IDual Manday yeNgqungquthela yaseUnited States

IBhunga laseUnited States lisisibonelelo senjongo ezimbini, esisebenza kanye kwintliziyo karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Amalungu aso asebenza umsebenzi omkhulu wokusebenza ilizwe i’ imithetho, kodwa iimbopheleleko zawo azipheli ngosayino lomongameli. Abaqululi baqikelela ukuba iqumrhu lemithetho eliya kusebenza njengeliso lokuqala lokuhlola amandla olawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngokuthembeka kwaye izimali zikawonke wonke zichithwe ngobulumko. Le nkqubo isebenzayo yokubhala imithetho ize ijonge ukugcinwa kwayo yi-injini yolawulo lwama-Melika. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo nendlela ikhombathiswa ngayo namandla ayo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni inkqubo yezopolitiki ngokwayo. Le ngxelo imondyezo zezixhobo zisebenza ngomjikelo womthetho kwaye ihlola izixhobo ezinamandla isebenzisa iBhunganelo lwabiwo olunetyalayo, ikhangele kwimiqatha yemithetho yoomatshini elungiselelwe yoorhulumente.

Uhambo Lomthetho: Ukusuka KwiBhili Ukuya Kwimithetho

Uhambo lwemali lumgama onzima, hayi umgama ophezulu. Lululuhlu lwemiqobo yeprocedrocessical eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubhalwe kakuhle, uphikiswano, kwaye ucoceke. Lungaphantsi kwe 5% yamawaka eendleko eziveliswe kwiBhunga eliqhelekileyo nanini na liba ngumthetho. Le nkqubo engqongqo, ngokufuthi ecothayo, luphawu lwamabhongo lwenkqubo olunenjongo lokwakha ulwakhiwo-mphithi lwesivumelwano esibanzi nokunqanda umthetho obhalwe ngokungxama.

Udrafti nokwazisa

Naliphi na ilungu leNdlu yabameli okanye iBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMikhosi linokuzisa ngokusesikweni ityala. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe, ingcamango yetyala ingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: i-accomplitive, iqela elikhuthazayo, iQela le-Ofisi-Sigunya likarhulumente, umbutho we-’, okanye ilungu le-Asmessagementation Licebisi yokuqinisekisa ulwimi luchanile nomthetho-siseko. Kwindlu, ilungu lingenisa isindululo ngokuphosa "igrop," ibhokisi yamaplanga ngaphambili. Kwi-Shea, ilungu kufuneka liqatshelwe yi-mali. Xa lithe laziswa, i-mali iyanikezelwa. (1, okanye ikomiti.)

IKomiti: Inkcitho nengxelo

Icandelo lekomiti ligqalwa ngokubanzi njengelona nyathelo libalulekileyo lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iikomiti zilapho ukunyuswa okunzima komthetho kwenzeka khona. Ikomiti nganye inobuchule kummandla othile wenkqubo, njengolimo, ulwalamano lomntu wasemzini, okanye izimali. Xa ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti, usihlalo-sihlalo ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela kwikomiti encinci ejongene nohlolo lokuqala. Ikomiti encinci imema iindlebe, imema iingcali, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabagcini-mathili ukuba bangqine imicimbi yemali yemali ekwi-mali ̱ ifanele kwaye iphumele kwiziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Oku kubhekise kubuso bukawonke wonke inkqubo yomthetho, ivumela ukungeniswa nokuhlolwa kwegalelo.

Emva kokuva, ikomiti encinane "iphawule phezulu" ityala, elidlula ngalo ngomgca ukunikezela ngokulungisa, ukubetha amacandelo, okanye ukongeza ulwimi olutsha. Le ntlanganiso yophawu yindawo apho urhwebo lwezopolitiko luphunyezwe khona kwaye lulalanisa. Xa ikomiti encinci ilwamkele uxwebhu, ibuyela kwikomiti epheleleyo, enokuthi ibe nentlanganiso yayo yophawu. Ukuba ikomiti epheleleyo iyalwamkela ulwamkelo, ibhalwe njengesitshixo kwindlu epheleleyo okanye kwiNdlulo yeBhunga kunye nengxelo yekomiti. Olu ngxelo luxwebhu olunamandla oluchaza umthetho i̱ injongo, iziphumo zayo kumthetho okhoyo, kunye nokucinga emva kwekomiti i&817; izigqibo.

Ukwenziwa kweNkcubeko nokuHlanganiswa

Xa isibhangi sithe saxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, kufuneka sicwangciselwe ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye nevoti. Kulapho imigaqo yemida emibini itshona khona ngokuphawulekayo.

Kwindlu yabameli, iKomiti yeMimiselo enamandla idlala indima engundoqo. IKomiti yeMimiselo ikhupha "umthetho" kwiindleko ezinkulu ezimisela iinkcazo ezifanelekileyo zengxoxo: ixesha elingakanani eliya kuvunyelwa ukuba kuxoxwe ngalo, elithi (ukuba naliphi na) linganikezelwa, kunye nomyalelo apho ziqwalaselwe khona. "Umthetho ovaliweyo" wokuvala zonke izilungiso, lo gama umgaqo "womthetho oqinisekisiweyo" uvumela kuphela ukulungiswa okungqalileyo. Oku kulawula okuqinileyo kuvumela iqela elikhulu ukuba lilawule ngokufezekileyo. Indlu epheleleyo ngoko idibana njengeKomiti ye-Ofire" njengemiqathango yengxelo kunye nevoti yemali nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na i-andertiventi.

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenza ngobubhetyebhetye obuninzi kunye nezithintelo ezimbalwa eziqhelekileyo. Isithethe seNdlu yeeNdlu zemikhosi sixhomekeke kakhulu kwizivumelwano ezivumelanayo zokumisela iiparamente zengxoxo. Nayiphi na i-sente enye ingasilela isicelo sokuvumelana, iphumelele ekuthinteleni ityala lokuhamba phambili. Oku kuvula ucango lokuya [ filibuster[, iqhinga apho umlinganisi (okanye iqela lee-senteneti) lingasoloko lithetha ukulibazisa okanye ukunqanda ivoti kwimali. Le ndlela kuphela yokuphelisa i-injinibuster ibizwa ngenkqubo ebizwa [[FLT:][FLT] [FLT]], efuna i-omatima ephezulu kakhulu kumavoti 60. Olu luhlu luthetha ukuba i-mthetho oluphezulu lwemithetho eepati enkulu efuna ukuvota, efuna ukuvota abambalwa.

Ukulungisa Umahluko

Kunqabile ukuba kudlule iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela ifana. Ngokufuthi, igumbi ngalinye lidlula uhlobo lwalo. Phambi kokuba ityala lithunyelwe kuMongameli, ezi zinto zokwahlukana kufuneka zixolelwane. Indlela eqhelekileyo yikomiti eququzelelayo, ikomiti elawulayo yexeshana [, iqela leqela leqela leqela leqela leqela leqela lamalungu aphezulu (amalungu) asuka kuzo zombini iNdlu neCandelo ezaqalayo ukusebenza ngokomthetho. Aba baquququzeli bathethanal'iiinte, abaziwa njengengxelo yengqungquthela. Ingxelo yengqungquthelana ayinakulungiswa kwaye imele ithunyelwe kwindlu ephezulu. Ukuba iyangaphumeleli kwigumbi, isibhengezo-mali, okanye inkqubo entsha. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwengqungquthelana, maxa athe asetyenziswe ngenkqubo ye-'injini yendlu kunye ne-egover-egong'egovern.

Isenzo soMongameli

Inyathelo lokugqibela kukuthumela ityala elibhalisiweyo kuMongameli wase-United States. UMongameli uneenketho ezininzi. Okokuqala, uMongameli angasayina ityala, apho liba ngumthetho kawonke-wonke kwaye linikwa inani lommiselo (umz., uMthetho kawonke-wonke 118-50). Okwesibini, uMongameli ungayibuyisela kwisivumelwano, ebuyela kwiKhomishini ngemmoram echaza iimpikiswano. Umthetho u-Aveto unokuba yi-32-spoto ngovoti yoninzi kwindlu nendlu yendlu, ibambo ephezulu enqabileyo ukuphunyezwa. Okwesithathu, ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo lentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha locwangciso, umthetho ngokuzenzekelayo uba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Oko ekugqibeleni, ukuba uMongameli uthatha isenzo kunye ne-Coastverstenss phakathi kwaloo mihla ishumi, i-'ibhetiock'i-''''''''''i-'i-''.

Iliso Eliphaphileyo: Ubuchule Bokunyamekela Ingqungquthela

Ngoxa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho idla ngokubonakala, umsebenzi wolawulo lweBhunga unamandla ngokufanayo, nangona unqabile ukuqondwa nguwonke wonke. Ukulawula kuyindlela enzima apho iKhomishini ihlola indlela isebe eliphetheyo eliyizalisekisa ngayo imithetho, elisebenzisa iinkqubo, lize lichithe imali yokuhlawula irhafu. Sisixhobo esiyintloko sokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo, ubuchule, kunye nokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Ngaphandle kokuphatha ngamandla, imithetho ingamagama nje abhaliweyo, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo lingasebenza ngokungenasohlwaywa.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko neFilosofi

Amandla olawulo akanikwanga ngokucacileyo kwicandelo elinye lomGaqo-siseko, kodwa yintsingiselo esisiseko yokwahlula amagunya. IFederalist Papers[, ngokukodwa uPrini woPhondo No. 51, iphikisa ukuba iphulo kufuneka lenziwe ukulwa nephulo. Ngokunika iBhunga amandla okuhlola, ukubiza amangqina, kwaye afune ukuba abhalwe, abaseki badala inkqubo apho isebe lemithetho yokulawula linokuvavanya amandla esikhululo. Woodwa Wilson, ebhala njengesazi sezobupolitika phambi kokuba nguMongameli, ngokudumileyo, ithetha, "Izinzo zomthetho-ongqungquthela umsebenzi walo kufuneka zithandwe kwana kwimisebenzi yalo." Waphikisa oko ngokuqhankcalula ukukhanya kwizenzo zikarhulumente, iBhunga lokufundisa nokuthintela.

Ikhorithi yokulawula

IKhomishini iye yavelisa iqela elintsonkothileyo nelomeleleyo lezixhobo zokuphatha. Ezi zixhobo zisuka kwiindlebe zikawonke-wonke ukuya kutsho kwingxoxo yoxanduva kunye neenkqubo zoqingqo-mali.

Iintlawulo Nebungqina BeKomiti

Eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokuvelela lityala lekomiti. Iikomiti ezikhoyo kunye neekomiti ezikhethekileyo eziphandayo zisoloko zinamatyala ukubuza amagosa aphezulu esebe, iingcali, kunye nabacuphi bemiloti. Ezi ndlebe zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: ziqokelela ulwazi ngomthetho wexesha elizayo, zibhenca inkunkuma okanye ukuxhaphaza, zize zixelele uluntu ngokubanzi. Amandla okunyanzela ubungqina ayimfuneko. Ngoxa iikomiti zicela amangqina ngokuzithandela, zinokukhupha imipucena[ ukunyanzela umntu ukuba avele aze anikele ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo. Ukungamquququzeli somrhutho kungakhokelela ekudeleni intlukelo loBhunga lweBhunga, nto leyo enokuphumela kwisohlwayo.

Uphando Nokukhetha Iikomiti

Kwimiba entsonkothileyo okanye ephezulu, iKhomishini ingamisela ikomiti ekhethekileyo ukukhetha ikomiti ukuqhuba uphando olusemthethweni. Ezi komiti zinikwe amandla abanzi angaphantsi kwe-poena kunye nezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zokuqesha abasebenzi kunye nehambo enzulu. Kwimbali, khetha iikomiti eziye zasetyenziswa ekutyhileni amahlazo amakhulu. [[FLT:] [Sante Watergate Committe [ ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wokukhetha ikomiti ekuphengululweni kwayo okukhokelela ekurhoxeni kukamongameli. Kutshanje, kutshanje, khetha iikomiti ziphande ingxaki yemali ka-2008, ukuphendula kwiintlekele zendalo, kunye nohlaselo lwesithandathu kuCapitol.

Amandla Okuthenga

Mhlawumbi esona sixhobo sinamandla solawulo sikho seBhunga leNkqutyana. Akukho mali inokuchithwa kwi-Moole ngaphandle kokunikwa imiqathango yeBhunga. Oku kunika iKhompathimente inkxaso ngqo kwisebe ngalinye le-rhulumente kunye nenkqubo. Inkqubo yemibutho, apho iBhunga imisela amanqanaba emali, kukusebenza okukhulu kokulawula. Iikomiti ziyakwazi ukuqwalasela uqingqo-mali, zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kwaye zingakwazi ukubeka imiqathango okanye iimeko kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo. Ikomiti ingasongela ukuhlawula ukuxhasa inkqubo elawulwa kakubi okanye esebenza ngaphandle kwenjongo yayo.

Isiqinisekiso Nedinga (Inkonzo kunye Nemvume)

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNkundla amandla okunikezela "ngemvume nokuvumela" kumadinga omongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Le sisixhobo sokuvelela esijongwa phambili. Ngokomzekelo, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeSizwe, iqhuba iimvo ezingqongqo zamatyala, kuquka iikomiti zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ezinye iikomiti zeBhunga ziphekatha ii-arhente, amaqumrhu azimeleyo, nee-arhente. Le nkqubo ivumela iNtsimbi yeeNtsina ukuba zihlolisise iimfaneleko, imvelaphi, neembono zabantu abaza kuqhuba urhulumente.

Iinja ezizimeleyo: IGAO kunye neNjengalwazi Jikelele

IBhunga lizilungiselele ngokwalo amasebe azimeleyo okuncedisa ngokuvelela. I-ofisi yeGovernment Accounting (GAO) isoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi "i-"gavel deviceodog". I-GAO adifticals programs, iphengulula iintengiso zomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni, kunye neengxelo zemisebenzi karhulumente esebenzayo nempumelelo. Inika iBhunga elinenjongo, engeyonxalenye yohlaluliso. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwamaziko amaziko angundoqo asekuhlaleni anomngeni wangaphakathi uphando-lwazi-lwazi oluphakathi kolawulo oluphakathi kolawulo oluphakathi. ophanda ubuqhophololo, kunye nokuxhaphaza kwi-ndle. IG inikela ingxelo yawo yombutho wolawulo lwangaphandle kunye nolawulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kolawulo

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nokulungelelana Kwamandla Okuguqukayo

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kunye nolawulo lombutho asingomatshini omileyo. Isebenza phakathi kwemeko yezibakala zezobupolitika zale mihla, ezibangela ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwazo. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu lusoloko luvavanywa luze luphinde luqaliswe.

Icandelo lenqanawa kunye nomthetho wokuvala iGridi

Ukwanda kokuhlahlela okunzulu kwezobupolitika kuye kwanempembelelo enkulu kuzo zombini iindidi ze-equation. Umthetho we-grid lock elungelelanisiweyo uqheleke kakhulu, ngomyalelo wesithethe "wokuhamba ematyala ngekomiti kunye nengxoxo yomgangatho esoloko idlula ngokhokelo. Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwe-enobybuster kwiKhote-marki kuphakamise umqobo wokudlulisa phantse nawuphi na umthetho obalulekileyo kumavoti angama-60, uwenza kube nzima kuninzi lweqela ukumisela amacebo alo. Le nqaqonga i-gridrockle ikhokelele kwimithetho ekwalathisi kwimiba enyanzela yesizwe, inyanze iBhunga ixhomekeke kwisigqibo esiqhubekayo ukuxhasa urhulumente okanye ukungaphumeleli ukunikela ingxube yovavanyo olude olufana notshintsho.

Ulawulo Ngexesha Lolwazi

Ukuntsonkotha kolawulo lwale mihla kubangela ucelomngeni oluthe ngqo kulawulo lombutho-ngquzulwano. Igalelo elinjenge-webhsayithi, izinto ezivela kwimali, ubuntlola obungeyonkqubo, kunye nenzululwazi yebhayoloji lifuna ubuchule obunzulu ekunzima ukuba abasebenzi bombutho bagcine. Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu obupheleleyo bukarhulumente wezwe lenze umsebenzi omkhulu. Isebe elilawulayo lisoloko liqinisekisa ukuba [[FLD: 0] liyibeka imvume yokubeka ityala [ ekulahleni ulwazi olunzulu kwiBhunga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni liqhube amadabi asemthethweni kwimida yamandla. Uxanduva phakathi koMongameli ̱ iimfuno zecebiso elisisilumkiso kunye ne-Congarstanuals &817; iimfuno zolawulo lokuqhuba iingxabano.

Indima Yommi Ekuqalisweni Nasekuhlolweni Kwemithetho

Ubuchule bobumi obuthenjiweyo nobuthenjiweyo buyingxinano epheleleyo kulo nawuphi na urhulumente. .Gov kunye nezinye izixhobo zamanani ziye zakwenza kwabalula kunangaphambili ukuba abemi balapho balandele umthetho, bafunde umbhalo wamatyala, baqonde indlela abameli babo abavota ngayo. Ukudibana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, nokukhuthaza iindlela ezithile zemigaqo ethile zikukuphembelela inkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Ngokufanayo, ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kwindlebe ezikhuthazwa ngumatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo okubangelwa kukunikezela ngamazinyo abo baveleli. Xa abemi benikela ingqalelo, izibonke ooSongameli abaphezulu ngenxa yamaBhunga kunye noMongameli. I-demokhrasi ephilileyo i-demokhrasi elungele ukuphendula abamele ukulawulwa nokuqondwa komthetho.

Iseti Ehlala Ihleli Yolawulo

Ukwenza nokuhlola imithetho akwahlukanga kodwa icandelo elibini lemithetho eqhubekayo, enezigqibo ezinamandla. Ingqungquthela yenza isiseko somthetho sesenzo ize ibuye ihlole iziphumo, ibamba ukuva, iphicotha ii-akhawunti, kunye nokuphengulula iingxaki. Oku kufunyenwe kwimisebenzi yobuveleli kusoloko kukhokelela kwimithetho emitsha yokulungisa ukungalungisi kwimithetho ekhoyo okanye ukusingatha iimbambano ezifunyenweyo. Le mpendulo yi-injini yokuzilungisa ngokwakho kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMelika. Ingxolo, ixambulisana, kwaye idla ngokudimaza, kodwa iyimfuneko ngokuyintloko. Ukuqonda le miyalelo idipoyinti iyabazisa abahlalisa abameli babo, impilo entle, impilo-demokhrasi, kunye nomlinganiselo ohlalayo wamandla achaza i-United States.