano lwesizwe nesombuso, ngoxa abaxhasi bemi ngelithi bavumela urhulumente aqhelane neengxaki zale mihla.

Ukubaluleka Kwamandla Omanyano

Amandla karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente akayomiqathango engekho ngqiqweni, `achaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko, uqoqosho, namalungelo abo bonke abantu baseMerika.

Ukulondoloza Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe unetyala eliyintloko lokukhusela iUnited States kwizisongelo zangaphandle nokulawula imicimbi yangaphandle. Oku kuquka:

  • Imisebenzi yomkhosi - – Isebe lokhuselo lijonge umkhosi womkhosi wase-U.S., umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMoya, umkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi weNtlanganiso weNtlanganiso. Umongameli, njengomphathi-mikhosi eyintloko, angathumela imikhosi, kodwa iBhunga kufuneka lifake intsebenziswano kunye nokugunyazisa ukubotshwa komkhosi owenziwe ngokusemthethweni. Isigqibo semfazwe sowewaka lika-1973, sifuna ukuba umongameli wazise iBhunga ngeyure ezingama-48 zokuqhuba imikhosi yemikhosi kunye nemidanganiso.
  • Ukungangeni ngaphaya kwe-othoric nokukhusela ubuphekula – Iingxamiseko ezifana neCIA, NSA, neFBI zisebenza ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele, ukukhusela uhlaselo lwabagrogrisi, nokukhusela iimfihlelo zesizwe. IUSA PATRIOTT Act yandisa amandla okuhlola emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, iphakamisa inkxalabo zezobuqu zokuba iinkundla ziqhubeke zithetha.
  • ukhuseleko lweBorder nokufuduka – ISebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya linyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka, likhusela imida, lilawula amazibuko okungena. Iinkundla zomanyano ezithelekelela indawo yokhuseleko, ukugxotha amatyala, kunye neezicelo zobumi.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Cybererastity – i-Cybersecurity kunye ne-Infractive Security Agency (CISISA) ilungelelanisa imigudu yokukhusela ii-intanethi zorhulumente kunye nezinto ezicekecekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ekuhlaseleni kwekhompyutha.

Amagunya okhuseleko esizwe aphakathi kwelona gunya libalulekileyo lesizwe. Afuna ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kokukhusela ilizwe nokugcina inkululeko yabemi, uxinezeleko oluye lwabangela amatyala amaninzi eNkundla Ephakamileyo neengxoxo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukulawula Urhwebo

IClaus yenye yezona zixhobo zifikelele kude. Ukutolikwa kwayo kuye kwavela ngendlela ephawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini:

  • GEBBON v. Ogden (1824) – Inkundla ePhakamileyo echaza ushishino lwamazwe ngokubanzi kuquka uqhutyo lwenqanawa kunye nokunqumla imigca karhulumente. Le ngxelo imisele imisele ulawulo lwezwe kumthetho ophakathi kwezorhwebo lwamazwe.
  • Wickard v. Filburn (1942) – INkundla yathi umlimi olima ingqolowa ukuze ayisebenzise ngokobuqu angalawulwa ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wakhe, owenziwe wahlulwa kakhulu nabanye, uchaphazela intengiso ye-oyile yesizwe. Eli tyala landisiwe kakhulu ukufikelela korhulumente.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995] – okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwiminyaka emalunga nama-60, iNkundla ibekelwe umda amandla eChwetheza uClaus, iwisa umthetho owavala imipu kufutshane nezikolo kuba ayiwuchaphazelanga kakhulu urhwebo lwamazwe.
  • IFederal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[FLT] (202) – iNkundla yaxhasa umyalelo woMthendeleko weNkqutyana njengoMthetho weNto eMandle oHlanganyekileyo njengerhafu, kodwa amandla alinganiselweyo eBhunga lorhwebo ngokuthi ingakwazi ukunyanzela abantu ukuba bathenge i-inshorensi yempilo phantsi korhwebo u-Celasko.

Urhulumente wengingqi usebenzisa amandla akhe orhwebo ukulawula urhwebo lwemali (SEC), ukunyanzelisa imithetho elwa nokuthembeka (DOJ neFTC), ukumisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lokutya (FDA), kunye nokuphatha ezothutho (FA, DOT). Le mithetho yenza imeko-bume efanayo yezoqoqosho enceda ukurhweba nokukhusela abathengi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukumanyana Kwezoqoqosho

Amagunya anxulumene nerhafu, imali nemali abalulekile ukuze kukhule izoqoqosho nozinzo:

  • [[NTL:0] Intengiso – urhulumente worhulumente wasekuhlaleni uqokelela irhafu ukuxhasa intengo, iinkqubo zoluntu, izibonelelo, kunye nophando. I-International Revenue Service (IRS) isebenzisa ikhowudi yerhafu, esetyenziselwa ukuqhuba isimilo esithile (umz., ukuba nemali egciniwe ekhaya, umhlala phantsi) ngeentengiso neetyala.
  • [[NTLALA:0] Inkcitho esetyenziswayo – iKhomishini inikela imali efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Iinkcitho ezinkulu ziquka uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, uMdicare, iMedicaid, i-altic, kunye nomdla kwityala lesizwe. I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeBhunga leNtshona Koloni (CBO) inika uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lwenkqubo yezomthetho.
  • inkqubo yemonetary[-Inkqubo yeFederal Reserve ilawula ukunikezelwa kwemali kwaye imisela inzala ukulawula ukunyuka kwamaxabiso emali nokukhuthaza ukunyuka komkhamo wemali. Ngeli xesha iFad izimele, yadalwa yiKhonkxa-ntelegi kwaye yanikwa ingxelo kuyo. Inkqubo ye-Monetary ichaphazela imali yendlu, ushishino, kunye nenkcitho yemali ethengwayo.
  • Isiqabu soqoqosho kunye nokhuthazo-- – ngamaxesha amanqam (umz., amanqam emali, isibetho se-CHOVID-19), urhulumente wezwe umisela iipakethe zoncedo eziquka iindleko ezithe ngqo kubantu ngabanye, iinzuzo zokungabikho kwemisebenzi, iimali ezibolekisiweyo kumashishini, kunye noncedo kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ukuba ibingekho le mithetho, iUnited States ibingayi kukwazi ukuhlangabezana nokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, iintlekele zemvelo, okanye izifo ezimandundu.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Abemi

Ngoxa urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokwesithethe besingatha inkoliso yomthetho wasekuhlaleni nowamatyala, urhulumente wesizwe ufeza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ulungiso-mthetho lwe-Reconstructionon Confrectionments (ukukhuselwa kobukhoboka), ishumi elinesine (ukukhuselwa ngokwahlukeneyo, inkqubo efunekayo), kunye ne-150 (amalungelo afunekayo) kunye neNkqulu-okeli yamaBhunga yokunyanzelisa loo malungelo ngomthetho. Ulawulo olungundoqo lwamalungelo abantu luquka oku:

  • [[NTLT: 0] Ukunika amalungelo okuvota – Umthetho wamaLungelo owe-1965 wokwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni, kufuna amagunya athile ukuze ufumane imvume yorhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yonyulo (icandelo 5, lagawula phantsi [ Shelby County v. Homer[ 2013, kwaye lilungiselela abaqwalaseli besizwe kunye netyala.
  • Ichaza ucalucalulo – UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wowe-1944 wokwaphula umthetho wocalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, imibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. I-Ouncility Opportunity Commission (EOC) inyanzelisa imithetho elwa noRhulumente emsebenzini.
  • Ukukhusela ukufikelela kovota – Umthetho weNational Voter Regatoriation Act (1993) kunye noMthetho woncedo waseMelika Vote (2002) umisela imilinganiselo yokubhaliswa kovoti nolawulo lonyulo. ISebe leJaji lingagweba ukunyanzela le mithetho.
  • Imithetho ejoliswe ekuthiyeni ulwaphulo-mthetho – imithetho efana noMatthew Shepard noJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act (2009) ivumela urhulumente ukuba athwale ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo eyenzeka kwimpahla karhulumente, okanye ebandakanya uhambo okanye urhwebo lwengingqi.

Indima karhulumente karhulumente kumalungelo abantu iye yabangela impikiswano kwaye yatshintsha. Isoloko ingena xa amazwe engaphumeleli ukukhusela amancinane, kodwa iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokungenelela kwemimandla efana nokuvota, ukuchola, nemfundo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Abalawuli beFrames bayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lorhulumente worhulumente worhulumente linokuthintela elinye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kusekelwe kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.

  • Isebe elilawulayo ukuvavanya ukuphatha – iBhunga loMbutho lingayiphazamisa i-veto ye-presidential ne-isithathu sovoti kuzo zombini iigumbi; i-okanye ishenxise kwaye isuse umongameli, umongameli, umongameli kunye nabagwebi besizwe; lawula uqingqo-mali kunye neenkqubo zobupopile; qinisekisa okanye ungayamkeli imimiselo yomongameli; kwaye uhlole izenzo zolawulo ngezokuva kunye neepona.
  • [[NKQUBO:0]] Isebe elilawulayo elihlola ityala – iNgqungquthela ingangagqeba abagwebi bephondo, itshintshe inani leejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, icebise ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa imigaqo yenkundla, kwaye ibeke umda wolawulo lweenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo.
  • Isebe eliphumeleyo lihlola uwiso-mthetho – umongameli angarhoxa amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga; angahlanganisa amadinga ongxamiseko eBhunga; kwaye angakhupha imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo engqalileyo, nangona ezi zingapheliswa ngumthetho okanye imingeni yenkundla.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo lihlola ityala – umongameli ubeka amajaji asemthethweni, kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNkundla ePhakamileyo; kwaye umongameli angaxolela amatyala karhulumente, anokuba negalelo kwiziphumo zomthetho.
  • Isebe lemikhosi elijongene nowiso-mthetho kunye nesebe eliphetheyo – Iinkundla zinamandla okuhlola ityala, amiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison [183], ukubetha imithetho okanye izenzo zempatho-siseko ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Abagwebi bomanyano basebenza ubomi, bebopha kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela inamandla kwaye idla ngokuthanda ukuphikisana. Umzekelo, umongameli angayirhoxa ityala, kodwa alibone lipholile; iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ingala ukuqinisekisa ukuba umniniyo ufanelekile; okanye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa umthetho odumileyo ongekho mgaqweni. Ezi ngxaki zinyanzelisa ngeliqubuliso, ukulalanisa, nokucinga.

Impembelelo Kumagunya KaRhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe luphawuleka ngentsebenziswano kunye nengxabano. ISupremacy Claus (Article VI) yomGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, okuthetha ukuba imimiselo nezivumelwano ezisebenzayo zikarhulumente zilawula imithetho engqubanayo.

I-Supremacty Claus kunye nokuzicingela

Phantsi kwemfundiso yokukhululwa, umthetho wesizwe unokuwukhulula umthetho worhulumente ngeendlela ezintathu:

  • Uxinzelelo olugqithisiweyo - iBhunga lichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthatha isiqalo kumthetho karhulumente, njengakuMsebenzi Owenziweyo Womhlala-phantsi Indive Security Act (ERIS) ekhulula imithetho emininzi yengingqi elawula iinjongo zomqeshwa.
  • Isetyenziswa ukukhulula - Nangaphandle kolwimi olucacileyo, ukuba umthetho wezwe ubanzi kangangokuba awushiyi thuba lomgaqo wombuso (ibala lokuhlangula), okanye ukuba umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho wezwe (ukukhulula), umthetho karhulumente awusebenzi.
  • Ukukhulula - utoliko lweNkundla lumisela ukuba umthetho karhulumente umi njengomqobo kwiinjongo zorhulumente. Umzekelo, Arizona v. United States [202], iNkundla yabetha imithetho emininzi yokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwe-Arizona kuba iphazamisana nenkqubo yengingqi yengiselwano yengingqi.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kuqinisekisa ukulingana kwemibutho efana nokufuduka, urhwebo lwangaphakathi, kunye nempahla yezorhwebo, kodwa kusenokumisela novavanyo lukarhulumente. Maxa wambi amazwe acela urhulumente wengingqi ukuba acel ’ umngeni ukukhulula, ephikisa ngelithi umthetho ungaphezu kwamandla adweliswe yiBhunga okanye wophula uMphetho-mthetho weshumi elinesine.

Umanyano nomanyano lwamaPhondo

Urhulumente waseMerika asingomdlalo we-zero-sum. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zibandakanya intsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namagunya:

  • ii-Grants-in aid-i-Congress ifanele imali enokuthi isetyenziswe kwiinjongo ezithile, njengezothutho (imali eninzi), imfundo (Isihloko I), okanye inkcazo yempilo (iMedicaid). Ezi zibonelelo zidla ngokuza neemeko ``imithetho kufuneka zivumelane nemigangatho karhulumente ukufumana imali.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukugcinwa komthetho okwandisiweyo – Umthetho ococekileyo womoya ugunyazisa i-EPA ukumisela imigangatho yobunjani bomoya besizwe, kodwa umisela ukuzalisekisa loo milinganiselo kuzalisekiso lwesizwe (ZIPS). Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukwenza, i-EPA inganyanzelisa ngqo.
  • Ubudlelane bezentlalo – ISebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya lisebenza norhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni kwimikhosi yomsebenzi; amaqabane eFBI namapolisa karhulumente ekuphandweni; kwaye i-FEMA alungelelanisa impendulo yentlekele namaqumrhu olawulo longxamiseko.

Impembelelo karhulumente karhulumente enxulumeneyo iye yandisa impembelelo karhulumente kwimimandla eqhelekile, enjengemfundo nempilo karhulumente. Oku kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuzilawula nomthwalo wemali karhulumente, ingakumbi xa imiyalelo engagunyaziswanga ifuna amazwe azalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kwenkxaso eyaneleyo karhulumente.

Ukuxinezeleka Nezigwebo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko icombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente.

  • United States v. Lopez (1995) – Ukurhoxa phantsi koMthetho weSikolo seGun-Free Show Act, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwamazwe lunegunya eliphambili kulwaphulo-mthetho lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Ukushicilela u-v. United States (1997) – ulungiselelo olungasebenziyo lweBrady Handgun Prevention Act eyafuna ukuba amagosa omthetho karhulumente aqhube uvavanyo lwesiqalo, ebambe ukuba iBhunga alinakuyalela amagosa karhulumente ukuba anyanzelise umthetho karhulumente.
  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202) – Ngelixesha ixhasa umthetho womntu ngamnye we-Afford Care Act, iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga alisokuze lisongele ukugatya yonke inkxaso yemali yeMedicaid ekhoyo evela kumazwe angavumi ukwandisa iMedicaid; ulwando kufuneka lube lukhetho lokuzithandela.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Murphy v. NCAA (2088) – Irhoxisa iProfessional and Ammeterur Sports Provice Act (PASPA) ngenxa yokuba yalela ukuba ivume imidlalo yokungcakaza, yaphula imfundiso echaseneyo nemiyalelo.

La matyala abonisa indlela iNkundla ewulinda ngayo umda wamandla karhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akadluli kwimida yakhe yomgaqo - siseko ngoxa esazi ukuba umthetho osemthethweni unegunya.

Impikiswano Yangoku Yamagunya Omanyano

Kule nkulungwane yama - 21, kusekho iingxoxo ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba kukho umlo phakathi kwamandla karhulumente nozimele - geqe.

Ukuzinziswa konyango

UMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA) wazisa umgaqo wezonyango ophambili kwiingxoxo zoburhulumente. Umthetho wandisa iMedicaid, wenza iintengiso ze-inshorensi yempilo, wakhupha imvume yokuba umntu ngamnye athenge i-inshorensi. Nangona kukho iingxaki ezisindileyo zomGaqo-siseko, imibuzo iyaphakama ngendima karhulumente ekunyamekeleni impilo.

  • Ulwandiso lweMedicaid - Njengango-2025, 40 yamazwe kunye neSithili saseColumbia zandisa iMedicaid phantsi kwe ACA. Amazwe aseleyo akakhange aphikisane nokuba ulwandiso lubiza kakhulu okanye ubophelelo lwemali yemali yemali yemali yesizwe aluqinisekanga. Oku kudala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokugquma okuchaphazela izigidi zabantu abadala abaphantsi.
  • [[NT.0] I-drugpluging - imithetho yoManyano enjengeMedicare Pregistral Dimon, project, kunye noMthetho we-Modertification Reduction Act (2003) kunye noMthetho we-Inflatection Reduction (2022) unika iMedicas igunya lokuqhuba amaxabiso eziyobisi kumayeza athile aphezulu. Amazwe akwaye agqithise amaxabiso awo okubonisa imbonakalo, maxa wambi akhokelela kwiimpikiswano zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • iingxakeko zempilo ze-bublic – Isifo se-COVID-19 sabona ukuba uluntu lubandakanyeke kakhulu kwiCDC, FDA, kunye neHHS, kuquka izigunya zokugoma, imiqathango yokuhamba, kunye nokhokelo lwempilo kawonke-wonke. Iijaji zeRhulumente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zazisoloko zingqubana nemiyalelo karhulumente, zicaphula iDempramentation kunye negunya lombuso kwimpilo kunye nokhuseleko.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ngomnye ummandla apho amagunya orhulumente norhulumente asoloko engqubana. I-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yesizwe yomgangatho womoya namanzi, kodwa amaphondo angamisela imilinganiselo engqongqo. Iindawo ezingundoqo zokudanyaza ziquka:

  • Isicwangciso soMmandla oGcwethekileyo – umthetho wolawulo lwe-Obama wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon kwizityalo zamandla wagcinwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye kamva wathatyathelw' indawo ngumthetho omxinwa phantsi kolawulo lweTrump. Ulawulo lweBiden lulandele imimiselo emitsha ejolise kwimethane kunye nentengiselwano yepetroli.
  • Imilinganiselo yezithuthi zokukhupha – Phantsi koMthetho we-Cease Air, eKhalifoniya yafumana umenzi wezokuphelisa imilinganiselo yezithuthi ezingqongqo, amanye amazwe anokuyithatha. Ulawulo lweTrump lwayisusa i-rave, kodwa ulawulo lwe Biden lwayibuyisela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ukuva imingeni kwigunya leKhalifoniya ngo-2024.
  • Isitem. Isenzo semo yezulu sorhulumente -States njenge New York neMassachusetts zimangalele iinkampani ezinkulu ze-oyile phantsi komthetho karhulumente ngenxa yomonakalo wemozulu. Maxa wambi urhulumente wesizwe uye waphikisa ukuba ezo ngxelo zikhutshwa ngumthetho kazwelonke okanye ziphazamisane nenkqubo yamanye amazwe.

Imithetho yokulawula imipu

Ukhuseleko lwesibini loMphetho-mda welungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, olutolikwa kakhulu yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-Columbia v. Heller (2008) kunye neNew York State Rifle & lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruten [2022], inomthetho wolawulo wemipu nomthetho wesizwe.

  • Imithetho esetyenziswayo – Umthetho weNational Firemors Act (1934), uMthetho wokulawula iGun Control (1968), kunye noMthetho weBrady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1993) umisela imiqathango ethengiselwayo yemipu, uthintela amaqela athile abantu abasuka kwimipu yabo, kwaye ufuna iimvavanyo zesiqalo kubathengi abagunyazisiweyo. IBpartisan Saveter Collegies Act (2022) eyandisiwe izicelo zabathengi ezingaphantsi kwama-21 kwaye ivale “inging'akanye ne-'i-i-"
  • Imithetho yesizwe --'FLT]--okanye ama- States ayahluka-hluka kakhulu. Eminye, njengeKhalifoniya ne-New York, ineemfuno ezingqongqo zokuvumela, ukuvalwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela, kunye nemithetho ebomvu yeflegi. Eminye, njenge Texas kunye ne-Arizona, ivumela ukuthwalwa kwaye inemiqathango embalwa. Xa amazwe emisela imimiselo eyomeleleyo kunomthetho karhulumente, idla ngokuvumelekile ngaphandle kokuba ingqubana nemimiselo yorhulumente.
  • Imingeni ekwindawo ebanzi [-Asemva Bruen], iinkundla zibethelele urhulumente kunye nemiqathango yemipu emininzi, kuquka ukuvalwa kokuphatha imiqathango yemipu ebantwini, imiqathango esekelwe kubudala, kunye nemiqathango yemipu ethile. Isiphumo sale meko siya kuchaza imiqathango yomthetho kunye nomthetho wemipu.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umgaqo-nkqubo wohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nguxanduva lwamazwe, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo iimeko ziye zafuna ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa ubungangamsha besizwe kulo mmandla ngeli xesha ivumela intsebenziswano karhulumente kwiimeko ezithile.

  • I-ICE-izixeko ezininzi kunye namazwe abekelwe umda intsebenziswano namagunya okufuduka alawula uTrump asongela ukuvala iminikelo kwimithetho yengcwele, kodwa iinkundla zawuthintela umgaqo-nkqubo. Ulawulo lwe-Biden luguqule amanyathelo amaninzi okunyanzelisa i-Trump-era.
  • Imithetho yesizwe yokufuduka -Oya-njenge-SB ye-Arizona’s 1070 (2070)) yazama ukugunyazisa amapolisa karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ilungiselelo elifuna amagosa ajonge ukuhambelana nokumisa okusemthethweni kodwa yawisa amanye amalungiselelo okuphazamisana nomthetho.
  • Izenzo zikarhulumente ze- zobudoda – Texas kunye neFlorida ziye zaphethulela abaphambukeli kwizixeko ezisemantla, zakha imida, zaza zadlulisela imithetho ephazamisa ukungena ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Ezi zenzo zijongene nokumangalelwa korhulumente kuphela okunokuthi urhulumente wezwe linokulawula ukufuduka.

Udokolwana oqhubekayo kwimfazwe yokufuduka ubonakalisa ukungavisisani okunzulu ngokumanyana kwelizwe, ubuzwe, kunye nemida yamandla karhulumente kwindawo ecacileyo yobukhulu borhulumente.

Isiphelo

Amandla karhulumente wequmrhu lesizwe akhulu, kodwa akangowona mmandla ungenasiphelo. Amandla ajijiweyo, abunjwe ziinkulungwane zokutolika komgaqo-siseko, avumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba anike ukhuseleko, alawule urhwebo, akhuthaze uzinzo lwezoqoqosho, akhusele amalungelo esizwe. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isiseko iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye lilawulayo, ngoxa isiseko solawulo lwezwe sinegunya elibalulekileyo kumazwe. Ukuxakeka kwamandla alo aphezulu, ukuvota, nokunyulwa, kuzakuqhubeka njengoko ubuchule obutsha buphuma kubuchule obukhoyo kunye ne-data ukuze kutshintshe imozulu kunye neziphithiphithi zemeko zendalo. [ngendlela ephambili: [FF1], i-FF1] i-aglone, i-AF1) kunye nezigqi zilandela izigqizo: [[3] i-FF1] xa kuthelela: "intloko-nga: "incoucon:[3] [[3] i-mast] i-magnognomes] [evolution: "i