Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Indlela Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano oluyiyo kuLawulo lwale mihla

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika yayiyilwe ngabom ngokwahlula amagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo: ulawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Esi sakhiwo, esidweliswe kwiMigaqo I, II, kunye no-II yomGaqo-siseko, senza impembelelo apho kungekho sebe linokulawula. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba amabhongo kufuneka enzelwe ukulwa amabhongo, kwaye isiphumo sikukusetyenziswa kwegunya okuntsonkothile, ulawulo, kunye nenkqesho. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo kudinga ukuvavanywa okucacileyo apho ulwalamano lwawo, acacisa, okanye achazwe kwakhona. Ukusukela kwiintsuku zokuqala zeRiphabliki ukuya kumadabi ezobupolitika, iingxelo kunye nolungelelwano kuvezwe kuye kwavelisa intlukwano kunye nolungeleniso, ukukhuthaza imigaqo-mthetho, imithetho, namalungelo asisiseko.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Amandla, Amaqhawe Nemida

UMongameli, njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, unegunya elikhulu ekuzalisekiseni umthetho wesizwe, ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukuyalela umkhosi, nokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu. Noko ke, eli gunya aliphelelanga. Inkxaso-mali yeBhunga, ingakuphelisa ukubekwa kwesebe eliphetheyo, kwaye kufuneka iqinisekise ukubekwa kwezibonelelo ezininzi. Ijaji-mthetho ingakwazi ukuphelisa izenzo zegunya ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubonisa indlela ezi zingqinela ngayo ezi mpatho zisebenza ngayo.

Isifundo Setyala 1: Isigqibo Semfazwe Sowe - 1973

Edlula phezu koMongameli Nixon’s Desolution yeWar Power Resolution yaba lilinge leNgqungquthela lokukhupha igunya layo elingokomGaqo-siseko lokuvakalisa imfazwe emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokudityaniswa kwemikhosi nomphathi ophetheyo. Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli adibane neNgqungquthela ngaphambi kokuba afake imikhosi yezixhobo emfazweni aze arhoxe imikhosi phakathi kweentsuku ezingama-60 nezingama-90 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga livume ukuba liqhubele phambili.

Ngokwendlela asebenza ngayo, umongameli ngamnye ukususela kwiSigqibo somGaqo-siseko uNixon uye wathandabuza ukungenelela kwesigqibo, ephikisana ngaso ngamandla amakhulu. Umzekelo, ukubekwa kwamajoni nguMongameli Reagan eLebhan ngo1998, uMongameli Clinton iphulo lomoya eKosovo 1999, kunye noMongameli Obama's ungenelelo lweSikobhente ngo-2011 konke kwenzeka ngokuphikisana kombutho. Isigqibo semfazwe sihlala singumqondiso, sibonakalisa uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kwenyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu nolawulo lwesizwe kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. [[FLT.0.] Cornell Information Information Information Institute of regivertivement

Isifundo setyala 2: Imiyalelo yegunya nengxubusho yezeejaji

Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli ukuba alathise imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Zizixhobo ezinamandla kodwa zihlala ziphantsi kohlolo logwebo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba akukho myalelo wesigqeba onokuthi ulawule umthetho wezomthetho okanye imiGaqo-siseko.

Imizekelo emibini yencopho yophawu ibalaselisa oku kukhangelo. [[FLT: 0] Kubetho olusezantsi lwezakhono ze- shirt & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawiter (1952), iNkundla yabetha phantsi isalathisi esilawulayo sikaMongameli Truman sokubamba izigamgamshelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, ilawula ukuba uMongameli ungabi nagunya elisemthethweni okanye igunya lobucukubhedu lesenzo esinjalo. [[FLT:] United States v. Nixton[FLT][3] [7] uMongameli Nixon [12] unyanzelo olunyanzelwe ukunikezela kwemilo lokushicilela ngexesha lehlazo, ukugatya kwakhe ilungelo elipheleleyo lolawulo lwezolawulo lwezwe. Ngokutsha, iNkugqiba ixesha lokufumana igunya lokulawula [FT] [5]

Isifundo Setyala 3: ISivumelwano sikaClaus NeQela

Amandla kaMongameli okumisela amalungu ekhabhathi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abekwe phantsi “kumthetho kunye nemvume” yeNkundla yeNtlanganiso. Oku kuhlola kusenokuba yindawo enkulu yedabi xa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ingavumi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-'mines' okanye ilibazise inkqubo. U-2016 akavumi ukuva iMerrick Garland, uMongameli Obama kuMphathi-Ophezulu, waba ngumsebenzi ophawulekayo wokusebenza kwalo mandla olawulayo. UMongameli Kamara Harris ulur ukhuphi obe ukhuphisayo ngo-2022, ukuqinisekisa impembelelo yesebe lomthetho womthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba unyuso olubonakalisa i-Prolitiventi ebanzi, nangona kunokuthikhokelele i-groopt.

Imithetho Esemthethweni: Imithetho Yokwenziwa Kwezakhono Nemigaqo Elawula Ukwenziwa Komthetho

IBhunga linguqumrhu lokwenza umthetho, kodwa amandla alo adlulela ngaphaya kwamatyala adlulayo. Liqhuba ulawulo ngokuva, uphando, namandla emali. Isebe eliphetheyo lisoloko livavanya imida yenjongo yomthetho, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiimbambano ezifuna ukuphunyezwa kwesigwebo.

Uhlolisiso Lokuqala: UMthetho Wokunyamekela Ongenakufikeleleka

UMthetho weNtolongo oBalulekileyo (ACA), odlule ngo-2010 unamavoti eDemocratic kuphela, amele ukuphunyezwa okungundoqo kwemithetho-siseko. Emva konyulo oluphakathi kwesigaba seRiphabliki, iiKhomishini ezilawulwa nguRiphabliki zazama ukuphinda zimisele umthetho ngemithetho kwaye kamva kwinkqubo yoqingqo-mali. Xa ulawulo lwezibonelelo lwemali lungaphumeleli, uTrump wasebenzisa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ukuze buthathaka umthetho, njengokucutha inkcaza lemali ehlawulwayo kunye nokwandisa izicwangciso zempilo ezingeyo ezithe zavumelana nemithetho ye-AA.

IKhomishini yaphendula ngolwimi kumthetho werhafu ka-2017 ukuze iphelise isohlwayo somntu ngamnye, esathi sakhokelela kucelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko. California v. Texas [201], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa i-ACA, ifumana ama-paanttiff engekho. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa indlela onke amasebe amathathu anokuba adibene ngayo: umthetho odluliswa nguCongresson, owe ngokulungiswa kwegunya elikhulu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukhuselwe yi-judiary. Imali ye-A, inika ixesha elifanelekileyo lokulwa kwe-ACUCULT].

Isifundo setyala 2: Ukuqinisekisa njengeNkqutyana yokuHlola

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yabameli amandla okungagqibeleli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi amandla okuzama ukuzama ukucetyiswa. Le nkqubo yeyona nkqubo inzima ijongwa kwesebe lemithetho eliphethe isebe elilawulayo nelokugweba. Ukuphembelela kooMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (twice) babonisa umlinganiselo wezobupolitika nomGaqo-siseko walo.

Ukungagunyaziswa koMongameli Johnson ngowe-1868 kwaqhutywa ziimpikiswano nxamnye nenkqubo yokuphinda ivuselelwe kwemithetho kunye noMthetho we-Ofisi, owathi kamva walawula ngokungekho mgaqweni. UMongameli uClinton wangowango wonyaka ka-1998 wokungagunyaziswa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene nokungavumelani ngokwesini. UMongameli Trump wapheliswa ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kunye nokungaqiniseki kweBhunga-mthetho malunga neUkraine, kwaphinda kwathiwa kwakhona ngo-2021 ngenxa yokuphembelela ukuhlasela kweCapitol emva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol. Kuzo zonke iimeko ezintathu, iNxandumiso-mthetho yakhulula uMongameli, ibala eliphezulu lokususwa. Noko ke, inkqubo yokuhlola uphaka kwezopolitiki neyo ekwazi ukuveza iziphumo, njengoko kwabonwa xa iSenter Mit Romney evotinye kwinqaku lakhe elingu 2020 kwinqaku lakhe.

Isifundo Sesi-3: Ulawulo Lwengqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini isebenzisa iipenayi, iindlebe, kunye nabakhweli boqingqo-mali ukuvelela isebe eliphetheyo. Umzabalazo wolwazi udla ngokukhula lube lungquzulwano olusemthethweni. Ngexesha lolawulo lwe-Obama, iKomiti ye House Oversing iphanda umsebenzi we-Fast ne-Furasious - ball - ball-mody, ikhokelela ekudeleni ngokuchasene noNjengelelo-mikhosi u-Eric Honer. Ngexesha lolawulo lweTrump, iNdlumo ithelelwa ukunyazisa ii-paneas kunye namaphepha abaphathi besebe abaphezulu, kuquka nowangaphambili beWhite Housey Don McGahn.

Ezi mpikiswano zidla ngokuphelela enkundleni, zinyanzelisa abagwebi ukuba balungelelanise ukwahlulwa kwamandla nemfuneko yokuziphendulela. Inkonzo yophando lobungangamsha ipapashe iingxelo ezibanzi ngezi nkqubo zobuveleli.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: Ukutolika Umthetho, Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nokubeka Imilinganiselo

Ijaji, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, lisebe elincinane ledemokhrasi, ukanti igunya layo lokutolika umGaqo-siseko nokubetha amanye amasebe lingundoqo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amatyala angezantsi abonisa indlela iNkundla eye yachaza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngayo umgangatho wamandla karhulumente.

Isifundo setyala 1: Marbury v. Madison noBume beCwangciso-zincwadi

Kwesinye sezigqibo eziphambili kwimbali yaseMelika, uMarbury v. Madison (1803) wamisela umgaqo wokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo inamandla okuvakalisa izenzo zeBhunga ezingekho mgaqweni. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, ibhala kwiNkundla engqinelanayo, ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo kwaye “uyiphondo nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji."

Eli tyala lavela kwimbambano yezobupolitika emva konyulo lonyaka wekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo, xa uMongameli uJohn Adams wamisela iqela labagwebi abaphakathi.” Ulawulo oluzayo lwe-Jefferson lwala ukuhambisa iikhomishini, yaye uWilliam Marbury waqukumbela ityala. Ngobuchule uMarshall wakuphepha ukungqubana ngqo noMongameli Jefferson ngokumisela ukuba umthetho uxhomekeke kuwo ngokwawo ubungathanga mgamshelwano. Isigqibo saqinisa indima yejajidi-judiary njengesebe elilinganayo kwaye sabeka isiseko somthetho womgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle [[FLTLT:0]]

Isifundo setyala 2: Brown v. iBhodi yemfundo neyokweejaji kuMalungelo e-Pologn

Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yeTopeka (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ukucalucalulana kwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus we-144th Amend Amendment. Esi sigqibo salawula “ukulingana” imfundiso esungulwe [[FLT:] PGyv. Fergusonson[ [186] sathika ngqo u-186] savavanya uwiso lwemithetho kunye namasebe aphetheyo, ayevumele ukuba aqhubeke.

Umthetho wajamelana nokuchaswa okukhulu kumaphondo asemazantsi kunye kwanakuMongameli Eisenhower, owavakalisa amathandabuzo ngasese. Noko ke, igunya leNkundla lokuziphatha, lidityaniswe nenyathelo legunya elilandelayo (ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi karhulumente ukunyanzelisa ukukhutshwa kwe-litye elincinane leRock ngo-1957) kunye nesenzo sowiso-mthetho (Umthetho waMalungelo ka-1964 kunye nomthetho wamaLungelo we-Voting Act ka-1965), ekugqibeleni wavelisa utshintsho oluguqulayo. Brown [FLT] [i.1] umelo lwezikongalu lungavuselela njani utshintsho lwentlalo-ntle-ntle-ntle yasekuhlaleni ukuba amanye amasebe angaqala ngokwawo ngokwawo.

Isifundo Setyala 3: Imfazwe yeInterbranch Ngaphezu kwelungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu eWatergate

Ihlazo leWatergate linikeza umzekeliso ocacileyo walo onke amasebe amathathu alwayo. Emva kophulwa-phulo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesiZwe yeDemocratic, uMongameli uNixon wazama ukufihla inxaxheba yakhe. IBhunga laqalisa uphando, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yasungula iKomiti Yokukhetha kwiMicimbi yeCandelo loPhostoli. Xa umtshutshisi okhethekileyo wafuna iitepi ezirekhodiweyo zeWhite House, uNixon wacela ilungelo lokuba lingene kubaphathi-ofisi ukuba alinqande.

INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwi United States v. Nixon (1974), yagqiba nganye ukuba isaziso sikaMongameli selungelo sasingagqibekanga kwaye sasingenakuyiphelisa imfuneko yobungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla yayalela ukuba iikhasethi zivulwe, zityhile ukubandakanyeka ngqo kukaNixon. Imeko esondeleyo yeNdlu, uNixon, uNixon. Eli tyala labonisa ukuba ijaji intloko-mthetho inyanzelela ukuba imigaqo esemthethweni, nokuba isebe lemithetho ithetha ngokusemthethweni liyakwazi ukuvala ukuchasa, kwanokwenza umongameli ohleliyo.

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokusebenzisa Imithambo Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21: Iingxaki Ezintsha

Iimpikiswano zale mihla zivelise imibuzo eneenkcukacha malunga nolungelelwano lwamandla. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweCongregational Review CLC v kwimithetho yombutho, unyulo “lwengcamango yequmrhu elilawulayo,” kunye nokwanda kwamaqumrhu azimeleyo konke kubangele ungquzulwano phakathi kombutho. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sama-2020 kwi SAILA] Umthetho LLC v. I-PUMALING CONCER CONCE COR [ yabeka umda othe kratya i-ongo ye-omatilogo kulawulo lwe-omatilo.[12]

Enye isalathisi sangoku sibandakanya imigudu yesebe lowiso-mthetho yokunyanzelisa ubungqina obuvela kumagosa aphezulu esebe. Uphando lweHouse kuhlaselo lukaJanuwari 6 lwakhokelela kwisaphuli-mthetho esichasene nesakha sangaphambili isikhulu sendlu yabasebenzi uMark Meadows, esibonisa indlela iBhunga elinokunyanzelisa ngayo ukuba lijongene ngemithetho yezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi zinto ziqulunqi ziqinisekisa ukuba ukudlala phakathi kwamasebe kuhlala kuhleli, kukhuphikiswana nolawulo lwaseMerika.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo Yempikiswano

Uphando lwetyala oluphandwe apha lubonisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyoplani ecocekileyo kodwa yibala lokuxoxa okuqhubekayo. Abaseki abasunguliweyo babelindele ukuba amabhongo kunye nokuzingcamla zizakubangela ungquzulwano, kwaye babona ukuba ukungquzulana njengendlela yokukhusela ubundlobongela. I-War Powers Resolution, iAffordable Care Act, iingcebiso, [[FLT: 0]] [amarbury v. Mathlson [, kunye Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yeFLT] yonke ityhila ngexesha xa elinye isebe lizibanga ukuba lihlole elinye, maxa linyanze ukuba liphinde litshintshe urhulumente wonke.

Kubemi nabafundisi, ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kubalulekile. Umthetho, oxhaswa ngumGaqo-siseko, uxhomekeke kwisebe ngalinye elikulungeleyo ukusebenzisa igunya lalo liphinde lihlonele igunya elisemthethweni labanye. Njengokuba kuvela iingxaki ezintsha .