Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa koLawulo lwaseMelika

Urhulumente wase United States usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo elungiselelwe kakuhle yokwahlula amagunya, ingcamango exhaswe ngabaseki abasunguliweyo ukuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwegunya elingathintelwayo. Njengoko uJames Madison ephikisayo kwi Fateralist No. 51, isakhiwo sikarhulumente kufuneka siquke "izilumkiso eziluncedo"" ngokunjalo, uhlolo nomlinganiselo .

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wahlula-hlula amandla orhulumente abe ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: i-Legiditi [Inkundla ePhakamileyo], i i-Exect[ (uMongameli namaqumrhu orhulumente), kunye ne Judicial [[ (iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo neenkundla zesalthi). Isebe ngalinye linoembopheleleko zomgaqo-siseko ezicacileyo, ukanti ziyasebenzisana. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente njengelungu lonke.

Isebe Elimisela Umthetho: Umenzi Womthetho

Ingqungquthela, ingalo yowiso-mthetho karhulumente wezwe, isetyenziselwe ukuqulunqa, ukuphikisana, kunye nemithetho edluliswayo. Sisi siko le-bimeral esiyilwe yi- SATE kunye ne indlu yabameli , nganye yenzelwe ukumela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.

  • Ukubeka: Umbuso ngamnye ukhetha ii-senator ezimbini, usebenza amagama aneminyaka emithandathu. IBhunga linika umelo olulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngawaphi na abemi, kwaye udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nesiqinisekiso.
  • Indlu yabameli: Amalungu ahlulwe ngokusekelwe kubemi bakarhulumente, nabameli abasebenza iminyaka emibini. Indlu iqalisa iindleko zengeniso kwaye ibamba amandla okungakhuthazi.

IBhunga libala amagunya amakhulu kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, kuquka igunya lokuboleka irhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukusungula imfazwe nokuphakamisa imikhosi. Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iBhunga lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amanye amasebe ngobuchule obuninzi:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvavanya uqingqo-mali kunye nohlomelo: yonke imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ixhomekeke kwimali exhaswa yiBhunga kuphela elinokugunyazisa.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli: INdlu yeQembu kufuneka ivumele iintloko ezilawulayo nezigwebayo, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, oonozakuzaku, nabagwebi borhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Indlu ingawahlutha amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, "ngesizathu, ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye namatyala angekho mthethweni"; iCanternel ngoko ityala kwaye ingalisusa igosa ngevoti ezimbini ezithathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuva: iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zisoloko ziphanda ngezenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-panea, kwaye zibiza amangqina ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula.

IBhunga linamandla okudlula iveto yomongameli kunye nesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini, libonisa uhlolo oluthe ngqo kuMphathi-mikhosi.

Isebe Elilawulayo: IFomurder

Ikhokelwa nguMlawuli weUnited States, iSebe eliphetheyo linomthwalo wokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente, iNkulumbuso-iNkulumbuso yemikhosi yezixhobo, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi omkhulu. Ukuxhasa uMongameli nguMongameli onguMongameli kunye neKhabhinethi, equka iintloko ze-15 zamasebe aphetheyo (umz. URhulumente, uKhuselo, uLawulo, uLawulo, uMasipala, uLawulo, uMasipala).

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lisebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko, eliquka:

  • Amandla e-VETO: UMongameli angayamkela nayiphi na ityala elidluliswa yiBhunga (nangona iveto ingaba yi-SIME). Eli gunya linyanzelisa ulalaniso lowiso-mthetho.
  • Amandla eSindululo: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe, amalungu eKhabhinethi, kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu abeka izikhundla, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenza: UMongameli uthethana nezivumelwano namazwe asemzini, ezifuna icebiso kunye nokuvuma kwee-3 ezimbini zeCandelo.
  • Imiyalelo esebenzayo: oomongameli banikela imiyalelo kumasebe alawulayo, nangona le miyalelo kufuneka ihambelane nemithetho kunye nemida yomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ePardon: UMongameli anganika iintsilelo kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungakhuthazi.

IGawulayo ikwahlola iSebe loMgaqo-siseko ngokubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga kwaye ngokuwisa ngokukhupha, ngokula ukuphumeza/ukungayamkeli ukwenza/imithetho ngeendlela ezinokuphembelela inkqubo. Noko ke, izenzo zikaMongameli ziphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kunye nolawulo lombutho.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Intsingiselo

ISebe lezeeJaji lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana noMgaqo-siseko. Imbombo yalo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States , ebumbe abagwebi abasithoba abasebenza ekumiselweni ubomi bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle. Ngasezantsi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ziinkundla zezorhulumente zezibheno neenkundla zesithili, ezisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe.

Isixhobo esinamandla se Jadiciary uhlolo lwezomthetho ].

  • [[Nkulumbuso:0] Inkundla ephezulu:[ Njengenkundla yesigqibo sokugqibela, iva izibheno kwimibandela ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko kunye nezisombululo zeempikiswano phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi. Izigqibo zayo zibophelelekile kuzo zonke ezinye iinkundla.
  • Iinkundla zeSithili zityala amatyala angqinelanayo. Ziziinkundla zesithili ezivavanyayo; iinkundla zezibheno ziva izibheno. Zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala karhulumente, ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Isebe lezeejaji lihlola amanye amasebe nge:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukujongwa komthetho: Ukuba umthetho waphula umGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zingawubetha.
  • Ukubona imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo: Iinkundla zingaphelisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, imimiselo, okanye izenzo ezigqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye: Ijaji inyanzelisa iBhili yamaLungelo nezinye izindululo nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi.

Noko ke, iJadicary ayithintelwanga. IBhunga linokuguqula igunya leenkundla zikarhulumente, litshintshe ityala lize lisuse abagwebi, lize licebise ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqelwe imithetho yokugweba. UMongameli umisela abagwebi, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa, ngoko impembelelo yezobupolitika ibumba isihlalo.

Indlela Amasebe Asebenza Ngayo: Imatshini Zokuchwetheza

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMerika ayikho nje kuphela ekwahluleni amagunya kodwa ilawula amasebe ukuba asebenzisane. UmGaqo-siseko wenza isakhiwo apho isebe ngalinye lixhomekeke kwezinye ukuze lifeze iinjongo zalo. Ngasezantsi zizinto ezingundoqo zokusebenzisana.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Imbopheleleko Ekwabelwana Ngayo

Ukubekwa komthetho ngumzekelo obonakalayo wentsebenziswano. Kuqala umthetho kwiKhonkxa, apho uqala khona, uxoxwa, kwaye udluliswa yiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu. Xa ugqibile, uya kuMongameli, onokuthi:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Uphawu lwalo kumthetho.[[UMTL:1]
  • [[UMTL:0] Ijongiswe kuyo, ithunyelwe kwiKhomishini iphikisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukugqitha iiCawa) ukuba iChunga seseqeleni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] iPocket vento ngokuthi ungathathi nyathelo ukuba iCongress ezingqubanayo ngeentsuku ezilishumi.

Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, iNgqungquthela ingayidlulisa iveto ngevoti ezimbini-isithathu kwigumbi ngalinye. Le mikhosi ingumba yokuxoxisana: uMongameli akafane aphelise ityala elixhase inkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan, kwaye iBhunga alifane liyilawule ivetoes ngaphandle kokuba inobugqnam.

Ngaphezu koko, imithetho emininzi ivela kwizindululo zesebe eliphetheyo. Isindululo soqingqo-mali soMongameli, umzekelo, simisela iqonga lokuququzelela iingxoxo. URhulumente we-Union uchaza imimiselo yemithetho yoMongameli, iqhubela phambili iKhomishini ukuba ithathe inyathelo.

Izivumelwano neZiqinisekiso: Imikhosi ephetheyo nenoMthetho oLawulweyo

UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye ukuzalisa izindululo zabo kwisebe lejaji elilawulayo, kumasebe azimeleyo. Kodwa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi kufuneka iqinisekise aba balawuli ngevoti enkulu. Le ndima "yokusebenza nokuvuma" inika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kubume borhulumente.

  • Abagwebi abakwizikhundla: IiNkundla zesithili, iinkundla zetyala, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo zithethwa phambi kweKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ilandelwa yivoti epheleleyo yeNdlu yeQela. Iingxaki zeCandelo zidla ngokuvela ngexesha lokungqinelana, zibonakalisa izijunga eziphezulu zokumiselwa kwekomiti egwebayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] ICabinet kunye neentloko zombutho: UMongameli ukhetha abafihli, abalawuli, kunye nabaLawuli, abaninzi kubo abafuna uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amagosa angundoqo ayamkeleka kuninzi lwabaququzeleli.
  • Ambassaders: Ukubotshwa kwemithetho kuyaqinisekiswa, kunika iBhunga leNtsimbi kwimpembelelo yabasebenzi benkqubo bamanye amazwe.

Le nkqubo yokumiselwa ibonisa indlela amasebe amele asebenzisane ngayo: uMongameli ukhetha abo baza kubhaptizwa, kodwa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi isebenza njengomgcini wesango.

Iindleko nomgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini

UmGaqo-siseko unika amagunya omgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe ngaphaya kwamasebe. UMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano kunye nophuhliso lobugqwantsane, kodwa izivumelwano zifuna ukwenziwa zi-ant ezimbini-ntathu zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Oku bekungumthombo wentsebenziswano nengxabano ephawulekayo. Umzekelo, ukusilela kukaMongameli Woodrow Wilson ukukhusela iNgqungquthela yeSivumelo saseVersailles emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I kugxininisa amandla eNdlukwano ukubumba ukubumba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukongezelela, xa uMongameli enguMphathi-siKhulu, kuphela iKhomishini enokuvakalisa imfazwe. Isigqibo samaGunya emfazwe sowe-1973 sizama ukunyanzela uMongameli ukuba aqhagamshelane noMphathi-mikhosi phambi kokuba aqhube imikhosi phesheya, nangona kusetyenziswa oko kubangela impikiswano.

Imali: Isivalo sokhuseleko somGaqo-siseko

Ukungaququzeli ngumzekelo ophawulekayo wamasebe asebenza kunye ukuze agcine amagosa ephendule. Indlu yabameli ivota ukuba irhoxise (izisa izityholo) ngoninzi oluqhelekileyo; iNdlu yeeNdlu zeNtlanganiso ngoko iqhuba ityala, kunye nevoti ephindwe kabini kwisithathu efunekayo ukuvalela nokususa igosa. IJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula ukuvavanywa komongameli.

Ukuphengulula kuvavanya iGunya eliPhezulu (uMphathi, uMongameli onguMongameli) kunye neJadiciary (abagwebi abaphetheyo). Nangona inqabile, iye yasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nomongameli uAndrew Johnson, noBill Clinton, noDonald Trump (i-Thice), kunye nabagwebi abaninzi. Le nkqubo inyanzela amasebe oLawulo oluPhezulu nolwezomthetho ukuba aphendule kwisebe le-Gredislative, ngelixa imfuneko enkulu yeBhathe ekhusela ekuxhatshazweni kwe-Rhosain.

Ingcebiso yezenzo zolawulo

Inkundla isoloko ihlola izenzo ezithatyathwe liSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu, ukusuka kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka ukuya kwimimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ulutsha olukwi-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [152] [152] umthetho kaMongameli Truman wokuthabatha izigamgembhu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yeKholeyinti. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela [FLT:] United States v. Nixon [197], iNkundla eyayaleza ngayo uMongameli Nixomi ukuba akhuphe ite itepiephu, ethetha ukuba ulawulo olupheleleyo.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nocwangciso: Amandla entengo

Ingqungquthela ibamba amandla esipakethi: akukho mali inokuchithwa kwiNgxelo yemali ngaphandle komthetho wobalo. UMongameli unika isindululo soqingqo-mali esineenkcukacha nyaka ngamnye, kodwa iCongress ibhala ezona zinto zidityanisiweyo. Ukuba uMongameli akavumelani namanqanaba emali, iveto ingasongelwa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo. Ukungahliswa komthetho kwenzeka xa iBhunga lingaphumeleli ukudlula izindululo zohlahlolo, kwaye uMongameli akavumi ukutyisela iziphumo eziqhubekayo, ebonisa ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho ephezulu.

Imizekelo Yembali Yokucalucaluca nokungavisisani

Inkqubo yokuvavanya nokulinganisela iye yavavanywa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa ebalulekileyo:

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Eli tyala lamisela umgaqo wokuhlola kwenkundla. Xa uMongameli John Adams wamisela uWilliam Marbury njengobulungisa boxolo, kodwa uthumo lwakhe alunikelwanga phambi koThomas Jefferson ukuthatha isikhundla, Marbury ukuqukunjelwa. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wagqiba kwelokuba uMarbury unelungelo kwigunya lakhe kodwa umthetho onika igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo wawungavumelani nomthetho. Esi sigqibo salungelelanisa amandla owiso-mthetho nxamnye noMlawuli (Jefferson's ukungavumi komrhumo wokukhupha) kunye noMgaqo-siseko (Konrefel's's's's ukuzama ukwandisa igunya leNkundla).

I-New Deence (1930)

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wajongene neenkqubo zemali ezinqwenelekayo nezobugcisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imithetho emininzi ye-New Developt, yabangela uRoosevelt ukuba acebise iNkundla ngokufaka izigwebo ezongezelelweyo. IiKhomishini zasigatya esi sigqibo, kodwa ekugqibeleni iNkundla yawuxhasa umthetho ongundoqo, ebonisa indlela ukungquzulana kwe-interbranch okungakhokelela ngayo ekutshintsheni komgaqo-siseko.

IWatergate (1970)

Ihlazo lawaseWatergate labonisa ukuba onke amasebe amathathu asebenza kunye.

Indima Yenkqubo Yomanyano

Ngoxa eli nqaku libhekisa kumasebe karhulumente, inkqubo ye-U.S. iquka oorhulumente belizwe, abanamasebe abo alawulayo, owiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe agwebayo. Amagunya eshumi elinesiHlamli anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe kumagunya. Oku kwahlulwa okuthe nkqo kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kusasaza igunya, kudala ulawulo olubini. I-Federalism isebenzisana nee-chendo ezithe tyaba ezichazwe ngasentla. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundlalelo-mbuso ePhakamileyo ingenza imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko, ngoxa amaziko enokuthi acel ’ umngeni izenzo zolawulo ngokuzimisela ityala.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nekamva Leengxaki Nolungelelwano

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, abagxeki baye baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokwanda kwegunya elilawulayo, ukunyuka kokuthatyathwa kwamacandelo, nokudodobala kolawulo lombutho. Oomongameli baye bathembela ngokungakumbi kwimiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo nakwinyathelo elingathathi nxaxheba, ngoxa iBhunga maxa wambi lithumela igunya elibanzi kumaqumrhu. Isebe lezomthetho liye laba lindawo eliphambili kumadabi eengqiqo, kunye nokukhuthazwa kwemfazwe eyandayo.

Noko ke, umgaqo-siseko uhlala uqinile. Amasebe ayaqhubeka ehlolana: iinkundla ziyabethana, iBhunga lihlola kwaye liyayithintela inkxaso yemali, kwaye uMongameli ubeka umthetho. Ukuze inkqubo yesebe isebenze ngokunempumelelo, isebe ngalinye kufuneka lisebenzise amandla alo omgaqo-siseko. Njengabemi, ukuqonda esi sixhobo kubalulekile ekugcineni iinkokeli zinokuphendulana kwaye zigcine ukulingana kwedemokhrasi.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo, hlolisisa [ U.S.[FLT] ukusuka kuVimba weSizwe, umlawuli .Gov inxuwa lomthetho, kunye newebhthi yeNkundla yeQumrhu elisemthethweni[[FLT:]

Isiphelo

Unxulumano phakathi koMthetho, uMlawuli, noMlawuli, kunye neJaji luyindawo ephambili yedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Isebe ngalinye libamba amagunya akhethekileyo, kodwa akukho nalinye elinokulawula yedwa. Inkqubo yezomGaqo-siseko eyenziwe ngobuchule yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa imikhosi yentsebenziswano, ithintela ubundlobongela, kwaye ilungelelanisa ukutshintsha kwamaxesha. Ngokuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza kunye, abemi bangabuqonda ngakumbi ubuntlola bokulawula kunye namandla ahlala ee-Riphabliki yehlabathi endala engokomgaqo-siseko.