Ukuqonda Amandla KaRhulumente Womkhosi WaseUnited States

Amandla karhulumente worhulumente akaxhomekekanga qha, achazwa ngocoselelo nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kwaye abunjwe ziinkulungwane zokutolikwa komthetho, ingxubusho yezopolitiko, kunye neemfuno ezisebenzisekayo. Kubemi, ukuwaqonda la magunya kubalulekile ukuze baqonde indlela enziwe ngayo imithetho, indlela eqokelelwa ngayo irhafu, indlela umkhosi osetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla ezifana nokuhanjiswa kweposi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempilo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi kwiintlobo zamandla orhulumente, iziseko zesiseko, iintsilelo zawo, nendlela ezibonakalayo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi babantu baseMerika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko wamandla oManyano

Xa ooTata Abasunguliweyo babhalisa umGaqo-siseko ngowe-1787, badala urhulumente wesizwe wamagunya alinganiselweyo, agunyazisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo noorhulumente bakarhulumente, abagcina amandla aqhelekileyo amapolisa ukuze enze okulungileyo kuluntu, urhulumente wesizwe angasebenzisa kuphela loo magunya anikwe wona ngumGaqo-siseko. Ezi zibonelelo zegunya zifunyanwa ngokuyintloko kwiGatya I, iCandelo 8, kunye neenkcazelo zokulungisa kunye nezogwebo.

Isakhiwo samandla angorhulumente sidla ngokwahlulwa sibe ziindidi ezintathu: amagunya azimeleyo (abhalwe ngqo kumGaqo-siseko), [amandla asetyenziswayo [ (asukwe kumgaqo ofanelekileyo nofanelekileyo), kunye namandla angundoqo [[ (lo hlanga olunolawulo ngokwemvelo olune). Ukuqonda ezi hlelo linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni ububanzi kunye nemidalo yegunya lorhulumente.

Amandla Anempembelelo: Uluhlu Lwendawo Efihlakeleyo

Amagunya alawulwayo ngalawo adweliswe ngqo kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko. La ngamandla alo Congress(* kunye nesongezelelo sikarhulumente worhulumente). Amanye amandla abalulekileyo aquka:

  • Ukubeka nokuqokelela iirhafu, imisebenzi, ii-arhente, nokukhupha iindleko ukuze kuhlawulelwe amatyala nokulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo nentlalo - ntle eqhelekileyo yeUnited States
  • Ukuboleka imali eUnited States
  • Ukulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini, phakathi kwamazwe aliqela, nakumazwe amaNdiya aseMerika (uClaus wezorhwebo)
  • Ukuseka umthetho ofanayo wendalo nemithetho efanayo ngombandela wokungahoywa
  • Ukukhokha imali, ukulawula ixabiso layo nokulungisa umlinganiselo wobunzima nomlinganiselo
  • Ukusohlwaya ngokukhohlisa nokungaqiniseki kweUnited States
  • Ukumisa iiofisi zeposi kunye neendlela
  • Ukukhuthaza inkqubela yenzululwazi nobugcisa obuluncedo ngokukhusela amaxesha alinganiselweyo kubabhali nakubenzi bezinto ilungelo elipheleleyo leencwadi zabo kunye nezinto abazifumeneyo (ingxelo ebhaliweyo nesemthethweni)
  • Inkundla emisela inkundla engaphantsi kuneNkundla ePhakamileyo
  • Ukuchaza nokubohlwaya amatyala awenziwe kwiilwandle eziphakamileyo nasematyaleni achasene nomthetho weentlanga
  • Ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukunika iileta zentsimbi nempindezelo, nokumisela imithetho ephathelele ukubamba emhlabeni nasemanzini
  • Ukukhulisa nokuxhasa imikhosi (kungekho kusetyenziswa kwemali ngenxa yokusebenzisa okuhlala iminyaka emibini)
  • Ukubonelela nokugcina umkhosi wamanzi
  • Ukwenza imithetho karhulumente nolawulo lwelizwe kunye nemikhosi yomkhosi wamanzi
  • Ukulungiselela ukubiza amajoni ukuba aphumeze imithetho yeManyano, aphelise ukuvukelwa kwengcelele, aze agxothe ukuhlasela
  • Ukulungiselela ukulungiselela, ukuxhobisa nokuqeqesha amajoni, nokulawula inxalenye yawo njengoko isenokuqeshwa kwinkonzo yaseUnited States
  • Ukusebenzisa umthetho opheleleyo phezu kweSithili saseColumbia nangaphaya kwamagumbi eenqaba, amaphephancwadi, izixhobo, iindawo zokumisa iidokisi nezinye izakhiwo ezifunekayo

Ezi zidwelisiweyo zenza isiseko sekonkrithi segunya likarhulumente. Umzekelo, i-CMTce Claus itolikwa ngokubanzi, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alawule yonke into ukusuka kwi-interstate color ukuya kurhwebo lwe-intanethi, kwaye kwanamalungelo abantu phantsi kobuchule obuchaphazela urhwebo lwamazwe. [[FLT:] [FLT]] uqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kweposi okudibeneyo [ uvumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba axhase imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu, ukusuka ekukhuseleni kwesizwe ukuya kuKhuselo lwezobuntlalo. [[FLT:]]

Amandla Asetyenziswayo: Igunya Elibhetyebhetye

Asisiso sonke isenzo esiyimfuneko sikarhulumente esinokuthi sibonwe kuxwebhu olubhalwe ngenkulungwane ye-18. Ukuzalisa lo msantsa, umGaqo-siseko uquka [[FLT: 0] uNossary kunye noMgangatho ka-Claus (Umqoka I, Icandelo 8, u-Claus 18), onika iBhunga amandla “onke imithetho ezakuyimfuneko nefanelekileyo ekuthwaleni eMandla aphezulu, kunye nawo onke amanye Amandla abekwe nguRhulumente kuRhulumente weUnited States, okanye nakweliphi na iSebe okanye umphathi walo." Eli nqaku lingumthombo we [[FLT.FLD:2]] [FLT]]]-uthomolicreacs kodwa alidweli ngokusengqiqweni.

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo elinguMclulloch v. Maryland (1819) yamisa imfundiso yamagunya ajongiweyo. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iBhunga linegunya lokudala ibhanki yesizwe nangona kungekho mandla anjalo abonakalayo kumGaqo-siseko, kuba ibhanki yayilincedo kwaye inesixhobo esiluncedo sokuthwala amandla anxulumene nerhafu, ukuboleka, kunye nemali. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ngodumo, “Isiphelo masibe ngokomthetho, masibe kwimida yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo, ezichaziswe ngokucacileyo kwisiphelo, ezingayalelwangalelwanga, kodwa ezinokwenziwa ngeleta kunye nomoya womGaqo-siseko, yi-mGaqo-siseko.”

Imizekelo yamandla acacileyo asebenzayo namhlanje iquka:

  • Ukusekwa kweNkonzo yeNguquko yeNguquko (IIRS) ukuqokelela irhafu -- amandla erhafu adwelisiweyo, kodwa ukuyila isibonelelo esintsonkothileyo sokunika irhafu amandla acetyisiweyo
  • Ukudalwa kwe- iFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ukuphanda izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinqamleza imigca yesizwe okanye ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe--"isuswe kumandla adwelisweyo okusohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho nolawulo lwezorhwebo
  • Umthetho wohambo lomoya phakathi kolawulo lweFOL Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)] `uhambo ngenqwelo-moya lwalungacingeki ngo1787, kodwa ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe kunye nokubonelela ngentlalo-ntle jikelele kuthethelela lo mbutho
  • Ukudlula kwemithetho yendalo efana noMthetho we-Cec Air kunye noMthetho we-Ceast Water, osekelwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo wezorhwebo noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Claus

Amandla asetyenziswayo anika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ububhetyebhetye bokuphendula kwiingxaki ezintsha − ubugcisa behlabathi, ubugrogrisi behlabathi lonke, izifo ezibulalayo — ngaphandle kokufuna ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuwo onke amacandelo amatsha.

Amandla Emvelo: Ulongamo Lokweyisa

Ngapha koko kudweliswe kwaye kujongwa amagunya, urhulumente wengingqi ukwanamagunya angundoqo ].

Imizekelo eyintloko yamandla emvelo iquka:

  • Ukulawula nokutshintsha nokuyila ]
  • Ukukhusela uhlanga nxamnye izisongelo zasemzini] `amandla okugxotha uhlaselo adweliswe kumagunya adwelisweyo, kodwa amandla emvelo okuthatha isenzo sokukhulula okanye ukungena kwizivumelwano zokukhuselana asuka kulawulo
  • Ukuqhuba [[Nkqutyana:0] imicimbi yasemzini `kuquka ukuvuma oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, ukudibanisa izivumelwano (nemvume yeNdlu yeQela), nokuseka ii-ebasss
  • Ukufumana imimandla (njengeyaseLouisiana Purchase, eyayingagunyaziswanga ngokucacileyo kodwa yayigwetyelwe njengokuqhelisela ukwenza isivumelwano namandla obukumkani angokwemvelo)

Amandla emvelo asoloko ephakathi kweyona mpikiswano kuba awasekelwanga ngokwemibhalo. Umzekelo, amagunya okulawula angokwemvelo ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngokufana nokusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II okanye ukusetyenziswa kweenkundla zomkhosi, kuye kwadala ingxoxo engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika.

Igunya elandanayo: Amandla akhoyo

Ngeli xesha urhulumente wezwe esebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo, akasebenzisi mandla kwi-athom. Inkqubo ye- ye-U.U.S. i- i-federalis amandla ahlula urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. ngalawo ahlanganyelwe ngamanqanaba omabini karhulumente. Amagunya asemthethweni nawarhulumente angasebenza kule micimbi, nangona umthetho karhulumente uphezulu phantsi kolawulo lweSupremacy Clausle (Actle VI) xa kuvela imilo.

Amandla aqhelekileyo aquka:

  • ] `bobabini oorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente bangamisela irhafu, nangona urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka ngokwemgaqo-siseko ukwabelana ngerhafu engqalileyo phakathi kwabemi (irhafu yengeniso yenziwa ngomgaqo-siseko ngoMgaqo-siseko we-16)
  • Ukwakha iindlela nezibonelelo.
  • Ukubhengeza iinkundla ezisezantsi]
  • Imithetho yokunyanzela [] [obabini abameli besizwe (njengeFBI neDEA) kunye norhulumente kunye nemithetho yokunyanzeliswa kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni, maxa wambi enegunya eligqithiseleyo
  • Ibhanki kunye nemibutho yezoshishino
  • Ukuqokelela imali ]
  • Isihe sobuGcisa nentlalo-ntle].

Eli gunya labelanayo livumela ulungelelwano: urhulumente wesizwe angamisela imigangatho yesizwe aze anikezele ngemali, ngelixesha amazwe angavumelanisa iinkqubo-nkqubo kwimeko zasekuhlaleni. ulwahlulo lwamandla [ lulukhuselo oluphambili ekulawuleni kobuzwilakhe kwaye urhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba uyaqhubeka esabela kubemi kumgangatho omninzi.

Imida Kumandla Omanyano

Ukukhusela inkululeko nokukhusela ukuphangwa, umGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo zimisela imida ebalulekileyo kumandla orhulumente. Ezi zithintelo zibaluleke kanye njengempatho yegunya ngokwalo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zoMgaqo-siseko, ezagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, ezicacileyo zivala inyathelo likarhulumente. UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Kwasemthethweni uyalwalela ukwenza imithetho yokuba inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, yendibano, okanye yesicelo. UMthetho ohlaziyiweyo wesine ukhusela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. UMthetho weSigqibo weFindth Amend System uqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kwaye uyakwalela ukuvalwa kobundlobongela inkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. La malungelo asebenza ngqo kurhulumente worhulumente (iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni asebenza kumgangatho worhulumente worhulumente; kamva uLawulo lwe-14 lokuHlaziselwa kwasetyenziswa uninzi kwezi zikhuselwayo kurhulumente ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ngemfundiso equluvolwayo).

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

UMgaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu .(legislative (Conterent), isebe eliphetheyo (uMphathi) kunye nezomthetho (iinkundla) (imithetho) nganye enamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye namandla okuhlola amanye. Ungqungquthela yenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli uyakwazi ukumisela wona; uMongameli angamisela abagwebi namagosa, kodwa iNtlangathangathanga-mthetho mayiwaqinisekise; iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engamiselwanga ngohlaluzo olusemthethweni (emiselwe kwi- Mirious bvulb v. Madison[FL:1], 1803]. Le nkqubo ithintela nawuphi na umthetheli-yodwa kwisebe ekulawuleni.

Umanyano nolongamo lukaRhulumente

Umthetho we-10 wokuLandliswa koLawulo (okanye kubantu) onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, okanye angavumelekanga kumazwe. Lo mgaqo wolawulo [[FLT: 0] oluzenzekelayo [ uthetha ukuba imiba emininzi njengemfundo, i-ontace, imithetho yomtshato, kunye nemithetho yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni . Urhulumente wengingqi akanakulawula amagosa karhulumente ukunyanzelisa imimiselo karhulumente (njengoko iNkubeko iNkunkulu yeNkundla ePhakamileyo iPhintelo.[FLT:] v [FLT]], 1997]

Iinkcazelo Ezikhethekileyo

Inqaku I, ICandelo 9 loMgaqo-siseko lidwelisa imida ekhethekileyo kumandla karhulumente: akukho kususwa kwe-habeas corpus (ngaphandle kwamatyala emvukelo okanye ukuhlasela), akukho matyala emithetho yokufumana okanye yokuhlasela yasemva, akukho rhafu kwimiqathango ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, akukho khethelo kumazibuko elizwe elinye ngaphezu kweyabanye, kwaye akukho mali ithathwe kwiventi ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa komthetho. Le miqathango ibonisa ukungathemba kwaBasunguli kwegunya elingathintelwanga.

Indima Karhulumente Wamafa Kwizinto Ezisemihla Ngemihla

Kunokuba abe liqumrhu elikude eWashington, D.C., urhulumente uchaphazela ubomi babantu bonke baseMerika, ngokufuthi ngendlela engabonwayo. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunceda abemi balapho baqonde impembelelo karhulumente, kwaye bamele baphendule loo nto.

Imfundo

Urhulumente wezwe lonke akaqhubeki kwizikolo − kodwa zisebenza kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni — kodwa zinika inkxaso-mali engundoqo kwaye zibeka izinto eziza kuqala kumazwe. Isebe lemfundo linikela iinkqubo ezifana neSihloko-Sikolo ehlawulwayo kunye ne-Earthom eneMithetho ePhathisiweyo yoMsebenzi wemfundo (IDEA), eqinisekisa ukuba imfundo kawonke-wonke efanelekileyo kubafundi abaneziphene. Uqeqesho lwabafundi, kuquka uPel Grants kunye nemali-mali yolawulo karhulumente, zinceda izigidi zabantu zihlawulele ikhole. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente umisela imigaqo efana noMgaqo-siseko wezehlolo (ESA).

Impilo

Ngapha iMedicare (yabantu abadala nabakhubazekileyo abathile) kunye uMthendeleko] (kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi kunye neentsapho, abaxhaswe ngenkxaso-mali kunye namazwe), urhulumente wengingqi unika amashumi ezigidi zamaMelika intengiso yempilo. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] [FLT] Umthetho wokwehlisa ukufikelela kobucala kwi-inshorensi okwandisa ukufikelela kwi-inshorensidensi edlula kwiimarike nezokuhlawula, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kweemeko ezikhoyo. Abameli baxhasa uluntu baphendula njenge-[FLT] [FLT] iziko ze-AD [FUT] kunye ne-ARGSD [C] izibonelelo ze-DSD [CCCC] kunye ne-omatieffet, kunye ne-omativereans , kunye ne-omatiansD, kunye ne-C]

Izithuthi Nezakhiwo

Urhulumente wezwe unikela ngamandla kuthungelwano lwezothutho. IFULAL Administration Highway ijonge iNkqubo ye- Interstate Highway, ngelixa i-Federal Transtit Administration[ inikezela ngemiqathango yeenkqubo zoncedo zeebhasi kunye neziporo. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] Adrederal Adminity [ ilawula ukhuseleko lomoya, kunye [[FLT] nokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lobugrabhabha [[FLT]] ubeka umgangatho wesithutho lokhuseleko lwezithutho. Umkhosi lwamatshisi olulawula ulawulo olusezantsi, ulwenze ushishino lwezentengiso, ulwenze ixesha, kunye nolwezo lwezo lwezo lwezentengiso.

Imeko-bume namandla

I-Arhente yoKhuselo lwezeMbali ye- inyanzelisa imithetho elinganisela ungcoliso lomoya, ukulawula inkunkuma enengozi, kwaye ilawula imichiza. Ulwandlekazi lwelizwe kunye noLawulo lwe-Atmospheric (NOA)[FLT]] ihlola imozulu nemozulu, ngelixa imfuno yemali kumandla avuselelwayo kwaye ilawula umqulu wezixhobo zenyukliya. Imimiselo yemeko-mosferic.

Ukhuseleko Lwezoqoqosho

Iinkqubo ezifana [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwezemali [Ukhuseleko lomzimba] (ukuphazamiseka, ukukhubazeka, kunye neenzuzo zabasindi) kunye nenkqubo ye-Syntal Interition Information Ission Id program (SNAP) inikezela ukhuseleko lwezemali kunye nezondyezo zomzimba. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] Isixokelelwano semali ye-Deraligieute System [ imisela inkqubo yokulawula ukunyuka nokukhuselwa komvolo. [[FLT]]]

Isiphelo

Amandla karhulumente wezwe lonke athe anziwa anziwa anziwa anziwa, anikwe, kwaye anikwe igunya lemfuza lokuthatha inyathelo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo yesizwe (*. ukusukela ekuvezeni imali nasekukhuthazeni imfazwe ukulawula iziporo ze-loliwe nokulungiselela impilo. Kwangaxeshanye, iBhili yamagunya, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ulawulo, kunye nomthetho-siseko okhethekileyo uya kuqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya alipheleliseki. Ngokuqonda oko urhulumente wesizwe anokukwenza kwaye akanakwenza, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngcono kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, abaxhasi bezilangazelelo-yo, baze bagcine iinkokeli zabo ziphendule. Njengokuba ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwamagunya , ngokunjalo kuya kuhlala kungummiselo wabo. Kodwa, uxwebhu oluye lwalawula ulawulo lwaseMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

[[NTL:0] ukuqhubekeka kokufunda, jonga U.S. ulwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko olucacisiweyo, uhlolo lwe-[FONT] i-10] ugcino-mali olusuka kwiinkundla zesizwe[, okanye uhlolo lwamaxwebhu okusungula kumaZibonelelo esizwe [[[FLT:]6]].[FLT]