Table of Contents
Isebe elilawulayo limi njengenye yeentsika ezintathu zedemokhrasi yaseMerika, esebenza ecaleni kwesebe lemithetho kunye nezomthetho namasebe agwebayo ukugcina ulungelelwano olucekethekileyo lwamandla oluqwalaselwe ngabaseki beZiko. Amandla eSebe eliLawulayo abekwe kuMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye noMlawuli-mikhosi exhobileyo. Eli sebe limela intliziyo yolawulo karhulumente karhulumente, elinoxanduva lokusebenzisa imithetho, ukuphatha ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukuqhuba inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini, nokuhambisa iinkonzo eziyimfuneko kwizigidi zamaMelika suku zonke.
Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo kubaluleke kakhulu kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wakhe asebenza ngayo. Ukusuka kwixesha ovuka ngalo usiya ekutyeni, kwiindlela ohamba kuzo, nakukhuseleko olunakho, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla eMelika. Ukuquka amalungu emikhosi exhobileyo, iSebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezine. Eli sebe liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iyanyanzelelwa, iinkonzo zikawonke wonke ziyanikezelwa, kwaye izilangazelelo zohlanga zikhuselekile emakhayeni nakwamanye amazwe.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla alawulayo
IGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. limisela iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente wesizwe. ISigqeba esilawulayo esikhuthaza uClause, kwiCandelo 1, linikela ukuba igunya lolawulo lorhulumente linikwe uMongameli. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko, olwenziwe ngo-1787, lwadala isakhiwo esiye sanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, siqhelanisa neemfuno ezitshintshayo zohlanga olukhulayo ngoxa lugcina imigaqo yalo esisiseko.
IGunya eliPhezulu liza kunikwa uMongameli wase-United States of America. Le ngxelo ilula kodwa enzulu imisa uMongameli njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, inikel ’ ingqalelo igunya eliphakamileyo kumntu omnye kunokuba lililahle phakathi kwamagosa amaninzi. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko benza olu khetho ngabom, befuna ukwenza umlawuli onegunya eliphezulu onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze athabathe inyathelo ngokungxamisekileyo ngoxa besamele ukuphendula kubantu kwaye benyanzelwa ngamanye amasebe orhulumente.
Umgaqo-siseko uchaza amagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo omongameli kunye neembopheleleko. Icandelo 2 nelesi-3 zichaza amandla omongameli kunye nemisebenzi ethile. Icandelo 2, uClause 1 uchaza amandla omongameli akhethekileyo: oko kukuthi, uMlawuli onegunya eliyintloko, amandla okufuna iimbono ezibhaliweyo kwiintloko zamasebe alawulayo, namandla okuxolela. La magunya abumba isiseko segunya lomongameli, nangona ubukhulu kunye nokucaciswa kwala magunya kuye kwaqalisa ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yohlanga.
Ukunyamekela UClaus Nembopheleleko Yolawulo
Omnye weyona mimiselo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko elawula isebe elilawula isebe eliphetheyo nguCandelo likaCelaus. ICandelo 3 liqulethe iCandelo lokuCandelela uCelales, lifuna ukuba uMongameli aqinisekise ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembeka. Eli binzana limisela umsebenzi ongundoqo woMongameli wokuzalisekisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhungane, kwanaxa uMongameli enokuthi ngokobuqu angavumi ukuthobela loo mithetho.
ICandelo lika Claus lidala amandla kunye nomlinganiselo. Inika uMongameli amandla okuthatha izenzo eziyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente, kodwa ikwathintela uMongameli ukuba angayamkeli ukuphumeza imithetho okanye enze ngokuchasene nenjongo yombutho. Olu mlinganiselo ubonisa inkqubo ebanzi yovavanyo nolungelelwano, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu.
Amagophe Nolungelelwano Kumandla oLawulo
Isebe elilawulayo alisebenzi ngokwalo. Ukukwazi kwesebe ngalinye ukuphendula kwizenzo zamasebe alo elinye yinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla alawulayo ahlala enoxanduva kwaye elinganiselwe, ithintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya elininzi kakhulu nakweliphi na isebe lorhulumente.
Umongameli angawubeka umthetho owenziwe yiBhunga. Kwakhona uchaza iintloko zamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nabamiselwe yinkundla ephakamileyo. Noko ke, la magunya akaphelelanga. IBhunga liyaqinisekisa okanye liyabachasa oomongameli. Kwakhona lingasusa umongameli kwisikhundla kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ngaphezu koko, iJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ingabhukuqa imithetho engagunyaziswanga.
Olu luhlu luntsonkothileyo lwemiqathango luqinisekisa ukuba ngoxa uMongameli elawula amandla abalulekileyo, amandla asoloko ephantsi kolawulo kunye nomlinganiselo wamanye amasebe. Le nkqubo ifuna intsebenziswano nokulalanisa, inyanzelisa amasebe ukuba asebenze kunye ngoxa elondoloza inkululeko yawo.
UMongameli: Indima Neembopheleleko
UMongameli we-United States uphethe oko abaninzi bakugqala njengesona sigxina sinamandla ehlabathini. Umongameli yintloko yelizwe, inkokeli yesebe eliphetheyo, kunye nmphathi-mikhosi eyintloko yemikhosi exhobileyo yaseUnited States. Ezi ndima zininzi zifuna ukuba uMongameli alungelelanise iimbopheleleko ezininzi, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yesithethe ukuya kwizigqibo zobomi nezibulalayo malunga nokhuseleko lwesizwe.
Igosa eliyintloko lohlanga
NjengeSigqeba esiPhezulu, uMongameli unembopheleleko yokumisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yiBhunga, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umisela iintloko zamasebe oManyano, kuquka iKhabhinethi. Le ndima yenza uMongameli abe ngumphathi opheleleyo karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente, ejonge isebe elikhulu elilawula iinkqubo neenkonzo zesebe.
Iimbopheleleko zomphathi ophezulu ziquka ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, oluchaza izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi kunye nezindululo zokuchitha unyaka wemali ozayo. Ngelixesha iBhunga ekugcineni lilawula amabinzana emali ngamandla alo okunika ingxelo, izicelo zoqingqo-mali zoMongameli zimisela ucwangciso lwengxoxo yoqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yolawulo ephambili.
UMongameli unika nemiyalelo yegunya, eyimiyalelo kumaqumrhu alawulayo esizwe ngendlela yokumisa nokunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo. Ngeli xesha imiyalelo yegunya ingenako ukuyila imithetho emitsha qha kwiKhomishini . Inikela ukhokelo olubalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo ngendlela yokufeza iimbopheleleko zalo. Imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetyenziswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo zesizwe, ukusuka ekumiseleni umkhosi ukuseka intlalo-ntle.
Umphathi kwiNtloko yeMikhosi exhobileyo
Indima kaMongameli njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko imele omnye weyona mbopheleleko iphambili yesikhundla. UMongameli uza kuba nguMlawuli kwiNtloko yoMkhosi noMkhosi wamanzi waseUnited States, kunye neMilitia yamazwe amaninzi, xa ebizelwa kwiNkonzo yokwenene yaseUnited States. Eli gunya libeka uMongameli kwincopho yetsheyini yomkhosi, enoxanduva olupheleleyo lokhuselo nomkhosi wohlanga kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi.
Umyalelo osebenzayo wangoku woMkhosi weNtloko oxhobileyo unikezelwe ukusuka kumongameli ukuya kwiSebe loKhuseleko kwaye udla ngokusetyenziswa ngonobhala wakhe. Usihlalo weNtloko eziManyeneyo zoMkhosi weStaff kunye nemiyalelo yomkhosi unceda ngemisebenzi echazwe kwiSicwangciso soMyalelo oManyeneyo (UP) ovunyiweyo womongameli. Aba bathunywa bavumela ubuchule bomkhosi ukuba balawule umkhosi wemihla yonke, ngeli lixa begcina ulawulo lwabemithotho kumkhosi wemikhosi yaseMelika.
Amandla kaMongameli aquka amandla okuthumela imikhosi, ubuchule obungqalileyo bomkhosi, kunye nokuphendula kwizisongelo ezinxamnye ne-United States. Noko ke, iBhunga linikela uvavanyo kumandla omkhosi womongameli ngokulawula imali nemithetho yezomkhosi. UMgaqo-siseko ukwagcinela iBhunga amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, usenza uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla kaMongameli okubeka ilizwe kwimfazwe.
Inkokeli yoMgaqo-nkqubo oPhakathi
UMongameli ukwanegunya elikhethekileyo kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kwaye kuphela enamandla okuthetha okanye okuphulaphula njengommeli wohlanga. Le ndima yenza uMongameli waseMelika abe ngummeli oyintloko kwisigaba sehlabathi, ojongene nophuhliso-ntlalo-ntle, othethana neenkokeli zamazwe asemzini, kwaye ulolonga inkqubo yelizwe lasemzini.
Amagunya eendaba zikaMongameli aquka ukuxoxa nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, nangona Eza kuba neGunya, ngeSiluleko nangeSivumelwano seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukwenza iNgxelo, ukunikezela ngezibonelelo ezibini kwezintathu zeeNdlu ezikhoyo ezivumelanayo. Oku kufunekayo ukuze iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ziqinisekise ukuba izivumelwano ezinkulu zezizwe ngezizwe zibonakalisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kunokuba zibonise ukhetho lolawulo olunye.
Icandelo 3 ngokubhekele phaya linika uMongameli amandla okwamkela amanxusa nabanye abalungiseleli bakarhulumente. Eli gunya libonakala likwisithethe linento ebalulekileyo yokulawula imicimbi yesizwe, njengoko isigqibo sokwamkela okanye sokungavumi ukwamkela abameli bamanye amazwe sinokwazisa okanye ukungenzelwanga ukusungula ulawulo loorhulumente basemzini kwaye sichaphazela ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe.
UMongameli umisela oothunywashe abamele i-United States kumazwe asemzini, baphantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali. Aba bameli bamazwe ngamazwe bakhonza njengabameli boMongameli bezizwe, baqhuba iingxoxo, bakhuthaza izilangazelelo zaseMerika, yaye balondoloza ulwalamano noorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle.
Inkokeli eLawulweyo
Ngeli xesha uMongameli engakwazi ukumisela umthetho ngqo, iofisi isebenzisa impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Icandelo 3 lifuna ukuba uMongameli anike iNkqutyana ulwazi ngemeko yomanyano. Kwakhona inika uMongameli igunya lokuncomela amanyathelo owiso-mthetho kunye neemeko ezingaqhelekanga ukuba ahlangane okanye afake iZiko le-Programa. Idilesi yonyaka ye-Union Union inika uMongameli iqonga eliphambili ukuchaza izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho yowiso-mthetho nokukhuthaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke ukwenzela ucwangciso lolawulo.
UMongameli: Unamandla okuvumela okanye ukukhupha amatyala kunye nezigqibo ezidluliswa yiBhunga. Ulawulo lweveto lunika uMongameli amandla abalulekileyo ekuthetheni neNgqungquthela, njengoko isisongelo seveto sikhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba balungise umthetho wokuthetha ngemibandela kamongameli. IBhunga lisenokuwulawula uvotelo oluzii-3 ezimbini kwindlu neNdlu yeeNdlu. Inkqubo inzima ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye inqabile. Isisongelo somongameli uveto sidla ngokunikezela ngoxinzelelo olwaneleyo lweBhunga lokulungisa isibhengezo-mali ukuze umongameli akulungele ukuyityo.
Amandla EPardon
UMongameli unegunya elingokomGaqo-siseko lokuxolela nokukhupha iimfanelo zetyala likarhulumente. Uza kuba namandla okunika uReprievas kunye noPardons ngenxa yezono ezichasene neUnited States, ngaphandle kwetyala le-Impect. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba abonise inceba, alungise okungekho sikweni, okanye akhuthaze uxolelwano lwesizwe ngokuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni okanye ukunciphisa izigwebo.
Amandla okuxolela aphantse apheleliselwe, athintelwe kuphela ngokungaqhelekanga kwiimeko ezingalungisiyo. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa eli gunya ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukutyhubela imbali, ukuxolela izaphuli-mthetho ngabanye ukunikezela ngemithetho ebanzi yamaqela abantu. Eli gunya libonakalisa umgaqo wokusebenzisa umthetho ngokungqongqo, beqonda ukuba maxa wambi kungavelisa iziphumo ezingekho bulungisa ezifuna ukulungiswa.
Umongameli onguMongameli noMongameli olawulayo
Umongameli onguMongameli osisiXhosa ukwayinxalenye yeSebe eliphetheyo, ekulungele ukuthatha imfuneko. UMongameli onguMongameli osisiXhosa usebenza njengesekela eliyintloko loMongameli kwaye umi kuqala kumgca wokulandelelana. Ukuba umongameli akakwazi ukukhonza, usekela umongameli uba ngumongameli.
Ngaphezu kwendima yokulandelelana, isekela lomongameli likwangamela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yase-U. Lo msebenzi womGaqo-siseko ubeka uMongameli oyiKhosi kwindawo ekhethekileyo, ekhonza kumasebe olawulo oluphezulu nowowiso-mthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oomongameli bobuKhosi banika abanye abaququzeleli imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokukhokela, ebonakala kwiCanternal xa kufuneka ivoti yabo yokwaphula iqhina.
Oomongameli bale mihla baye bathatha indima ebalulekileyo engakumbi kwisebe elilawulayo, ngokufuthi besebenza njengabameli abakhulu kuMongameli, abakhokelayo kwiinkqubo, abamele ulawulo kwiintlanganiso zezobuzwe, kwaye abasebenza njengabanxibelelanisi neBhunga. Iimbopheleleko ezikhethekileyo zoMongameli osisiSizwe ziyahluka ngokobungane noMongameli kunye neemfuno zolawulo ngalunye.
IKhabhinethi: AbaPhathi-mikhosi kunye neeNtloko zeSebe
IKhabhinethi liqumrhu lokwalathisa eliyilwe ziintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15. Limiselwe nguMongameli kwaye liqinisekiswa yiBhunga, amalungu eKhabhinethi asoloko eyizityalo ezikufutshane zoMongameli. Inkqubo yeKhabhinethi, ngexa ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, iye yaguquka yaba lilungu elibalulekileyo lolawulo lwesebe elilawulayo.
Amalungu ekhabhinethi asebenza njengeenkonzo kumongameli. Aquka isekela lomongameli, iintloko zamasebe aphetheyo, namanye amagosa karhulumente aphezulu abekwa esikhundleni. Iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi zinika umongameli i-commantswana ukuze aqhagamshelane namagosa aphezulu, alungelelanise inkqubo ngaphaya kwamasebe, kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ulawulo luthetha ngelizwi elimanyeneyo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.
Onke amalungu eKhabhinethi athatha isibizo sonobhala, ngaphandle kwentloko yeSebe leSigwebo, elibizwa ngokuba yiAttorney General. Le yunifomu ibonisa ubume obulinganayo bamalungu eKhabhinethi njengeentloko zamasebe alawulayo amakhulu, nangona ekuqheliseni amanye amasebe anempembelelo engakumbi kunamanye axhomekeke kwizinto eziphambili neengxaki zesizwe ezikhoyo.
Ukongeza ekuqhubeni amasebe amakhulu karhulumente, adlala indima ebalulekileyo kumgca woMongameli wokulandelelana ngezantsi (*. Emva kokuba uMongameli onguMongameli, uMlawuli weNdlu, kunye noMongameli weNdlu yeNdlu yeNtshona, umgca wokulandelelana uyaqhubeka nee-ofisi zeKhabhinethi kulandelelwano apho kwadalwa khona amasebe. Olu landelelwano luqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka korhulumente nakwezona meko ziyingozi.
Amasebe aphetheyo alishumi elinesihlanu
Kukho amasebe alawulayo ali-15 ngoku. La masebe akha umqulu osisiseko wesakhiwo solawulo lukarhulumente, ngamnye unoxanduva lwemimandla ethile yenkqubo kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente. Isebe elilawulayo elilishumi elinesihlanu (isebe ngalinye likhokelwa lilungu elimiselweyo leKhabhinethi yeMongameli/ukuqhuba ulawulo lwemini-mini kuRhulumente weFederal.
ISebe likaRhulumente
ISebe loRhulumente, elamiselwa ngowe-1789, lisebe elidala kakhulu leKhabhinethi kwaye lisebenza njengommeli oyintloko wokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe aseMerika. Unobhala weSizwe usebenza njengomphathi oyintloko wenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kwaye ujonge uthungelwano lwehlabathi lonke lwe-embassion kunye nee-accounties. Isebe lixoxa ngezivumelwano, likhupha iingxelo, likhuthaza izilangazelelo zoshishino zamaMelika kumazwe angaphandle, lisebenzela ukuhambisela phambili amaxabiso kunye nezilangazelelo zelizwe laseMelika ehlabathini lonke.
ISebe loNondyebo
Kwakhona ekwamiselwa ngowe-1789, iSebe leNgxelo-mali lilawula imali karhulumente worhulumente, liqokelela irhafu, livelisa imali, lize lijonge inkqubo yezoqoqosho. ISebe loBondyebo lifeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni amatyala esizwe, ukuzalisekisa izivumelwano zezoqoqosho, ukulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali, nokucebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yezoqoqosho. I-International Revenue Service (IRS), eqokelela irhafumfaze irhafu karhulumente, esebenza njengenxalenye yeSebe leBhwebo.
Isebe lokhuselo
ISebe lokhuselo longamela umkhosi wesizwe kunye nemisebenzi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Isebe lilawula umkhosi, uMkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi woMoya, umkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi waseSibhakabhakeni, kunye namasebe amaninzi okukhusela. Isebe lokhuselo lomkhosi kunye noorhulumente limele enye yeyona mibutho mikhulu ehlabathini, ijongene nokukhusela izilangazelelo zokhuseleko lwamaMerika emhlabeni wonke.
ISebe leMithetho eLuntu
Ikhokelwa nguMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney, iSebe leMithetho yeJaji lisebenza njengengalo yomthetho kunye nesiluleko somthetho sikarhulumente. Isebe ligweba urhulumente, likhusela urhulumente kwimicimbi esemthethweni, lize lijonge amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho aquka iFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), iDignostic Administration (DEA), kunye neBureaustration of Alcohool, iDhoba, iFirems kunye ne-Exlosives (AFF). ISebe leJaji likwasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amalungelo abantu kunye nemithetho yorhulumente.
ISebe leMbali
ISebe leMzabalazo lilawula amazwe kawonke-wonke aseMerika kunye nobuncwane bendalo, ukuvelela iipaki, iindawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana, namazwe orhulumente. Isebe likwaphatha ulwalamano nezizwe zamaMelika amaNative kwaye lilawula amandla nezimbiwa kumazwe orhulumente. Iimbopheleleko zengingqi ziquka ukulondolozwa, ukuzihlaziya, uphando lwenzululwazi, kunye nokulungelelanisa inkqubela kwimveliso kunye nokukhuselwa kwemekobume.
ISebe lezeLimo
ISebe lezolimo (USDA) lenza inkqubo yokulima, eyolimo, neyokutya. Iinjongo zalo ziquka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabalimi nabalimi, ukukhuthaza urhwebo nokuveliswa kwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, ukukhusela imithombo yendalo, ukukhuthaza amakhaya, nokuphelisa indlala eMerika nakwamanye amazwe. I-USDA ikwalawula iinkqubo zoncedo lwezondlo ezifana neSpal Conftion Conteration Program (SNAP) kwaye ijonge inkqubo yesikolo sesizwe sesidlo sasemini.
Isebe lorhwebo
ISebe lezorhwebo likhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukusungulwa komsebenzi, kunye nezilangazelelo zoshishino. Isebe liqhuba ubalo-mali lwesizwe, imibandela egunyazisiweyo kunye neempawu, lihlola imozulu ngoLawulo lweSizwe loolwandlekazi noloMkhosi (NOASphere), likhuthaza urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Imisebenzi yorhwebo ikhuthaza ukhuphiswano lwamaMerika kwizoqoqosho zomhlaba lonke kwaye lixhasa ukuphuhliswa noshishino.
ISebe lokuSebenza
ISebe leMisebenzi likhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, likhuthaza ukhuseleko lwemeko zokusebenza, limisela imithetho yesebe ekhuselekileyo, lijonge imimiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, imigangatho yemali neyure, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi. Imisebenzi iqokelela ize ipapashe amanani ezoqoqosho anceda abenzi benkqubo kunye namashishini aqonde indlela abaqeshwa ngayo kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho.
ISebe lezeMpilo neeNkonzo zoLuntu
ISebe lezempilo nezoluntu (HHS) lijonge iinkqubo ezichaphazela impilo nentlalo-ntle yamaMedicare kunye noMedicaid. IHS inika inkxaso-mali yezonyango kwiZiko lezempilo leSizwe, ikhusela impilo yoluntu kwiZiko lokuLawula nelokuthintela iDS (CDC), kwaye ilawula ukutya neziyobisi nge-Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Isebe likwanika iinkonzo zoluntu kwaye lixhasa uphando nobuchule bezonyango.
ISebe leMidlalo noPhuhliso lwamaDolophana
ISebe leNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMidlalo neYophuhliso (HID) lingumbutho ojongene nemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe kunye neenkqubo ezithetha ngeemfuno zezindlu zaseMelika, ziphucula zize ziphuhlise uluntu, zinyanzelise imithetho yezindlu elungileyo. ISebe likwadlala indima enkulu ekuxhaseni umnini-khaya ukwenzela iintsapho eziphantsi nezinengeniso ephakathi nge-inshorensi yendlu kunye neenkqubo zokuqesha.
Isebe lezothutho
ISebe lezothutho liqinisekisa iinkqubo zokuzihambela ezikhuselekileyo, ezifanelekileyo nezifikelelekayo kulo lonke elaseMelika. Isebe lijonge uhola weendlela, ezokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya, iziporo, iinqanawa zaselwandle, kunye nothutho. Izithuthi zimisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, zigcine izibonelelo zesakhiwo, kwaye zisebenza kwiinkqubo zothutho zale mihla eMelika ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezingamashumi amabini enkulungwane yokuqala.
ISebe lamandla
ISebe leMimandla lilawula inkqubo yamandla eMelika, inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi. Isebe likhuthaza ukuphumelela kwamandla, liphuhlisa imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo, ligcine izixhobo zenyukliya, lisebenze uphando lwenzululwazi lwelizwe. Izixhobo zisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umphako wamandla othembekileyo kwaye linciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yangaphandle yamandla.
ISebe lezemfundo
ISebe lezemfundo likhuthaza ukuphumelela kwemfundo nokufikelela kwimfundo ngendlela elinganayo. Ngoxa inkqubo yemfundo eninzi imiselwe kumgangatho wesizwe nasekuhlaleni, isebe lezemali limisela iinkqubo zoncedo lwemali, linyanzelisa amalungelo emfundo, liqokelele ugcino-lwazi lwemfundo, lixhase uphando olunempumelelo kwimisebenzi yokufundisa. Imfundo isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi baseMerika banokufumana amathuba afanelekileyo okufundisa.
ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi yeNkcubeko
ISebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi yezempilo, inika inkxaso, kunye neenkonzo kumagqala omkhosi waseMerika. I-VA ilawula inkqubo yonyango oludityanisiweyo yelizwe, inika intlawulo yentlawulo yesiphene neenkqubo zempesheni, ijonge iinzuzo zemfundo zamagqala, kwaye ilawula amangcwaba esizwe. Isebe linceda izigidi zamagqala neentsapho zabo, lizukisa inkonzo yabo kunye nokuzinikela kwabo.
ISebe loKhuseleko lwaMakhaya
I-DHS yasekwa nguMthetho woKhuseleko weHomeland we-2002, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuhlaselwa ngabanqolobi ngoSeptemba 11, 2001.
Amadoda namabhinqa ase-DHS anceda ekulindeni imida yethu, ekukhuseleni abahambi nezibonelelo zezithuthi, ekunyanzeliseni imithetho yokufuduka, ekungeneleni kwiintlekele nakwiimeko zongxamiseko, nasekukhuthazeni ukulungiselela nokuthintelwa kongxamiseko kulo lonke elo lizwe. Iimbopheleleko ezahlukeneyo zesebe zibonisa ukuntsonkotha kwezisongelo zokhuseleko zale mihla, ukususela kwiintlekele zemvelo ukuya kwiingxaki zokungakhuselwa kwezentlalo-mfama.
Ingxakeko ezizimeleyo kunye nemibutho karhulumente
Ngaphaya kwamasebe eKhabhinethi alishumi elinesihlanu, isebe eliphetheyo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente. Ziyadityaniswa kulo mthwalo wolawulo namanye amaqumrhu aphetheyo anjengeCIA ne-Entevironmental Protection Agency, iinkokeli zawo eziphantsi kwegunya elipheleleyo likaMongameli. La masebe asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimela ngokwawo ulawulo lomongameli olungqalileyo, nangona ehlala eyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo.
UMongameli umisela iintloko zeeKhomishini ezizimeleyo zoManyano ezingaphezu kwama-50, njengeBhodi yeSiqinganiso neKhomishini yeSizwe, kunye nabagwebi bamaFederal, ii-arhente, namanye amagosa oMasipala. La madinga avumela uMongameli ukuba alungise inkqubo yorhulumente karhulumente worhulumente, nangona iintloko ezininzi ezizimeleyo zisebenzisa izindululo ezizinzileyo kwaye azinakususwa ngoko kukuthanda kukaMongameli, ezibanika inkululeko engakumbi.
Ingxakeko ezizizimeleyo ezinkulu
I-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) iqokelela ize ihlalutya ulwazi olunobuchule lokuxhasa ukwenza isigqibo sokhuseleko lwesizwe. ICIA isebenza phantsi kolwalathiso loMlawuli weSizwe sobuntlola kwaye inika ingxelo kuMongameli malunga nezisongelo kukhuseleko lwaseMelika ehlabathini lonke.
I-EPA ikhusela impilo yabantu nemekobume ngokumisa imithetho yemekobume, imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso nokukhuthaza ukulawulwa komgangatho womoya namanzi. I-EPA ilawula umgangatho womoya namanzi, ilawula inkunkuma eyingozi, isebenzela ukucombulula iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
I-Arhente yoLawulo lwezeNqanawa (FEMA), ngoku eyinxalenye yeSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya, ilungelelanisa ukuphendula kwentlekele kunye nemigudu yokuphuculwa. I-FEMA inikela uncedo kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngexesha longxamiseko, ilawula uKhuthazo lwe-Inshorensi yeSizwe, kwaye inceda abantu balungiselele baze baphendule kwiintlekele zemvelo nezinye izinto ezingxamisekileyo.
INational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) yenza uphando ngesithuba, uphando lwenzululwazi, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezinto ezisemgangathweni. INASA isebenza kwinkqubo yesekhilopheni, iqhuba imisebenzi yenzululwazi, iphanda ngemozulu yomhlaba, kwaye isebenzela ukuhambisela phambili ulwazi ngabantu ngendalo.
I-Social Security Administration ilawula iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yesizwe, eziquka umhlala-phantsi, ukukhubazeka, kunye neengenelo zabasindi. Ukhuseleko loluntu lunika ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho kwizigidi zamaMelika, zimela enye yeenkqubo ezinkulu ze-odolomfazini nezona zibalulekileyo.
IKhomishini yezemali ne-Exchange (SEC) ilawula iimarike zemali ize ikhusele abatyali-mali. I-SEC inyanzelisa imithetho yokungaqiniseki, ijonge ukutshintshiswa kweempahla, isebenza ukulondoloza iimarike zemali ezifanelekileyo nezinempumelelo.
I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli
I-Ofisi yesiGqeba esiLawulayo yoMongameli (EOP) inezisebenzi ezikhawulezileyo kuMongameli, kunye namaqumrhu anjenge-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlawulo loHlahlo kunye ne-Ofisi yoMmeli woTradiso-mali waseUnited States. I-EOP inika uMongameli inkxaso nobuchule obufunekayo ukuphatha isebe eliphetheyo nokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo.
I-Ofisi yeNdlu eWhite iquka abaxhasi abakufuphi boMongameli kunye nabasebenzi, kuquka iNtloko yoMphathi-mikhosi, unobhala wokucofa, umalathisi wothungelwano, kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Aba bantu basebenza ngqo noMongameli ngesiseko semihla ngemihla, belawula ucwangciso loMongameli, benxibelelana namanye amalungu orhulumente, kwaye benceda ekuzalisekiseni ucwangciso lukaMongameli.
I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB) inceda uMongameli ekulungiseleleni uqingqo-mali lweziko lorhulumente kwaye ijonge ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo woMongameli odweliswe ngamaqela alawulayo. I-OMB ihlola izicelo zoqingqo-mali lombutho, ivavanya impumelelo yenkqubo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yombutho ihambelana nezinto eziphambili zomongameli.
IBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe (NSC) licebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe nangemiba yezomgaqo-nkqubo yamanye amazwe. I-NSC iququzelela inkqubo phakathi kwamasebe namaziko ahlukeneyo, iqinisekisa ukuba umkhosi, ulawulo loluntu, kunye nobuchule budityanisiwe ekwenzeni izigqibo.
IBhunga lezezoqoqosho linika uMongameli uhlalutyo necebiso lezoqoqosho. Ibhunga linceda uMongameli aqonde inkcubeko yezoqoqosho, ahlolisise izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo, avelise namaqhinga okukhuthaza uphuhliso nozinzo lwezoqoqosho.
Indlela Imithetho Yesebe Elilawulayo Enyanzeliswa Ngayo
Ngemithetho, isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu limisa imithetho. Xa iNkqutyana idlulisa umthetho, imisela iinjongo ezibanzi zenkqubo kwaye inika amaqumrhu aphetheyo igunya lokumisela imithetho nemigaqo ekhethekileyo yokuzalisekisa ezo njongo. Le nkqubo yolawulo ivumela abameli ukuba basebenzise ubuchule bobugcisa baze baqhelane neemeko eziguqukayo ngoxa bephumeza iinjongo zembutho.
Imithetho elawulayo inamandla omthetho kwaye ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lwemekobume ukuya kumalungelo abathengi. Iinkqubo zivelisa imimiselo ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo equka isaziso sikawonke-wonke, amathuba okugqabaza, kunye nokubukeliswa yi-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kwaye ivumela amaqela achaphazelekayo ukuba abe nenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo ezithe kratya.
Amaziko alawulayo akwanyanzelisa imithetho ngokuphanda, ukuhlolwa, nokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Abahloli boMasipala bajonge ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokhuseleko, imilinganiselo yemekobume, kunye nezinye iimfuno zomthetho. Xa kufikelelwa ulwaphulo-mthetho, abameli bangayinyanzela ityala, amalayisensi okurhoxa amatyala.
Inkqubo Yoqingqo-mali Olumanyeneyo
Enye yezona mbopheleleko zesebe eliphetheyo kukwenza uqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Unyaka ngamnye, uMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali kwiKhomishini echaza amaqondo okusetyenziswa kwemali anconyelweyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu. Olu lwabiwo-mali lubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kulawulo kwaye lunika imaphu yemali karhulumente kunyaka ozayo.
Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali iqala ngokunikezela izicelo zayo zemali kwi-Ofisi Yolawulo noHlahlo. I-OMB ihlola ezi zicelo, isebenza namaqumrhu ukudibanisa izicelo zayo nezinto eziphambili zomongameli kunye nezithintelo. Isicelo soqingqo-mali soMongameli ngoko sinikezelwa kwiBhunga, ngokuqhelekileyo ngoFebruwari, ukuqala kweenyanga zohlolo-ngqungquthela kunye nengxoxo.
Ngeli xesha ekugqibeleni iKhomishini ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kumgaqo-nkqubo wezicelo, isindululo soqingqo-mali soMongameli simisela ucwangciso lwengxoxo yoqingqo-mali kunye nempembelelo kwizigqibo zokuchitha imali. UMongameli angasebenzisa amandla eveto ukwala ityala lezicelo ezingahambelaniyo nezinto eziphambili zolawulo, nangona oku kunokukhokelela ekucwangcisweni koqingqo-mali kwanezivingco zikarhulumente.
Ukhuseleko nokhuselo lwesizwe
Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko eyintloko yokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe nokukhusela iUnited States kwizisongelo. Le mbopheleleko iquka ukukhusela umkhosi, ukuhlanganisana ngobulumko, ukulwa nobundlobongela, ukungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, nokhuseleko lwelizwe. UMongameli, onguMphathi kwiNtloko, wenza izigqibo eziphambili ngokuthunyelwa komkhosi, ubuchule bokukhusela nokusabela kwizisongelo zokhuseleko.
Izixhobo zokhuseleko zesizwe ziquka iSebe loKhuselo, amasebe obukrelekrele, iSebe loKhuseleko lwaseHomeland, namanye amasebe neeofisi ezahlukeneyo. Le mibutho isebenza kunye ukuchaza izisongelo, ukuvelisa iindlela zokuzikhusela, nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okuzikhusela. Ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwaba bameli kubalulekile, njengoko izisongelo zokhuseleko zale mihla zidla ngokunqumla imida engokwesithethe phakathi komkhosi, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yobukrelekrelekrele.
Isebe eliphetheyo likwalawula izixhobo zenyukliya zaseMelika, enye yezona mbopheleleko zoyikekayo zobungangamsha. UMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo lokuyalela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, amandla abonisa imfuneko yokwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza kwingxaki yenyukliya kodwa aphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokuziphendulela nokuxinezeleka kwamandla atshabalalisayo kumntu omnye.
Inkqubo yasemzini kunye nokusetyenziswa koomatshini
Isebe elilawulayo likhokela inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle aseMerika, limela iUnited States kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolwalamano noorhulumente bamazwe asemzini. ISebe leLizwe ligcina ulwalamano olumanyeneyo namazwe amalunga nama-200, lisebenza kunye nezivumelwano ehlabathini lonke. Amagosa aseMerika anxibelelana nezivumelwano, akhuthaza izilangazelelo zaseMerika, anceda abemi baseMerika bamazwe angaphandle, kwaye asebenzela ukucombulula iimfazwe zezizwe ngezizwe.
Inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa iinjongo ezininzi: ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwaseMerika, ukuphuhlisa izoqoqosho, ukuxhasa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi namalungelo abantu, nokulungisa iingxaki zehlabathi ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubunqolobi nokwanda kwenyukliya. UMongameli umisela umgaqo wemithetho yamazwe angaphandle, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kufuna umanyano phakathi kwabameli abaninzi kuquka uRhulumente, uKhuselo, iTrente, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo.
I-United States inenxaxheba kwimibutho emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe, ukusuka kwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ukuya kwiNATO ukuya kwi-World Trade Organization. Isebe eliphetheyo limela izilangazelelo zaseMerika kwezi zivumelwano, izivumelwano, ukwakha imibutho, nokusebenzela ukuseka imithetho nemigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ngendlela eyingenelo kwizilangazelelo nemilinganiselo yamaMerika.
Ukunikela Iinkonzo Kubemi
IKhabhinethi kunye namasebe azimeleyo oManyano olunyanzelekileyo lwemihla ngemihla kunye nolawulo lwemithetho yeFederal. Ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa, amaqumrhu aphetheyo anikela iinkonzo ezininzi ezixhomekeke kumaMerika yonke imihla. Ezi nkonzo zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi, ngokufuthi ngeendlela abemi abasenokungaziqondi ngokupheleleyo.
ISebe loKhuseleko loLuntu lilungiselela iinzuzo ezininzi nyaka ngamnye, linika abantu abathatha umhlala-phantsi, abakhubazekileyo, kunye nabasindileyo iingenelo zokufaneleka kwamaMelika. ISebe leMicimbi yeMicimbi lisebenza kwizibhedlele kunye nekliniki ezikhonza izigidi zamagqala. Inkonzo yeSizwe leMoyezulu, inxalenye yeSebe lezorhwebo, linika izixelo nezilumkiso ezikhusela ubomi nempahla. I-Food neDrugray neDigraccum iqinisekisa ukukhuseleka kokutya namayeza. Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwenqwelo-moya lulawula inqwelo-moya, lugcina uhambo lwenqwelo-moya lukhuselekile.
Ezi nkonzo zifuna ulawulo nobuchule obukhulu. Abasebenzi bomanyano kulo lonke ilizwe basebenza ukulungiselela izicelo, imibuzo yokuphendula, izibonelelo zophando, ukuqhuba uphando, kunye nokwenza eminye imisebenzi emininzi egcina iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziqhubeka. Ngoxa uMongameli noonobhala beKhabhinethi bemisela ulwalathiso lwemigaqo, umsebenzi wemini yonke karhulumente uxhomekeke ekunikezelweni nasekuqeqesheni izigidi zabasebenzi besebe.
Ukuphendula kweMbali yeNkcubeko noLawulo lwentlekele
Xa kufikelelwa iintlekele, isebe eliphetheyo lilungelelanisa ukuphendula kwesizwe. IFEMA isebenza noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye noorhulumente bolu rhulumente ukunikela uncedo longxamiseko, ukuthumela ubuncwane, nokuxhasa imigudu yokuchacha. UMongameli angavakalisa iintlekele nongxamiseko, avule oovimba besizwe kunye noncedo kuluntu oluchaphazelekileyo.
Ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kufuna umanyano olukhawulezileyo phakathi kwamaqumrhu amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha leenkanyamba, iFEMA ilungelelanisa intsabelo jikelele, inkqubela yophando nomsebenzi wokuhlangula iCuat Coast Coast, iQumrhu loMkhosi looManjineli lisebenza ngolawulo lokhukuliseko, iSebe lezeMpilo neSebe leeNkonzo zoLuntu linikela uncedo lwezonyango, yaye amanye amaqumrhu amaninzi anikela ngamandla awo obuchule obukhethekileyo.
Amasebe alawulayo alungiselela izinto ezingxamisekileyo ngokuceba, ngokuqeqesha, nangemithambo. Amasebe asebenza norhulumente namaqabane asekuhlaleni alungiselela ungxamiseko, agcine izinto zokuzixhobisa, kunye nemigaqo yesikhokelo ukuze avavanye ukulungele. Oku kulungiselela kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ziyasebenza xa kuvela iintlekele.
Uphando Nezintshayelelo Zenzululwazi
Isebe eliphetheyo lixhasa uphando lwenzululwazi kwimimandla emininzi, ukususela kumayeza ukuya kumandla ukuya kuphando lwasemkhathini. INational Institutes of Health Safety Safement ekwakheni inkqubela eninzi kakhulu kwezonyango. ISebe le-Energy liqhuba iirabhoratori zamazwe eqhuba uphando lokusika inzululwazi, inzululwazi ngezinto, nezinye izinto. I-NASA ihlola indawo kunye nophando lwenzululwazi ye-Earth. I-NaSA ixhasa uphando olusisiseko kuzo zonke iimfundiso zenzululwazi.
Olu tshintsho lwezwe lukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kophando, luxhasa ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, luze lucombulule iingxaki zesizwe. Ubugcisa obuninzi bamaMelika abusebenzisayo yonke imihla, ukusuka kwi-Internet ukuya kwi-GPS ukuya kunyango lonyango lwezamayeza, buvela kuphando olugunyazisiweyo. Inkxaso yesebe eliphetheyo lwenzululwazi inceda ekulondolozeni ukhokelo lobugcisa baseMerika nokuphucula ubunjani bobomi.
Ulawulo nokhuseleko lwabathengi
Amaziko alawulayo akhusela abathengi kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba iimarike ezifanelekileyo ngolawulo lobucuphi. IKhomishini yeSibonelelo soKhuseleko lwezemali imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko kwimveliso yabathengi. IKhomishini yeFood and Drug Administration iqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kukhuselekile kwaye amayeza ayasebenza. IKhomishoni yeFederal Trade ikhusela abathengi ekuqhatheni nasekukhohliseni. I-Securesties kunye ne-Exchange Commission ilawula iimarike zemali ukukhusela abanikazi beshishini.
Le misebenzi yowiso-mthetho ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo. Imithetho ikhusela impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko, kodwa isenokunyanzela iindleko kumashishini nakubathengi. Ii-arhente kufuneka ziqwalasele ngenyameko ezi ndleko, zisebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso kunye negalelo loluntu ukuvelisa imimiselo ebalulekileyo efikelela kwiinjongo zikawonke wonke ngoxa zinciphisa imithwalo engayimfuneko.
Kwakhona amaziko alawulayo ahambelana nokutshintsha kweemeko nokuvela kocelomngeni. Njengoko kuvela ubugcisa obutsha, iimveliso ezintsha, kunye neengozi ezintsha zivela, amaqumrhu kufuneka ahlaziye imithetho ukucombulula ezi nguqulelo. Le nkqubo iqhubekayo yokuziqhelanisa nolawulo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko luhlala lusebenza kuqoqosho olunamandla nakwibutho labantu.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo zendalo
Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ubuncwane bendalo baseMelika lize likhusele imekobume. I-Agency yeNkundla Yokusingqongileyo inyanzelisa umoya ococekileyo kunye nemithetho yamanzi, ilawula ungcoliso, kwaye ithetha ngeengozi zokusingqongileyo. ISebe leMzabalazo lilawula iipaki zesizwe, iindawo zokusabela zasendle, kunye namazwe kawonke-wonke, lilungelelanisa ulondolozo nenkqubela-mali yeminikezi yogcino-lwazi lwemozulu kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwe-Atmospheric Adminic, linika ulwazi oluchaphazekileyo ngemozulu, imozulu, kunye nendalo yaselwandle.
Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lubandakanya urhwebo oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwenkqubela yezoqoqosho nolondolozo lwendalo, phakathi kokusetyenziswa nokulondolozwa kwezizukulwana ezizayo, naphakathi kwezilangazelelo zesizwe nezengingqi. Amasebe alawulayo asebenza ukulungelelanisa ezi ngcinga zikhuphisanayo ngoxa emisela imithetho yemekobume nokukhusela ubuncwane bendalo kuwo onke amaMerika.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwabonakala njengeyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yemekobume, kuba amaqumrhu aphetheyo ezama ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, akhuthaza amandla acocekileyo, yaye alungiselela ukuchaphazeleka kwemozulu.
Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda
Isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka lilawule ukhuseleko lomda. ISebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya lijonge ukugadwa komda, ukunyanzeliswa kwemisebenzi yokufuduka, kunye nokulungiselelwa kweenkqubo zokufuduka. I-Immigration ne-Cortical Enfoctivement (ICE) inyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka kumbindi welizwe. Izithethe kunye noKhuselo loMda ulawula amazibuko okungena nokulinda imida. Inqanawa yephondo neSebe lezezokufudula.
Inkqubo yokungena eMelika ibandakanya ukulinganisela inkxalabo yokhuseleko nesithethe sobuhlali, iimfuno zezoqoqosho zabasebenzi abakhuselwe imisebenzi yaseMerika, kunye neembopheleleko zokunceda abantu kunye nokugcinwa komthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa imithetho yokufuduka edluliselwe yiBhunga, nangona oomongameli benobuchule ekumiseleni izinto eziza kuqala nemigaqo-nkqubo yokugcinwa komthetho.
Ukhuseleko lwemida ludlulela ngaphaya kokufuduka ukuze luquke ukuthintelwa kokuthengiswa kweziyobisi nezinye izinto ezingekho mthethweni, ukukhusela ubuncwane bezolimo kwizinambuzane nezifo, nokukhuthaza urhwebo olusemthethweni nohambo. Ezi njongo zininzi zifuna iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo.
Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho
ISebe leMimiselo yoLuntu kunye namasebe alo ayinxalenye athoba imigaqo yomthetho karhulumente. IFBI iphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagunya orhulumente ukususela kubugrogrisi ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe ukuya kukonakala kukawonke-wonke. I-Enthorcement Administration Administration Ilwa nokurhwetywa kweziyobisi. I-Bureau of Alcohol, iTobacco, i-Firemors and Exlosives inyanzelisa imithetho enxulumene nemipu, iziqhushumbisi, kunye ne-armson. i-U.S.Attorney.
Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho womanyano kujoliswe kulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamlezileyo, olubandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente, okanye olungaphaya kwamandla karhulumente namagunya asekuhlaleni. Amasebe asebenza ngokusondeleyo nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, abelana ngenkcazelo nangezinto zokoyisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokunempumelelo.
ISebe lezeMimiselo likwasebenza ukukhusela amalungelo abantu, ukunyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokuthembeka, nokumela urhulumente wesizwe kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni.
Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho nokulungelelaniswa kwemali
Isebe elilawulayo linendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni uqoqosho nokulawula iimarike zemali. ISebe lezemali lisebenzisa inkqubo yezoqoqosho, lilawula izimali zesebe lesizwe, lize lijonge nezoshishino. IFederal Reserve, ngoxa izimele, isebenza ngokusondeleyo nesebe eliphetheyo kwimigaqo yezoqoqosho. Amaziko ahlukeneyo ajonge iibhanki, iimarike, iimarike, namanye amaziko emali.
Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho lubandakanya ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokungahambelani nezoqoqosho, inkqubo yolawulo nezinye izixhobo ukukhuthaza ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, ukulondoloza intlawulo, nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemali. Isebe eliphetheyo lihlola iimeko zezoqoqosho, lisabela kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho, lisebenzele ukwenza iimeko zokuzinzisa
Umthetho wemali ujolise ekukhuseleni abathengi, ekuqinisekiseni ukuthembeka kwemarike, nasekuthinteleni iingxaki zemali. Abaphathi bamisela iimfuno zemali zeebhanki, ukuvelela imisebenzi yorhwebo, ukuphanda, nokuthatha inyathelo lokunyanzelisa ukuchasana nolwaphulo-mthetho. Le misebenzi yowiso-mthetho inceda ukulondoloza intembelo kwiimarike zemali nokukhusela uqoqosho kwiingozi zenkqubo.
Imfundo nophuhliso lombane
Nangona imfundo ingumsebenzi ophambili karhulumente nowasekuhlaleni, urhulumente wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuxhasa. ISebe Lemfundo liqhuba iinkqubo zoncedo lwabafundi, linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimfundo, lixhasa uphando ngemisebenzi yokufundisa ephumelelayo, lilungiselela inkxaso-mali kwizikolo ezikhonza abafundi abasweleyo.
Iinkqubo zoncedo lwabafundi abasebenza kumgangatho ophezulu, kuquka uPell Grants kunye nemali - mboleko yabafundi, zinceda izigidi zabantu baseMerika ukuba zikwazi ukuthenga iikholeji.
ISebe leMisebenzi lixhasa uphuhliso lwabasebenzi ngeenkqubo zoqeqesho lomsebenzi, izifundo kunye neenkonzo zemisebenzi. Ezi nkqubo zinceda abasebenzi bahlakulele ubuchule obufunekayo kwimisebenzi elungileyo kwaye abaqeshi bafumane abasebenzi abafanelekayo. Ukuphuhliswa komsebenzi kubaluleke ngakumbi njengoko utshintsho lobugcisa lutshintsha uqoqosho kwaye lubangela ukuba kufuneke ubuchule obutsha.
Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke
ISebe lezempilo nezoKhuseleko loLuntu lijonge iinkqubo zonyango lwaseburhulumenteni lize likhusele impilo yoluntu. IMedicare inika i-inshorensi yempilo kubantu abalupheleyo nabaneziphene. IMedicaid, esetyenziswa kunye namaphondo, inika unyango kumaMerika afumana imali ephantsi. Ezi nkqubo zinceda amashumi ezigidi zabantu kwaye zimela inxalenye enkulu yemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente.
IZiko loLawulo lwezifo nelokuthintela izifo lihlola ukuqhambuka kwezifo, liqhuba uphando lwezempilo kawonke-wonke, lisebenzela ukukhusela ukugula nokwenzakala. IDao and Drug Administration iqinisekisa ukukhuseleka nokusebenza kwamayeza, izixhobo zonyango, nezinto ezithatyathwayo zokutya. INational Institutes of Health iqhuba imigaqo kunye nemali yophando lwezempilo oluphucula ulwazi lwezamayeza nokuphucula unyango.
Ukukhusela impilo kawonke wonke kufuna ukuba uhlale uphaphile yaye usabela ngokukhawuleza xa kuvela izisongelo.
Izithuthi Nezakhiwo
ISebe lezothutho liqinisekisa iinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo zothutho. ULawulo lweFederal Aviation Administration lulawula ulawulo lwenqwelo-moya ehambayo kwaye lulawula ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya. ULawulo loMmandla oPhezulu weNdlela yoNyaka lujongene nenkqubo yoohola bendlela baselunxwemeni kwaye lubonelela ngemali yolwakhiwo lwendlela nokugcinwa kwayo. IFederal Railrand Administration ilawula ukhuseleko lweziporo. I-National Highgatoography Safety Administration imisela ukhuseleko lwezithuthi.
Izibonelelo zezothutho zibalulekile kumsebenzi wezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukulondoloza nokuphucula iindlela, iibhulorho, izikhundla zenqwelo-moya, izitishi, kunye nezinye izibonelelo zezithuthi.
Inkqubo yezothutho ikwathetha ngenkxalabo yemekobume, inkqubela-phambili yokhuseleko, kunye nokuvela kobugcisa njengezithuthi ezizimeleyo. Isebe elilawulayo kufuneka lilinganise ezi ngqwalasela zihlukeneyo ngeli liqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zezithuthi zeMelika zihlangabezana neemfuno zangoku nezexesha elizayo.
Uphuhliso lwezolimo nolokuhlala emaphandleni
ISebe lezolimo lixhasa abalimi nabezolimo baseMerika, liqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kukhuselekile, liqhuba ushishino lokulima, likhuthaza ukuphucuka kwasemaphandleni. Iinkqubo ze-USDA zinika i-inshorensi yesivuno, inkxaso yamaxabiso, uncedo lolondolozo nenkxaso yenkxaso yenkxaso-mali ekhoyo emaphandleni. Ezi nkqubo zinceda ekulondolozeni ukutya okuzinzileyo nokuxhasa abantu basemaphandleni.
Ukukhuseleka kokutya kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo. I-Foood Safety and Inspection Service ihlola inyama, inyama yenkukhu, nezinto ezithatyathwa ngamaqanda ukuqinisekisa ukuba zifikelela kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko. Olu hlolisiso lukhusela abathengi ekuguleni okubangelwa kukutya yaye lugcina intembelo ekufumaneni ukutya.
USDA ikwanikela iinkqubo zoncedo lokutya okunesondlo ezinceda izigidi zabantu baseMerika ukuba zifumane ukutya okwaneleyo. I-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP), iinkqubo zesikolo zesidlo sasemini, kunye nezinye iingcebiso zokutya ezithetha ngokungakhuselekanga nokukhuthaza ukungondleki okungcono, ingakumbi kubantwana neentsapho ezifumana imali ephantsi.
Inkqubo yamandla nophuhliso lwezibonelelo
ISebe leMimandla lilawula inkqubo yamandla eMelika, inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nophando lwamandla. Isebe likhuthaza ukuphumelela kwamandla, lixhasa ukuphuhliswa kwemithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo, lilawula iThecratic Petroleum Reserve, kwaye lijonge ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. IDOE iqhuba uphando lwezixhobo zelizwe oluqhubela phambili.
Inkqubo yamandla ibandakanya ukulungelelanisa iinjongo ezininzi: ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho amandla anokuthenjwa nanokufikeleleka, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yamandla yamanye amazwe, ukukhusela imekobume nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iindleko zophando, imithetho, kunye nezikhuthazo, ukuhambisela phambili olu sukelo maxa wambi lukhuphisanayo.
Ukutshintshela kwimithombo yamandla acocekileyo kungumsebenzi onzima kwaye kunika ithuba elibalulekileyo. Isebe elilawulayo lixhasa olu tshintsho ngophando nangenkqubela, ngokusebenzisa imigaqo ekhuthaza amandla acocekileyo, ngoxa ligcina amandla ethembekile kwaye ekwazi ukuwa.
Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nesebe Eliphetheyo
Isebe eliphetheyo lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi ekufezeni iimbopheleleko zalo. Ubukhulu nokuntsonkotha korhulumente wengingqi kwenza kube nzima ukusebenzisana nokulawula. Ukuba nezigidi zabaqeshwa, amawakawaka eenkqubo, noqingqo-mali kwizigidi zezigidi zeerandi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi iyasebenza nokusebenza kakuhle kufuna iinkqubo zolawulo ezincutshe nokhokelo olomeleleyo.
Ukuthatyathwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kwenza kube nzima ukwenza imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Xa uMongameli neNgqungquthela zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, iimbambano ezingomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokutyunjwa koorhulumente zinokuphazamisa urhulumente. Kwanaphakathi kwesebe elilawulayo, abamiselwe kwezobupolitika nabasebenzi abasebenzayo basenokuba neembono ezahlukeneyo nezinto eziphambili, nto leyo ebangela ungquzulwano olunokuchaphazela ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo.
Ukutshintsha kobugcisa kubangela amathuba kunye nocelomngeni. Ubugcisa bamanani bungaphucula ukwenziwa kweenkonzo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa bukwadala iingozi zokungakhuseleki kwekhompyutha kwaye bufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo ekuphuculweni kwale mihla. Iinkqubo ezininzi zorhulumente zixhomekeke kubugcisa obuphelelwe lixesha obunzima nobubiza imali eninzi ukububuyisela.
Ukuthembela kukarhulumente kuye kwancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ngesebe eliphetheyo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo nokunikela iinkonzo ngokunempumelelo.
Imingeni yomhlaba wonke efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubugrogrisi, izifo ezimandundu, nokungazinzi kwezoqoqosho kufuneka kulungelelaniswe ukuphendula okuthe kwadlula imida engokwesithethe phakathi kwabameli kunye naphakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yamakhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka lilungise izakhiwo zalo kunye neenkqubo zalo ukuze licombulule ezi ntsonkothileyo, zidibene ngokunempumelelo.
Ikamva Lesebe Elilawulayo
Isebe elilawulayo liyaqhubeka liguquka ngenxa yokuguquka kweemeko kunye neengxaki ezintsha. Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu kweqonga lamanani, i-data kunye nokusetyenziswa koomatshini abasebenza ngekhompyutha. Ezi nguqu zithembisa ukwenza urhulumente asebenze kakuhle kwaye athabathe inxaxheba, kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelele ukuba wedwa, ukhuseleko, nendima yemigwebo yabantu kwizigqibo zikarhulumente.
Umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo uyaqhubeka uqhubeka kwingxoxo. Bambi bathi oomongameli baqokelele amandla amaninzi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nenkqubo yamanye amazwe, kwaye kufuneka uvavanyo olunamandla ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxhatshazwa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi uMongameli ufuna igunya elibanzi ukuze aphendule ngokunempumelelo kwiingxaki zanamhlanje kwaye ukunyanzeleka okugqithisileyo kuya kuthintela ulawulo olusebenzayo.
Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni luyaqhubeka luguquka. Ezinye iindawo zenkqubo ziya zibekwa phambili, ngoxa ezinye zikhutshelwa kumazwana. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kwemilinganiselo yesizwe kunye nokutshintshatshintsha kwemeko kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.
Iinguqu zobomi, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabemi nokwanda kweenguqu, ziya kuchaphazela ezona ziphambili zesebe elilawulayo kunye nemisebenzi. Iinkqubo zokusebenza kwabakhulileyo ziza kujamelana neemfuno ezinyukayo, ngeli xesha abameli beza kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iinkonzo zifikeleleka kubantu abavela kwiimvelaphi nakuluntu olwahlukahlukeneyo.
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nendlela elisebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo, ukusuka ekulawuleni iintlekele ezinxulumene nemozulu ukuya ekutshintsheni kumandla acocekileyo kunceda abantu baqhelane neemeko ezitshintshayo. Olu celomngeni luza kufuna ukuzinikela nokusebenzisana okuqhubekayo kumaziko amaninzi karhulumente.
Isiphelo: Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kuLawulo - melo lwaseMerika
Isebe elilawulayo linendima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukuzalisekisa imithetho, ukunikela iinkonzo, ukukhusela nokulawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla karhulumente worhulumente. Ukusuka kukhokelo lukaMongameli ukuya kumsebenzi wezigidi zabasebenzi besebe eliphetheyo, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika.
Ukuqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo isebe elilawulayo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Izigqibo ezenziwa nguMongameli kunye namaqumrhu aphetheyo zichaphazela uqoqosho lwethu, ukhuseleko lwethu, imekobume yethu, impilo yethu, kunye nobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo sesebe eliphetheyo, amagunya, neembopheleleko, abemi banokuyiqwalasela kakuhle indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, baphendulise iinkokeli, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela elungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxilongwa kwamandla agqithisileyo nakweliphi na ilungiselelo. Ngoxa uMongameli esebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo, igunya elilawulwa yiBhunga, iinkundla, kwaye ekugqibeleni ngabantu baseMerika ngonyulo. Le nkqubo ingqineke ikwazi ukumelana ngokuphawulekayo neemeko eziguqukayo ngoxa igcina iimpawu zayo ezisisiseko.
Njengokuba iMelika ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, isebe eliphetheyo liza kuqhubeka liguquka lize lilungelelanise. Impumelelo iya kufuna ukhokelo olusebenzayo, ubuchule obungochwepheshe, ubugcisa obuthile, kunye nokuzibophelela okuqinileyo kwimigaqo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda indlela isebe eliphetheyo elisebenza ngayo nokulibeka ityala ngempumelelo yalo, abemi banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba liyaqhubeka linceda abantu baseMerika ngokunempumelelo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
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