Table of Contents

Isiseko Samandla Karhulumente

Ibutho ngalinye lisebenza phantsi kohlobo oluthile lolawulo, enoba lusemthethweni okanye alucwangciswanga. Enyanzelweni yale nkqubo ilawula kukho ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya `ubuchule bokukhokela indlela abanye abaziphatha ngayo/igunya) kunye negunya elivunyiweyo ukuphatha elo gunya. Ukuqonda lo mahluko kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo oorhulumente, indlela imigaqo ebunjwe ngayo, nendlela abemi abanokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngayo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Impembelelo phakathi kwamandla kunye negunya igqiba ukuba akuyo kuphela ozenza izigqibo kodwa nendlela ezo zigqibo zigqibo zigqitywe ngayo, zicelwe, okanye zikhatywa, okanye zichaswe ngayo ngabahlali belizwe.

Amandla kurhulumente angabonakala ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni ngamandla ngokuphandle ukuya kwimpembelelo echuliweyo yobuchule. Igunya, okwangoku, linika isiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho esiguqula igunya elikrwada libe ngulawulo olwamkelekileyo. Xa igunya liphuka, igunya liba yingxingo. Xa igunya linamandla, kwanezigqibo ezingathandwayo zingalandelwa ngenxa yokuhlonela inkqubo kunokusoyika isohlwayo.

Ukuqhelisela Amandla Okudlala

Amandla asebenza ngokulinganayo axhomekeke kwisisongelo sempembelelo okanye kwimiphumo emibi. Amapolisa, imibutho yomkhosi, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo onke anamandla okunyanzelisa imithetho nokugcina ucwangco. Nangona ukunyanzelisa kusoloko kujongwa kakubi, kusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo ekuthinteleni isiphithiphithi nasekukhuseleni abemi ekonakaleni. Ucelomngeni oluphambili lwawo nawuphi na urhulumente luqinisekisa ukuba amandla omanyano asetyenziswa kwimida esemthethweni kwaye aphantsi kolawulo.

Igunya ne-Ofisi eLawulweni

Amandla asemthethweni asuka kwindawo umntu akwisakhiwo sikarhulumente. Umongameli, irhuluneli, okanye usodolophu unegunya elisemthethweni ngesikhundla sabo, kungakhathaliseki iimpawu zabo. Olu hlobo lwamandla luchazwa ngokwemigaqo-siseko, imimiselo, nemithetho yamaqumrhu. Uzinzo lukarhulumente luxhomekeke kakhulu kumlinganiselo abahlali abawamkela ngawo amandla asemthethweni abo bakwisikhundla sabo.

Amandla Obuchule Kulawulo Lwale Mihla

Njengoko oorhulumente besingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo eziya zisanda ngezantsi ukutshintsha kwemozulu ukuya kutsho kwingxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke . Izazinzulu, iingcali zezoqoqosho, kunye neengcaphephe zenkqubo ziphembelela izigqibo ngolwazi nangobuchule babo bobugcisa. Amandla ombane anokulixhasa okanye acel ’ umngeni igunya lezobupolitika, abangela ingxubangxwabangxwaba phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo namagcisa eempumlo kumaziko karhulumente.

Ukulawula Nokukhokela Kwezobupolitika

Amandla anamandla asuka kwintelekelelo yobuqu, kwingqibelelo, nakwintlonelo egunyaziweyo. Abantu bezobupolitika abakhuthaza ukunyaniseka nokuthembana banokusebenzisa amandla okuxhasa uwonke wonke ngenxa yamanyathelo abo. Olu hlobo lwamandla lubaluleke kakhulu xa abemi bejonge kwiinkokeli xa befuna ulwalathiso nesiqinisekiso. Noko ke, amandla anokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwegunya Lezobupolitika

Indlela ibutho labantu eliye lanelisa ngayo amandla negunya ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Abantu bamandulo babexhomekeke kwimigaqo yobunkokeli obungacwangciswanga esekelwe kubudala, amandla, okanye kwigunya lokomoya. Njengoko abantu babesanda kwaye imibutho isiba ntsonkothile, iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zolawulo zavela zokulawula ulawulo, ukucombulula iingxabano, nokusebenzisana. Ukuqonda le ndaleko kulungiselela impikiswano yexeshana ngokuphathelele umgangatho ofanelekileyo kunye nemida yegunya likarhulumente.

Ukusuka Kukhokelo Lwesizwe Ukusa Kwilungelo LikaThixo

Kwibutho lamandulo, igunya lalidla ngokuxhomekeka kubadala, iinkosi, okanye amaqela ababingeleli ababezibanga benxulumene nemikhosi engaphaya kokwamandla. Ingcamango yokulungileyo kukaThixo yavela kwimpucuko emininzi, kunye nabalawuli ababezinikela njengabanyuliweyo ngoothixo. Olu hlobo lwegunya lwadalela ucelomngeni lokulawula ngokuphelisa inkcaso yezobupolitika neyokomoya. Ilungelo lobuthixo lookumkani laqhubeka eYurophu lifikelela kwixesha lanamhlanje, ngokuthe ngcembe liwohloka njengeengcamango eziphambili zolawulo.

Ukuvela koRhulumente woMgaqo-siseko

Ixesha lokukhanyiselwa lazisa utshintsho olungundoqo kwindlela igunya negunya elaliqondwa ngayo. Izithandi-bulumko ezifana noJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noJean-Jacques Rousseau zathi igunya elisemthethweni lifumaneka kwimvume yokulawulwa kunokuba linikwe nguThixo. Ezi ngcamango zakhuthaza amaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko alawula amandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo, amisela uhlolo kunye nolungelelwaniso, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, owamkelwa ngowe-1787, wamela uvavanyo olubonakalisa amandla akhoyo ekusasazabela amasebe amaninzi karhulumente.

Ulawulo Lolawulo Olungaphezu Kwendalo Ngenkulungwane Yamashumi Amabini

Ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwavela ulawulo lobuzwilakhe olwalufuna ukuphelisa umahluko phakathi kwesizwe nebutho labantu. KumaNazi eJamani, iSoviet Union phantsi koStalin, kunye neMaoist China, oorhulumente basebenzisa ulawulo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Aba rhulumente baxhomekeke kwintlupheko yengqiqo, uphando, iingcamango zobuzwilakhe, kunye noloyiko ukuze balondoloze igunya. Ukuwa kwenkqubo ezininzi zolawulo lobuzwilakhe ekupheleni kwenkulungwane kwagxininisa ukuthobeka kwegunya elisekelwe ngokuyintloko kwinyanzelo kunokuba kumele igunya.

Izakhiwo Zamandla Zanamhlanje

Oorhulumente bezi mini basebenzisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ukuze basasaze igunya kwaye balithintele. Indlela ezikhiwe ngayo zibonakalisa imbali yelizwe ngalinye, inkcubeko, nemilinganiselo yezopolitiko. Nangona kungekho nkqubo ifezekileyo, imigaqo ethile iye yangqinelana nokuphumelela ekulungelelaniseni imfuneko yokuthabatha inyathelo elipheleleyo kunye nokhuseleko oluchasene nomthetho onyanzelekileyo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya orhulumente kwahlula amasebe owiso-mthetho, aphetheyo, kunye nawokugweba. Esi sakhiwo sithintela nasiphi na isiko elinye ekunikeleni ingqalelo kakhulu kumandla. Kwinkqubo zomongameli njengaseUnited States, amasebe azimele ngokwentelekiso, ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo neembopheleleko. Iinkqubo zePalamente, njengalawo aseUnited Kingdom naseKhanada, zidibanisa imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho neyolawulo lomgangatho ophezulu kakhulu ngoxa zilondoloza inkululeko yokulawula.

Umanyano nohliso-mthetho

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisasaza amandla phakathi koorhulumente abasembindini nabemimandla, zivumela ukuzimela kweminye imicimbi ngelinye ixesha zigcina umanyano lwesizwe kweminye. Amazwe anjengeJamani, iIndiya, kunye ne-Australia asebenzisa izakhiwo zesizwe ukuhlalisa iinguqu zengingqi. Ukwenziwa kwentsebenziswano kolawulo lukarhulumente kunokuphucula ukusabela ngokusondeza izigqibo kuluntu oluchaphazelekileyo, kodwa kwakhona kusemngciphekweni wokwenza ukungavumelani kunye nokungalingani kwe-athoni.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Iindlela zokulungelelanisa nokusebenza kobuchule zivumela isebe ngalinye likarhulumente ukuba lisike umda amandla abanye. Isebe elilawulayo, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho, uhlolo lwezomthetho, kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqesha zonke zisebenza njengezikhuseli ekuphathweni. Ukusebenza kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwesebe ngalinye ukusebenzisa amandla alo nokuphaphamela koluntu ekubekeni onke amasebe exanduva.

Abasebenzi Abaphambili Ekusetyenzisweni Kwegunya Likarhulumente

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani onegunya kufuna ukuba kuhlolisiswe abantu namaqela awahlukahlukeneyo athatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni.

Amagosa Aqeqeshiweyo Nokhokelo Lwezobupolitika

Amagosa aqatshelweyo afumana igunya lawo kwimiyalelo yokhetho. Amisela umgaqo-nkqubo, amisela umthetho, kwaye amela izilangazelelo ezizizo. Umgangatho wobunkokeli obunyuliweyo uyahluka-hluka kakhulu, kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezifana neenkqubo zonyulo, izakhiwo zebutho, nenkcubeko yentlalo. Amagosa anyuliweyo aphumelelayo adibanisa ubuchule bezobupolitika nolwazi oluncinci kunye nokuzinikela kwinkonzo kawonke-wonke.

Ulawulo lwamaBhodiyu kunye neGunya loLawulo

Amagosa angaphakathi aphumeza iinkqubo, alawule iinkqubo, anike iinkokeli zobupolitika ubuchule. Isebe eliqeqeshiweyo linamandla athe kratya ngolawulo lwalo kwiinkcazelo, iinkqubo, kunye nokuzalisekisa. Amandla obundlobongela anokuba ligunya elizinzileyo, aqinisekise ukuqhubekeka kweenguquko zezobupolitika. Noko ke, abaphathi-mikhosi abanokoyisa utshintsho, bakhusele izilangazelelo ezizinzileyo, kwaye bacothe isantya sotshintsho.

Igunya lezeejaji nengcaciso yomgaqo-siseko

ABagwebi basebenzisa igunya labo elibalulekileyo ukuchaza imithetho nokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente zobugqeba. Kwinkqubo yohlalutyo olungqongqo lwezomthetho, iinkundla zingawisa umthetho nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nemigaqo-siseko. Igunya lezeejaji lixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthembeni uluntu kwingqibelelo nokungakhethi ziinkundla. Ukuhlasela kwezobupolitika ngokubhekiselele kwinkululeko esesikweni kusenokuyinciphisa le nkqubo yokuthembana nokungalawuleki.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqela anomdla amela iinkcubeko ezithile kunye nongenelelo lwemigaqo eyingenelo kumalungu awo. Unxulumano lwamashishini, amaqumrhu abasebenzi, imibutho engokwasebumeni, kunye namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu onke athatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Amandla amaqela abanomdla ahlukeneyo asekelwe kubuncwane bawo, ubulungu, nokufikelela kubenzi bezonyuko. Inkxalabo malunga nempembelelo engenakulinganiswa zezityebi ziye zabangela utshintsho kwimibutho yezentengiso kunye nentshuwaleko yokukhuthaza iprojekthi.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Amajelo eendaba aguqula iimbono zikarhulumente zomsebenzi karhulumente kwaye agcina amagosa etyala ngengxelo yophando. Imibutho yeendaba eqhelekileyo ilahlekelwe yimpembelelo ethile kwiiqonga zamanani, kumajelo eendaba, nakweminye imithombo yolwazi. Ukwahlulwa kwemimandla yesebe lonxibelelwano lubangele imingeni kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kuquka ukwanda kwemimandla engaphandle kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo engeyo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo ebangela amandla

Iziko linika imithetho, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo ezilawula indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo igunya. Amaziko anamandla alawula iziphumelelo zejelo kwaye anyanzelisa ukuxhatshazwa kwalo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaziko abuthathaka, enza ukuba urhwaphilizo, ukungafezeki, kunye nokubekwa kwamandla ezandleni ezingafikelelekiyo.

IMithetho yoMgaqo-siseko

Imimiselo yemithetho yenzelwe ukumela intsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo, ngabom kwimiba entsonkothileyo, kwaye ivelise imithetho ebonisa ukhetho olumanyeneyo. Iinkqubo ze-Bacameral, ezinezigodlo ezibini, zinika uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo kumandla owiso-mthetho. Ukusebenza kwamaziko owiso-mthetho kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana neekomiti, iinkqubo zomgangatho, kunye nokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi namaqela amancinane.

ISebe linika abasebenzi inkxaso-mali

Isebe eliphetheyo liphumeza imithetho, lilawula iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, liqhuba nolwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Amandla alawulayo aye akhula kumazwe amaninzi njengoko oorhulumente beye bathatha iimbopheleleko ezithe kratya kulawulo lwezoqoqosho, kwintlalo-ntle, nakukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Iziko Lezogwebo Nomthetho

Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho kwaye kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu. Amaziko eejaji afuna oovimba abafanelekileyo, ukukhusela abagwebi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zabo zisebenza. Xa iinkundla zingenazintlawulo okanye amandla, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni luyaphela kwaye igunya liyathintelwa.

I-Electoral Institutions kunye nokuphendula kwedemokhrasi

Iinkqubo zemali ziguqulela amavoti kumelo kwaye zigqibe indlela amandla adluliselwa ngayo phakathi kwamaqela akhuphisanayo. Isakhiwo sonyulo `kuquka imida yesithili, iindlela zokuvota, kunye nemithetho yemali yesehlo--qhinga) ichaphazela iziphumo zezobupolitika. Amaziko amiselwe kakuhle akhuthaza ukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba ebanzi, kunye nokufuduswa koxolo kwamandla.

Ukucelw ’ Ikhwelo Kwamandla Negunya

Ukusasazwa kwamandla negunya kurhulumente kunemiphumo enzulu kubemi abaqhelekileyo.

Amandla Neemeko Zezoqoqosho

Amandla karhulumente anokunciphisa okanye andise ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Irhafu eqhubekekayo, iinkqubo zentlalo-ntle, kunye nokukhuselwa kwabentlalo-ntle yabantu kusebenzisa igunya likarhulumente ukusasaza ubuncwane kunye namathuba. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigaqo exhasa abantu abazizityebi kunye neenkampani inokunikela ingqalelo kwizoqoqosho kwaye iphazamisa ukuhambelana kwezentlalo. Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya lezobupolitika neziphumo zezoqoqosho luyinkxalabo ephambili kwiingxoxo zokusesikweni nokusesikweni.

Ukubekwa Ityala Koomatshini Nokukhusela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi

Ukuphendula kuqinisekisa ukuba abo banegunya baphendula ngezenzo zabo kwaye bajongene nemiphumo yokuziphatha okubi. Unyulo lunika eyona ndlela isisiseko yokuziphendulela, kodwa alwanelanga ngokwalo. Amaqumrhu ongameli abazimeleyo, inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi, ukukhuselwa kwemilobo, kunye noomatshini bophando konke kuba negalelo ekugcineni amandla okuphendula. Iinkqubo zokuphendula zithintela ukuxhatshazwa nokuhlala uwonke wonke kumaqumrhu karhulumente.

Ummi Uba Nenxaxheba Kwimpilo Engokobuthixo

Ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi kuxhomekeke ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokusuk ’ isandla kubemi ngaphandle kokuvota ngamaxesha athile. Amagqabaza kawonke-wonke angemimiselo ecetyiswayo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikarhulumente, ukubotshwa kwamagosa anyuliweyo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yezentlalo yoluntu konke oko komeleza amaziko edemokhrasi. Ukungathathi-nxaxheba, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaphantsi kwemigangatho, kunokukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezityeshela iimfuno zabemi abachanekileyo.

Amandla, Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya likarhulumente kumisela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngandlel ’ ithile. Ucelomngeni lwalo naliphi na ibutho labantu kukumisela imida efanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya elisisigxina nenkululeko yobuqu. Ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko olubhekisele kwintetho, unqulo, indibano, kunye nelungelo lobuqu lokumisela iindawo apho igunya likarhulumente lithintelwa khona. Ingxoxo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokukhusela oku iyaqhubeka, ingakumbi njengoko ubugcisa obutsha budala imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ukujongwa kwamapolisa, namalungelo eenkqubo zamanani.

Iingxaki Zangoku Kumagunya Karhulumente

Oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele bajamelana nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwigunya labo ngenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Ezi zivavanya ukumelana kwamaziko akhoyo kunye nonyanzelo lokuphinda luhlolwe lwezigqibo ezisetyenziswayo ukulawula.

IPopulism kunye neSigwebo esichasene neNtsebenziswano

Imibutho yepopulist iye yafumana amandla kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-bume, iintsomi zezobupolitika eziye zaqalisa ukubeka ucelomngeni. Iinkokeli zePopulist zidla ngokuziveza zimela abantu bokwenyaniso kwiinkcubeko ezonakeleyo, kuquka abagwebi, abasebenzi belizwe, neentatheli. Ngoxa ipopulisism isenokubalaselisa izikhalazo ezifanelekileyo, ikwanokuwathoba amabutho azimeleyo akhusela ulawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nokunwenwa Kwamandla

Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho, imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe iye yasasaza igunya elingaphaya kwemida yesizwe.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noTshintsho loLawulo

Ubugcisa bamanani butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo nabo. Iinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yogcino-lwazi, kunye nokwenziwa kwemithetho-mthetho kunika impumelelo ephambili kodwa kuphakamisa inkxalabo ngokujongwa, ukucalucalula, nokuphendula. Iiplatfomu zezentlalo-ntle ziye zaba ziindawo zokunikela intetho yezopolitiko, kodwa kwakhona zibangela ukuba kubekho iinkcazelo eziphosakeleyo, ukuhlahlela, nokuphazamisana kwamazwe angaphandle kunyulo.

Ukomeleza Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi Ngekamva

Nangona kukho ezi ngxaki, imigaqo exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi isenamandla. Imigudu yokomeleza amaziko, yokwandisa ukuphendula, nokukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba inokubanceda oorhulumente bahlangabezane neengxaki zanamhlanje ngoxa belondoloza imilinganiselo esisiseko yedemokhrasi.

Ukwakhiwa Kotshintsho Oluphambili Nobuchule

Ukuguqula amaziko ukuze awanike intsabelo engakumbi, acace, kwaye aphumelele ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Ukusebenza ngokuhambelana, ukuphucula ulawulo, kunye nophuhliso lobuchule kungenza ubuchule bukarhulumente bube ngcono. Utshintsho lweziko lufuna umgudu oqhubekayo nomnqweno wezopolitiko, njengoko abo bangenelwayo kumalungiselelo akhoyo ngokufuthi bechasa utshintsho.

Imfundo Engaphucukanga Nemfundo Yezobupolitika

Abemi abanolwazi babalulekile ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo zemfundo ze-Cvic ezifundisa ngezakhiwo zikarhulumente, iinkqubo zezobupolitika, kunye nobuchule bokucinga obungachananga zinokubanceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ephumelelayo. Amanyathelo okufunda amajelo okudaya anokubaxhobisa abantu ukuba bahlolisise imithombo yenkcazelo baze baxhathise ukuxhatshazwa.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nolawulo Olwabelanayo

Iingxaki ezininzi zanamhlanje zifuna intsebenziswano kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuhlaselwa kwezifo, umgaqo wemali nokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha konke oku kufuna ukuba oorhulumente abaninzi basebenze ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo.

Isiphelo

Umbuzo wokuba ngubani onegunya elilawulayo lorhulumente awuvumi mpendulo elula. Amandla negunya zisasazwa kuwo wonke amaziko, abadlali, namanqanaba karhulumente. Impilo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo yezobupolitika ixhomekeke ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kolawulo olusebenzayo kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Ingingqi eyiqondayo indlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwibutho labantu ixhotyiswe bhetele ukuze ibandakanyeke ngokunenjongo kubomi bezobupolitika, igcine iinkokeli zinetyala, kwaye imele iziphumo ezisesikweni nezinokulinganayo. Njengoko oorhulumente bejamelene nocelomngeni kunye namathuba amatsha namathuba akhoyo emashumi eminyaka ezayo, ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo negunya luya kuqhubeka luguquka, kufune ingqalelo eqhubekayo kubafundi nabemi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kumalungiselelo olawulo lukarhulumente, qwalasela ukuhlola uphando. org kuxwebhu olungokwembali, [[[FLT]][[FLT]][5] TRANTSPARET International[[[FLT]] ukwenzela uphengululo, [FLT][FLT]] [iT] ID EA[FLT:][FLT]] yothelekiso lwezolawulo lwedemokhrasiti yedemokhrasiti yehlabathi lonke.