Amandla karhulumente yimali yobomi bezobupolitika, `ikhono lokubumba izigqibo, ukwabelana ngezinto, nokukhokela ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye namaziko. Ukuqonda apho eli gunya livela khona, oko likwenza, kwaye oyisebenzisayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba okanye ukuqhuba inkqubo yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku linikela uphando oluphangaleleyo lwemithombo, iindidi, kunye nabadlali bemidlalo abakha urhulumente, bezoba nemizekelo yenzululwazi enika uphando olunamandla lokuhlalutya.

Imithombo Yamandla Kurhulumente

Amandla karhulumente akaphumi kwi-athom. Athathwa kumxube weziseko ezisemthethweni, imvume yentlalo, ubuncwane bezinto eziphathekayo, kunye neempawu zobuqu. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika nezithandi zobulumko zisoloko ziphikisana ngemvelaphi yale mithombo, kwaye imithombo elandelayo ihlala ingundoqo kulawulo lwale mihla.

Igunya lomGaqo-siseko

Owona mthombo usemthethweni nowamkelekileyo wamandla ligunya lomgaqo-siseko. ``Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo okanye ongabhalwanga'.') umisela isakhiwo esisisiseko sikarhulumente, uchaza amagunya esebe ngalinye, kwaye umisela imida ekusetyenzisweni kwegunya. Kulawulo-siseko, amandla asetyenziswa ngokuvisisana neseti yemithetho esisiseko ebophelela bonke abadlali, kuquka urhulumente ngokwawo. Lo mgaqo-siseko, owaziwa njengomgaqo-siseko, uqinisekisa ukuba amandla awamiselwanga ngokusesikweni kodwa atsalelwa ngemigaqo esemthethweni emiselweyo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wezomthetho-siseko unika igunya elithile kwiBhunga, uMongameli, kunye neenkundla zesizwe, udala inkqubo evumela ukuba kubekho izenzo zombini kwaye urhulumente. Ngaphandle kolawulo, urhulumente ungena siseko ofanelekileyo wezinziwayo, umngcipheko wokungazinziwa kwawo.

Ukuba Nomthetho Nokuvumelana

Ngapha koko kubhalwe imithetho, amandla axhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba iqumrhu elilawulayo linelungelo lokulawula . Isazi ngentlalo-ntle uMax Weber waseJamani wahlula iindidi ezintathu ezifanelekileyo zegunya elisemthethweni: isithethe, isalathisi, kunye nemithetho esemthethweni. Igunya lesithethe lixhomekeke kwisiko nakwimo yelifa lemveli (umz., i-monarchy). Kumazwe amaninzi akhoyo ngedemokhrasi, igunya elinamandla lisuka kwi-magnetini lenkokeli (umz., amanani aphezulu); kwaye igunya elisemthethweni lisekelwe kwinkqubo yemithetho nenkqubo engabonisi sidima (umz.). Xa urhulumente ephulukana urhulumente elikhululekileyo, okanye engaphumeleli koburhulumente, ukukhulula abantu, ukukhulula, ukukhulula abanini-to.

Umkhosi kunye nenkomfa

Ngoxa ukufaneleka kusisiseko esithandwayo samandla, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa amandla kuhlala kungumthombo obalulekileyo. Ilizwana lithi linegunya lokusebenzisa ugonyamelo lomzimba olusemthethweni kummandla walo, njengoko uWeber waphikisayo ngokudume ngokuzichaza. Eli gunya lingumba ophambili lisetyenziswa ngemikhosi yamapolisa, imibutho yomkhosi, kunye neenkqubo zokugweba ezinyanzela imithetho nokuthintela ukuchasa. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka ekunyanzeleni kwigophe likrele eliphindwe kabini: urhulumente oxhomekeke kakhulu ekucinezeleni ingcinezelo ekwantini inani labantu bakhe kwaye unciphisa igunya lawo. Urhulumente ophumelelayo ulungelelanisa amandla akhoyo ngokuthobela kokuzithandela okusasasa ngokubanzi, esebenzisa amandla kuphela njengendlela yokugcina yokuzikhusela nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Impembelelo Yemali Nemali

Ubuncwane bezoqoqosho bungumthombo onamandla wegunya lezobupolitika. Ubutyebi benza abantu kunye nemibutho ikwazi ukuxhasa amaphulo onyulo, ukuqesha abaxhasi, ukuthenga ukufikelela konxibelelwano, nokuyibumba inkqubo kawonke-wonke ngempembelelo engqalileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukuxinene kwamandla ezoqoqosho ezandleni zeenkampani, abanikeli-mali abatyebileyo, kunye namaqela enzala abantu babuza imibuzo enokuba amandla ezobupolitika asasazwa ngokulinganayo okanye aphenjelelwa kwimiba ephezulu. Imithetho yezentengiso yezemali, kunye neemfuno ezicacileyo zizama ukuphelisa oku kungalinganiyo, kodwa ulwalamano phakathi kwemali nezobupolitika luhlala lungumbandela wengxabano. Cingani, iikomiti zezopolitiki, kunye nePCs zizithuthi eziphezulu ziguqulela impembelelo karhulumente.

Ingcebiso Nokhokelo

Igunya elichaphazelekayo, njengoko kuphawulwe nguWeber, lisekelwe kwiimfanelo zobuqu zenkokeli ($amehlo ayo, ubuchule bokuphendula, kunye namandla okukhuthaza ukuzinikela. Iinkokeli ezikhokelwayo zisoloko zivela ngexesha lengxaki xa kusekwa amaziko ahlazisayo. Zingahlanganisa intsebenziswano, zimisela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, kwaye ziqinise amandla angaqhelekanga. Noko ke, igunya elinamandla angaqhelekanga alikwazi ukutshintshatshintsha ngenxa yokuba lixhomekeke kwimpumelelo eqhubekayo yokhokelo nakukhuthazo lobuqu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ithambeka ukuba ibe ngumkhwa (okanye “okanye ilungele ukubekwa” kwimiqathango esemthethweni okanye izithethe. Imizekelo iquka amanani afana no-Frank, D. Rooselt, Nelsonson, noMartin Jr.

Iintlobo Zamandla Kurhulumente

Xa sithe sabona imithombo yamandla, singahlula-hlula iindlela ezahlukeneyo amandla asebenza kuzo urhulumente. Izazi ngengqondo zoluntu uJohn Frentshi kunye noBertram Raven zachaza isiseko santlanu samandla entlalo asebenza ngqo kwiimeko zezobupolitika: i-authoric, umvuzo, ingcaphephe esemthethweni, ingcaphephe, namandla asemthethweni. Uhlobo ngalunye lunentsingiselo ekhethekileyo ngendlela amagosa achaphazelana ngayo kwaye athelelana ngayo abantu ngokubanzi.

Amandla okudlala

Amandla okusebenza ngokunyanzela bubuchule bokumisela izigwebo okanye ukusongela iziphumo ezingalunganga. Kurhulumente, oku kuquka ukukwazi ukuhlawula iinkokhelo ze-levy, ukuvalela amatyala, ukuchitha ilayisensi, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. Nangona amandla okuncedisana ekwazi ukuvelisa ukuthobela ngokukhawuleza, kudla ngokubangela ingqumbo nokuchasana ukuba kusetyenziswe ngaphandle kokuthethelela. Abameli bomthetho, amaqumrhu alawulayo, kunye namagunya erhafu onke asebenzisa amandla asebenzisanayo; ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomekeke kwizenzo zawo ezithe ngqo nezilungelelanisayo.

Umvuzo Wamandla

Amandla omvuzo achasene nokunyanzelwa .ibandakanya ukukwazi ukunikezela ngeengenelo ezinjengemali ezinikezelwayo, izivumelwano, ukurhoxa kwerhafu, ukubekwa kwerhafu, okanye ukuqatshelwa nguwonke-wonke. Amagosa karhulumente asebenzisa amandla okunika amandla ukuze asebenzise indlela yokuziphatha efunayo, nokuba ngenkxaso enika inkxaso-mali yokuvuselela intlawulo, anika abanini-mali irhafu, okanye amisela abaxhasi abanyanisekileyo kwiibhodi zolawulo. Amandla anokukhuthaza ukuthand ’ intsebenziswano, kodwa kwakhona abeka engozini ukwenza imibutho exhasa inkxaso kunye neengxaki zomdla ukuba alawulwa ngobuchule.

Amandla Omthetho

Amandla asemthethweni asuka kwisikhundla esisemthethweni umntu abambelele kuso kwisikhundla esiphantsi korhulumente. Umongameli, ijaji, okanye unobhala-makhabhathi unegunya elithile ngenxa yesikhundla anaso. Eli gunya lichazwa ngokusemthethweni lize libotshwe; alichazwa ngokwabantu kodwa ligunya loburhulumente. Abahlali kunye nabangaphantsi bamkela igunya elisemthethweni kuba bamkela igunya leofisi, nokuba abavumelani nomphathi. Amandla asemthethweni liliwa litye lezixhobo ezizinzileyo zolawulo oluzinzileyo, njengoko livumela ukwenza izigqibo ezicacileyo kunye nokutshintsha okulungeleleneyo.

Amandla Obugcisa

Amandla aphuma kulwazi olukhethekileyo, ubuchule, okanye ubuchule. Koorhulumente bezi mini, iingcali zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekucebiseni inkqubo yezobugcisa kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo efana nemozulu, impilo kawonke-wonke, inkqubo yezobupolitika, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Abakhonzi bamakhaya, abacebisi bezenzululwazi, oosomashishini, kunye noogcisa bomkhosi bonke basebenzisa amandla obuchule kubenzi bezonyuko. Olu hlobo lwamandla lungaba nempembelelo enkulu kodwa lungangqubana negalelo elisemgangathweni wedemo-demokhrasi ukuba iingcali ziyangawamkeli kwimilinganiselo kawonke. Uxinezeleko lwezobugcisa kunye nedemokhrasi ngumxholo ophindaphindwayo kwingxoxo emalunga namandla karhulumente.

Amandla Aphinde afumaneke

Amandla abonakalisa imbeko asekelwe ekuncomeni, ekuhlonelweni, okanye ekuzifaniseni nenkokeli okanye isiko. Afumaneka kwimpembelelo yobuqu, kwingqibelelo yesimilo, okanye kumelo lokomfuziselo. Irhuluneli ebonwa njengembonakaliso yokuziphatha okanye umgwebi oyalela ukuhlonelwa kokungakhethi buso inegunya elinamandla. Eli gunya lithambileyo linokuba namandla ade kunentsebenziswano okanye amandla ngenxa yokuba lixhomekeke ekuhlonelweni ngokokuzithandela. Amandla anokuphuhliswa ngonxibelelwano olusebenzayo, ngenkonzo kawonke-wonke, nangokunamathela ngokungaguquki kwimigaqo.

Ingxelo yeNkcubeko

Ukongeza kwiindidi zomgangatho ngamnye, amandla kurhulumente asebenza nakumgangatho wobungane kunye nokwakhiwa. Impembelelo kumdlali omnye yimpembelelo kumnye osekelwe kwenye indawo yakhe kuthungelwano olunentsebenziswano / ngokomzekelo, isitulo sekomiti sokubeka amacebo. Amandla esakhiwo abhekisela kwindlela yemithetho yolawulo, iinkqubo zezoqoqosho, kunye nezithethe zentlalo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yorhulumente isasaza amandla phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini nabaseziqithini, abakhankathi abasebenzi abasebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ukuqonda le milinganiso iyimfuneko ekuqondeni ukuntsonkotha kolawulo.

Abadlali Abaphambili Kumandla Karhulumente

Amandla akajoliswanga kwiqumrhu elinye; asasaza kubadlali abaninzi abanxibelelana nabo njengenkqubo yezobupolitika. Oku kulandelayo ngabadlali abaphambili kurhulumente wedemokhrasi wale mihla.

Amagosa Acetyisiweyo

Amagosa aqatshelweyo ``amagosa angoomongameli, abalawuli, abalawuli, oosodolophu, abasemagunyeni ababonakalayo. Bafumana igunya kwimiyalelo yabanyuli kwaye banembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho, ukucwangcisa uqingqo-mali, nokukhokela abasemagunyeni abalawulayo. Amandla abo asesikweni (achazwe ngemithetho-siseko nangemimiselo) kunye nokungacwangciswanga (kuphenjelelwa yingqeqesho yeqela, imibutho, kunye noluvo lukawonke wonke). Abaphathi-mthetho basoloko bebamba igunya elibalulekileyo ngezabelo zekomiti kwaye balawula ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho, ngelixa abalawuli besebenzisa amandla, ukumisa, igunya lokumiselwa, kunye nomyalelo phezu komkhosi.

IBreaucracy

Inkonzo esisigxina yasekuhlaleni yakha ugcino olukhulu lwamandla olawulo. Abasebenzi boburhulumente basebenzisa iinkqubo, banyanzelisa imimiselo, kwaye balawula iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Banolwazi olunzulu lwemimandla yabo − ukukhusela indalo ukuya kwimfundo / kwaye ukuchazwa kwabo imithetho kungabumba iziphumo ezifana nenjongo yomthetho. Ngenxa yokuba bengakhethwanga ngqo, oorhulumente basoloko bephantsi kwemigaqo yolawulo, kodwa bayakwazi ukuxhathisa ulawulo lwezobupolitika ukutyhubela i-ertia, iingcali, kunye nobuchule. Igama elithi “imo enzulu” ngamanye amaxesha linokuthatha inkxalabo ngamagosa alawula amandla agqithisileyo, kodwa igcuntlukwanolwazi olusebenzayo ekulawuleni.

Icudiary

Iinkundla zisebenzisa amandla okugweba ngokutolika imithetho, ukuphicothwa kwempikiswano, nokuhlolisiswa kwezenzo zolawulo kunye nezomthetho. Amandla eejaji aquka umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuhlola umGaqo-siseko, apho iinkundla zinokuyibetha khona imithetho echasene namalungelo asisiseko okanye iimfuno ze-procedro. Ukuzimela kwejaji lilungu lesiseko lomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya livavanywa yimilinganiselo esemthethweni. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokusesikweni kunokuba banyulwe kwiinkqubo ezininzi, bazigqume kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika ezifutshane. Noko ke, ukumiswa kwekomiti yezowiso komiti ngokwayo kusenokuba liziindawo zemfazwe eziphezulu, njengoko kubonwa kwingxoxo yakutshanje kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo.

Amaqela Anomdla Nabaphangi

Amaqela anomdla .asuka kwintlangano yamaqumrhu asebenza ngokutsha, imibutho yemekobume ukuya kumaqumrhu angoogcuba .efuna ukuphembelela izigqibo zamagosa anyuliweyo kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo. Anikela ubuchule, iminikelo yamaphulo, kunye nokuzilungiselela ukutshintshisa ngeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Abaxhasi, abangaphambili bamagosa bakarhulumente ngokwabo, basebenza njengabameli abaphakathi kwala maqela nabaquququzeli bemigaqo-nkqubo. Impembelelo yamaqela anomdla kwimicimbi yezemali iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nokulingana: amaqela anemiqathango yemali ngokufuthi anokufikelela nokufumana amandla angenakulinganiswa nokufumana ulawulo olufanelekileyo kwimisebenzi kunye nolawulo lwezentengo yemali.

Izixhobo Zokuxuba

Izixhobo ze-media zisebenza zombini njengomthombo wegunya kunye nokuhlola igunya. Imibutho yamajelo eendaba ibumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokukhetha amabali okugquma, indlela yokudibanisa iimbambano, nendlela yokuthetha. Kwixesha lobugcisa, amaqonga onxibelelwano olunempembelelo enkulu kwimimandla yezobupolitika, isenza ulwandiso olukhawulezileyo lolwazi (nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo). Uxinezeleko olukhululekileyo ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba “lumhlaba wesine” ngenxa yendima yawo ekugcineni urhulumente ebeke ityala, kodwa imibutho yezixhobo zonxibelelwano ngokwayo inokuba phantsi kweengcinezelo yezoqoqosho, ingxube yezobupolitika, kwanolawulo lwedemokhrasi olungaphantsi kolawulo-demokhrasi. Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente kunye namajelo-media luyilo oluneyo olunenkcacineyo lwempilo lwempilo ye-demo - demokhrasi.

Imibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Amaqela ezobupolitika aphambili akhuphisana ngegunya kunyulo nokucwangcisa urhulumente emva konyulo. Asebenzisa izilangazelelo, abathathi-nxaxheba, aphuhlisa iqonga, anyanzelisa ingqeqesho phakathi kwamalungu anyuliweyo. Iinkokeli zamaqela zinamandla amakhulu kwimimiselo yemithetho, izabelo zeekomiti, kunye nokusasazwa kweentlanganiso. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, iqela elikhulu okanye umbutho ulawula ngokuphumelelayo amasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho, anikel ’ ingqalelo kwiindlela ezifuna uphando olucoselelekileyo kunye nolawulo lwangaphakathi.

AbaLawuli Behlabathi

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, igunya likarhulumente likwabunjwa ngamaziko ehlabathi, oorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle, amashishini ahlukeneyo, nemibutho engengoorhulumente. Iingcebiso, izivumelwano zorhwebo, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe zinyanzelisa ulawulo lwasekhaya. Umzekelo, i-European Union isebenzisa amandla olawulo abalulekileyo kumazwe ayo angamalungu, ngelixa iNgxowa-mali yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo iphembelela iinkqubo zemali ngemali ebolekisiweyo. Amazwe angooSomandla ahlala ephambili kulawulo lwehlabathi lonke, kodwa amandla ayo ayaqhubeka elawulwa yimikhosi yangaphandle.

Indima Yabemi Kumandla Karhulumente

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, abemi abalawulwa nje kuphela ngamandla; banegalelo elikhutheleyo ekudalweni, ekusasazweni nasekuthintelweni. Ukumiselwa kommi kungubomi borhulumente ongummeli kwaye kunikela uphando olupheleleyo kumandla eencutshe.

Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Eyona ndlela ithe ngqo abemi abasebenzisa ngayo amandla ngokhetho. Ukhetho lugqiba ukuba ngubani ogcina ii-ofisi zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo, kwaye lunika inkqubo yokubamba abasebenzi abanoxanduva ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo. Umvoti ophezulu urhoxa uqinisa ilungelo lamagosa anyuliweyo nemiqondiso yokuba uluntu lubandakanyekile. Ngokuchasene noko, ukurhoxa okusezantsi kudla ngokudityaniswa kwamaqela acuthekileyo kwaye kunokuthi kubekho inkqubo ebekekileyo ebekekileyo kwiziphumo ezingakumbi. Amaqela okrustrateintis.

Ubuchule nomthetho

Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi banokuphembelela urhulumente ngokujoyina amaqela alawulayo, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, kwaye babe nenxaxheba kwimiboniso. Imibutho yoluntu ngokwembali iye yanamandla okuguqula, ukusuka kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu ukuya ekulweni ukulingana komtshato. Iintlangano zobugcisa zikhuthaza amazwi abantu ngabanye kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba imiba ekhethekileyo ifumana ingqalelo eqhubekayo. Ukwanda kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kuye kwanciphisa imiqobo yokulungiselela, ukuvumela imibutho yamalungelo otyani ukuba ilungelelanise ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo.

Iimbono Nokonakalisa Koluntu

Amagosa karhulumente asoloko eluqwalasela uluvo loluntu ngophando, uphando, kunye nolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle. Uphando lwezicwangciso zengingqi zabemi lubumba ucwangciso lwezopolitiko kunye nezigqibo zempembelelo, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephezulu ye-actrands. Noko ke, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungasetyenziswa ngenkcazelo engeyonyaniso, i-framing, kunye nenkcazelo yobuxoki. Uphando loluntu lungundoqo wenzululwazi yezopolitilitiliti, kwaye ukuqonda amandla alo kubalulekile kwiinkokeli nakubemi abafuna ukuphendulisa igunya. (Ngoko kuqhubekela ukufunda, bona ugcino-lwazi olunzulu ngesimo sezobupolitika kwiZiko [[FLT:][FLD]]]PT]]

Ukungathobeli Kwamakhaya Nokuqhatha

Xa imijelo eqhelekileyo yempembelelo ibonakala inganele, ngamanye amaxesha abemi babhenela ekungathobelini kwemibutho yabemi kunye nokuqhankqalaza ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho engekho sikweni okanye iinkqubo. Ukusukela kuGandhi ohamba ngetyuwa ukuya kuMphathiswa we-United States, ukuxhathisa okungenabundlobongela kuphumele utshintsho olubalulekileyo ukutyhubela imbali. Ingxubusho ebonakalisa ukunganeliseki okunzulu kwaye inokuthi iphazamise ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, inyanzele iinkokeli ukuba zisabele. Ngoxa ukungathobeki kwabemi kusebenza ngaphandle kwemigaqo esemthethweni, kutsalela kwigunya lokuziphatha elinokunyanzela oorhulumente ukuba batshintshe indlela.

Ubumi bamanani kunye nokubandakanyeka kwikhompyutha

I-Intanethi iguqule inxaxheba kubemi. Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle avumela uququzelo olukhawulezayo kunye nolwabelano lolwazi, ukuze kubekho imibutho efana ne-Arabia Spring kunye ne-Black Lives Confect ukuze ifumane intsebenziswano yomhlaba wonke. Nqakraza kwimibutho ye-intanethi, izicelo ze-intanethi, kunye neeholo zenyani zedolophu zandisa isixhobo sokuxhasa ezopolitiko. Noko ke, ukuthathi-manani kukwa kwandisa inkxalabo malunga nenkohliso, iigumbi zesandi, kunye nokuphazamisana kwamazwe angaphandle konyulo lwabiwo-mali. Ukusetyenziswa kobumi bamazwe okuzimvo kufuna ukucingela iingcinga nokufunda kwamanani okuzinkcukuthelisa.

Iingqinipho, Ukulungelelana Nokusasazwa Kwamandla

Ukukhusela ukuxinana kwamandla nakuwuphi na umenzi-zobugcisa okanye umbutho, uninzi loorhulumente bedemokhrasi lubandakanya iinkqubo zokuhlola nokulinganisela. La malungiselelo esakhiwo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlukene kwaye alinganiselwe.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Imodeli ebalaseleyo yokwahlula amagunya iyahlulahlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu: owiso-mthetho, onegunya, kunye nesahlulelo. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kunye namandla okuthintela okanye ukunyanzela izenzo zabanye. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yenza imithetho, igunya eliphetheyo liyayinyanzela, kwaye isalatha isalathisi somthetho. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U. uchaza le nkqubo, kunye nolungiselelo olufana nolomongameli iveto, uqinisekiso lweCandelo lweCanterte yokumiselwa, kunye nohlolo lwezomthetho. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ithile ekhoyo enokuthi ilawule urhulumente ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yabanye, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela inkululeko. Okungakumbi kumgaqo, kubhekiso kufutshane olusemthethweni kwi-justicoco: [FLD].[0] INkuvo-FF]

Umanyano noLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, amandla ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente ophakathi (wesizwe) norhulumente wengingqi (wezwe okanye wephondo). Olu lwabelo lwelizwe luvumela ukulinga inkqubo, ukuhlaliswa kweentlobo-ntlobo zengingqi, kunye neendawo ezininzi zokufikelela abemi. Kwakhona iFederalism yenza amabala amaninzi amaqela enza inzala kunye namaqela ezobupolitika, inciphisa umngcipheko wokuba igunya libe sembindini kakhulu. Kwanakumazwe adityanisiweyo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa igunya elithe ngqo kwimicimbi enjengemfundo, ukuhlahlela, ukudibanisa, kunye nokwandisa omnye umaleko wokusasazamandla.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwejaji lunamandla okuhlola ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ziyavisisana na nomgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo amancinci nxamnye nee-ovential. Ngelixesha unika abagwebi amandla abalulekileyo, uqheliselo lokuhlola lunyanzelelwe ngokwalo ngumzekelo osemthethweni, ukwahlulwa kwamandla, kunye nokuphumelela kokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko. Iimeko zomthetho-siseko ezifana [[FLT: 0] [marbury v. Madison wamisela umgaqo eUnited States, kunye neenkqubo ezifanayo ezisebenza kulawulo-demokhrasiti ezininzi. Iziseko zohlaluko zixutyulwa ngobunzulu [[FLT:]

Isiphelo

Amandla kurhulumente yimisebenzi emininzi esekelwe kwinkcubeko, kwinkqubano yentlalo, kwimiqathango yentlalo, kwizinto eziphathekayo, kwimpembelelo yobuqu, kunye nezakhiwo zomaqumrhu. Ibonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo “‘ i-cocercerive, imvuzo, ingcaphephe, ingcaphephe, kwaye ikhokelwa ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ineemfuno ezingafaniyo. Abadlali abangundoqo, ukusuka kumagosa anyuliweyo ukuya kumabhunga, abagwebi, amaqela abantu, amajeliso, namajelo-medi, ngokusoloko ethethana nokukhuphisana nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukuqonda la manani akuyo asiyo nje inkqumsha nje yemfundo emfundo ephambili nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Njengabemi, sinamandla apheleleyo okunika okanye okuyeka ukufaneleka. Ngokuhlala sinolwazi, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo, ukuba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni, nokubeka amagosa etyala, singakubumba ukwabiwa kwamandla ngendlela ehambelana nemilinganiselo yethu edibeneyo. Ngoko ke ufundo lwamandla karhulumente lukufundisiso ngendlela esizilawula ngayo thina ngokwaso, kwaye indlela esinokuzilawula ngayo bhetele.

Ukukhangela okubhekele phaya, abafundi bangabhekisela kwimisebenzi ebalaseleyo kaMax Weber kwigunya nakwiqumrhu, kwakunye nohlalutyo lwamandla lwangoku lukaRobert Dahl, Steven Lukas, kunye nezinye. Iincwadi zesiseko ezifana neMasterlist Papers zinika uluvo olungaphelelwanga xesha kwizakhiwo zovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano.