OoTata Abasunguliweyo baseUnited States babeziinkokeli ezibonele ngemibono ezaziqonda ukubaluleka kokwenza urhulumente oza kukhusela inkululeko yabemi bawo. Amava azo ngolawulo lwamaBritane achaza iinjongo zawo kunye nesiseko abasenzela uhlanga olutsha. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela abayila ngayo urhulumente ngeenhlolo nolungelelwano, ukwahlula amagunya, namalungelo omntu ngamnye njengemigaqo yayo esisiseko.

Intsingiselo YeziSeko Zootata

Ukuxabisa indlela urhulumente waseMerika oyilwe ngayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo wembali apho kwasetyenziswa khona ooTata Abasunguliweyo. La mazwe ayenengcinezelo phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane, eyayiquka ukuhlawula irhafu ngaphandle kokumela umelo kunye nokuchaswa kwamalungelo asisiseko. Isindululo se-Idependent sodwa sidwelisa uthotho lwezityholo ezichasene noKumkani uGeorge III, ukusuka ekunqumamiseni iindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe ukuya kudibanisa amajoni angena kumakhaya abantu. Oku kwaba ngumgaqo osisiseko wemihla ngemihla owathi wayila ukuzimisela kwabaseki bomsunguli ukwakha inkqubo yokumelana nemikhosi enzima. IMvukelo waseMerika (1775-17.1783) ayilwelanga nje ukuzimela kodwa umgaqo osemthethweni ofumana igunya kulawulo lolawulo. Oku kwaba ngumgaqo osisiseko wemithetho-siseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko.

Impembelelo Ephambili Kootata Abasisiseko

  • Ukukhanyiselwa: Izakhono ezifana noJohn Locke kunye noMontesquieu zaphembelela kakhulu abaFama Bokuseka kunye neengcamango zabo kumalungelo emvelo kunye norhulumente ngokuvumelana. Ingcamango yololiwe yamalungelo angenamdla-mntla, ubomi, nempahla `ibonakala phantse ikwindawo ekuphumezeni kweSindululo se-Edependence (kunye uDemon Jefferson watshintsha kakhulu “ukusukela ulonwabo”). UMontesquieu ka uMoya woMthetho uthetha ngokuhluza amagunya karhulumente kwi-witrol, umphathi, kunye namasebe e-mthetho ukunqanda ukunqanda ukulwa okusebenza. Umqalisi wafunda ngokucothayo, i-GenethisomGwa, i-Constitual, i-Constition.
  • Amanqaku oMgaqo-nkqubo woMbutho: Ubuthathaka boxwebhu lokuqala olulawulayo babalaselisa imfuneko yenkqubo yorhulumente eyomeleleyo. Phantsi kweMigaqo, urhulumente wesizwe wayengenawo amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, okanye ukunyanzelisa imithetho. UShays’s Regivergivement (1786-171787) wabonisa ukuba ukuququzelelana akunakukwazi ukugcina ulungelelwano, ukukhuthaza iinkokeli ezifana noJames Madison noAlexander Hamilton ukuba babize umgaqo-siseko omtsha. Ukusilela kwemiqathango kwafundisa abasunguli bemiqululo ukuba inkululeko ifuna urhulumente ekwaziyo ukwenza umsebenzi osebenzayo.* kodwa omnye onegunya lakhe elibotshelelwe ngobuchule.
  • UmGaqo-siseko weSimo seSizwe: Amazwe amaninzi ayesele emisele umgaqo-siseko wawo, enika imizekelo yesakhiwo sorhulumente. ISindululo sikaVirginia samalungelo (1776), esibhalwe nguGeorge Mason, esiqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo, ukucinezela, kunye nokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-mthetho. Umgaqo-siseko wamaMassachusetts, owenziwe ngokwenxenye nguJohn Adams, waquka ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kwamandla nolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ezi zimvavanyo zobuqu zanika abaseki bamava aluncedo kunye nemenu yokukhetha okukhetha okulawula urhulumente wesizwe.

Ngapha koko, abaseki basebenzisa imbali yamandulo `iRiphabliki yamaRoma', idemokhrasi yase-Athene, nezithethe zomthetho waseBritane ezifana neMagna Carta kunye neBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungu. Bafuna ukuyila iriphabliki, echazwa njengorhulumente apho amandla ahlala khona ebantwini kwaye esetyenziswa ngabameli abanyuliweyo, abahluke kuyo yomibini idemokhrasi kunye ne-monarchy.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yoyilo Lukarhulumente

IKomishini yokuQokelela iMithetho-siseko yaquka imigaqo emininzi engundoqo kuMgaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente omtsha uya kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa egcina ucwangco nokukhuthaza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Le migaqo yayingeyoyanyani; yayingumphumo wengxoxo enzulu nokulungelelanisa. INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yahlanganisa abathunywa abangamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu abasuka kumazwe alishumi elinesibini (iRhode Island ayivumanga ukuthumela abameli) ababemele izilangazelelo ezikhuphisayo: urhulumente omkhulu ngokuchasene nomazwe amancinane, izilangazelelo zorhwebo kunye noo-mafamayasemazantsi, abaxhasi borhulumente abanamandla aphakathi kunye nabo babesoyika igunya lorhulumente. Uxwebhu oluphumele yimpumelelo yobunjini bezobupolitika.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Enye yezindululo ezibaluleke kakhulu yayikukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente: ulawulo, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nezomthetho. Le ndlela yokuyila ijolise ekuthinteleni naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo: iBhunga (imithetho yowiso-mthetho) lenza imithetho, uMongameli (okhululayo) enyanzelisa zona, kunye neenkundla zolawulo (zomthetho) ezizitolika) ezizitolika. Oku kumiselwe nguMongameli noMgaqo-siseko, icandelo ngalinye lizabela isebe ngalinye ukuba libe nomthombo walo womthetho. Indlu yabameli inyulwe ngqo ngabantu; iNdlu yasekuqaleni yimithetho yomthetho (eshicilelwe yi 17 Dempletementalite); uMongameli nguMphathiswa we-Elctoral Collegellal; kwaye abagwebi besizwe bamiselwa ziindlela ezahlukeneyo. Olu khetho lunokuqwala naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi ulawulo lomthetho.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya, ooTata Abasunguliweyo basebenzisa inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana. Isebe ngalinye linegunya lokumisela amanye amandla, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho ntlangano inye enokulawula urhulumente. Le nkqubo yenza uphando lokuphathana:

  • Isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhonret) lingayikhupha imibhobho yomongameli enezininzi ezibini ezithathu kwizindlu zombini. Likwalawula uqingqo-mali kwaye liyakwazi ukutyumba lisuse umongameli namanye amagosa karhulumente.
  • Isebe elilawulayo limisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abaphembelela inkqubo yokugweba.
  • Isebe lejaji lingamisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho (uhlolo lwamatyala), lihlola amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nomphathi-mthetho. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwimeko yophawu olubonakalayo Marbury v. Madison (1803), nangona umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo ungawuniki ngokuphandle; abaseki balindele iinkundla ukusebenzisa igunya elinjalo.

Ezi ngqikelelo zenzelwe ukudala hayi ubophelelo oluphezulu kodwa kufuna intsebenziswano kunye nokucinga. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhalayo ku uNo. 51, “Umdla kufuneka wenziwe ukulwa nephulo.” Ulwahlulo lwamandla nolujongo kunye lwenza oko iMontesquieu ikubiza ngokuba “ngumgaqo-siseko olungelelanisiweyo.”

Umanyano

Umanyano lobuzwe luyenye inkalo ebalulekileyo yoyilo lukarhulumente oQuqululo. Luyahlula-hlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe naborhulumente, luvumela ulungelelwaniso olukhusela izilangazelelo zoluntu ngeli lixa lugcina umanyano lwesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya karhulumente wezwe (iSiqendu I, iCandelo 8), njengokuxhobisa imali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, kunye nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe. Onke amanye amagunya agcinelwezo ezoshishino okanye abantu, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSinyuso seshumi leMimiselo. I-Frederalis yayikulalanisa phakathi kwabo babefuna urhulumente ombindi (njengoHamilk) kunye nabo babesoyika ukunyathela ulawulo (njengoPatrick Henry).

  • Amazwe ayakwazi ukudibanisa imithetho kwiimfuno zawo ezithile, esebenza “njengoomatshini bolawulo-lwazi. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa unyango lwempilo lwehlabathi lonke okanye ukuvelisa ikharbon phambi kwalo naliphi na inyathelo lesizwe.
  • iguqula ukuxinaniswa kwamandla: ngokusasaza igunya, urhulumente unciphisa ubungozi bobuzwilakhe. Ukuba urhulumente wesizwe uphanga, amazwe angatyhalela umva/ingcamango eyabizwa kamva ngexesha leNullification Crisis kunye neNtlangano yamalungelo abantu.
  • Ilungisa uvavanyo nemigaqo-nkqubo: iingcebiso kumgangatho wombuso (umz., imithetho yembuyekezo yabasebenzi, imimiselo yembuyiselo) isoloko izisa inkqubo yesizwe. Le ngxaki ithelekisayo yanconywa nguJaji Louis Brandeis ngokunika “mathuba okuzama uvavanyo lwentlalo noqoqosho ngaphandle komngcipheko kwilizwe lonke."

Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye Nesiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Ekubeni ikuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, iZibonelelo zokuFuna iZiko lamaLungelo zaquka iBhili yamaLungelo njengezilungiso zokuqala zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wawungaqulathanga wiso lwamalungelo `inyaniso eyabangela inkcaso enzima evela kubachasi abachasene nomthetho ochasene nomthetho-mikhosi ofana noGeorge Mason noPatrick Henry. Ukuphumelela ekufumaneni i-radiation, abaququzeli bomanyano abathembise ukongeza ingxubeko. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuzabuza, wayila iseti yeminiswe yokwamkelo eyamkelwa ngo1791. Le mithetho iqinisekisa inkululeko efunekayo kunye namalungelo:

Uhlaziyo Oluyintloko KwiBhili Yamalungelo

  • IsiHlanzi soMphetho-mda sokuqala: [ ikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokucofa, yendibano, kunye nesicelo. Ithintela iBhunga ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ekuthinteleni ukusebenzisa unqulo ngokukhululekileyo. Le njongo ingundoqo wenkululeko yabemi baseMerika, ukukhusela ukungavumelani nengxoxo yezobupolitika.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-mda esitsha: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo. Ulwimi ```'''A lulawulwa kakuhle nguMilitia, kuba luyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwelizwe elikhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iiMpawu zezixhobo, aluyi kuphazanyiswa.'==ukube ngumbandela wengxoxo enzima. Ukutolikwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kuvele, okubalaseleyo kwi-Dishbooder v. Hellar[[F:3] [2008], eyayikholelwa ukuba isiphelo sikhusela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokuba nezixhobo zokuzilawula.
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-moya: Ugada nxamnye nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Kufuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, exhaswa sifungo okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza ngokukhethekileyo indawo emayiphenjelelwe kuyo kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe. Oku kulungiswa kungundoqo kwiingxoxo zale mihla malunga nokhangelo, ubumfihlo, ubumfimbe bemi, kunye nokubeko bomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo okubanzi: I-Pithis beil, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga. Oku kulungisa kusetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni isohlwayo sentambo, iimeko zentolongo, kunye nesigwebo esinyanzelekileyo. Ibinzana elithi “unyulu kunye nengaqhelekanga” litolikwa ngokwemilinganiselo ejikayo yesidima.

Ezinye izindululo ziquka iSithathu (ukungabi naziququ zamajoni ngexesha loxolo), isihlanu (isijungqu esiphakamileyo, iingozi ezibini, ukuzibophelela okuphindiweyo, inkqubo efunekayo, imbuyekezo yokuthabatha), isiThathu (ukuvavanywa nokuvavanywa kukawonke wonke, ityala lokungakhethi, ilungelo lokunika icebiso), iSentente (ukuvavanywa kwetyala lamajoni ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni), i-TNight (amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu abawalinganisileyo), kunye neshumi (amandla anganikwanganikwanga lungelo kumazwe okanye abantu). Ezi zinto zidityaniswe kunye, zibumba umgaqo owenyaniswe kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye oye wanwela kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ukutolika kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwa kongezelelwe.

Indima yoQoqo-siseko kunye neNkxaso eLawulayo

UmGaqo-siseko waphuculwa ngenye yeengxoxo ezinkulu zezobupolitika kwimbali yaseMelika. Abaxhasi bezixhobo zobuGaqo-siseko, abaziwa ngokuba ziiFederali, babhala uthotho lweencoko ```iFLT:0] iFederalist Papers[ . . . .incwadi zacacisa kwaye zathethelela isakhiwo somgaqo-siseko. Abachasi, iAnti-Federers, babhala izincoko zabo (e.g., [[FLT:]] Brutus[FLT]][FL:3] kunye [FLT]] kunye [FLT:]]

Inkxalabo ezingundoqo ezichasene noFaderali ziquka ukunqongophala kwamalungelo, amandla amakhulu eBhunga phantsi “komgaqo oyimfuneko nofanelekileyo”, kunye nokudalwa komkhosi omileyo. Umkhosi womanyano waphendula ngokuthi ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, uburhulumente, nobunzima bokudlulisa imithetho buzakuthintela ubuzwilakhe. Umzekelo, ku u-Federalist No. [, uMadison waphikisa ukuba i-Riphabliki enkulu iya kulawula ubukhombanga bolawulo ngaphezu koluncinci, ngenxa yokuba izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo ziya kuhlolana.

Le ngxoxo yanyanzelisa amacala omabini ukuba acacise imigaqo engundoqo karhulumente. Ukulungelelaniswa ekugqibeleni . "Ukulungelelaniswa" ngesithembiso sokulungisa" ibonisa indlela abaThintsho abaTshayo abayila ngayo inkqubo ekwaziyo ukutshintsha kunye nengxoxo. IBhili yamaLungelo ngokwayo iyiziphumo ezithe ngqo zoxinzelelo lwe-Anti-Federalist.

Ukuqhubeka Ubhenca Kwindlela Abayilwa Ngayo Ootata

Isakhiwo esamiselwa yiMimiselo yooFata abaQala sisasebenza nanamhlanje. Umbono wabo worhulumente olungiselelwe ukukhusela inkululeko uye wasebenza njengomzekelo wolawulo-melo ehlabathini lonke. Amazwe anjengeJamani, iIndiya, kunye noMzantsi Afrika aye adibanisa iinkalo zokwahlula amagunya, uhlalutyo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo loburhulumente kwimimiselo yawo. Noko ke, inkqubo yamaMerika ikwanocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olufuna ukuthenjiswana okuqhubekayo.

Ukuhlangabezana Neengxaki Zanamhlanje

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko usenza isiseko esiqinileyo, ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kukuvumelana nemigaqo yawo nemibandela yanamhlanje enjengezobugcisa, amalungelo abantu, kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi. Ukuvela kwephondo lolawulo, ukuhlolwa kwabantu, impembelelo yezixhobo zonxibelelwano, impembelelo yemathematika ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokuxilonga ngamandla ezoqoqosho konke konke kuvavanywa koyilo lwasekuqaleni. Iinkundla ziya zixhathisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba ukhuseleko lweSine SoLawulo soMgalelo lufikelele kulwazi lwamanani. Ukusetyenziswa kweSesibini soLawulo lwemipu yemipu yanamhlanje kudla ngokukhuphisana. I-Night neSinyuko se-Tenth, ekuthiwe kwakuba ide incitshisiwe, ziyacelwa ngabameli borhulumente abambalwa.

Ngokubhekele phaya, inkqubo yokukhetha eyenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-18", iquka iElectoral College kunye nomelo lweNdlu yeQela olulinganayo olunobungangamsha namhlanje. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ezi mpawu zinika amandla angenakulinganiswa kumaphondo amancinci, ngoxa abanye bezama ukukhusela inkqubo yokulungisa urhulumente. Ngokunjalo, umGaqo-siseko (u-Article V) unika inkqubo yokutshintsha, nangona kunzima ngabom ukunqanda ukukhawuleza ukutshintsha. Abaseki bale mithetho bacinga ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo zimele zichaze zize zisebenzise uxwebhu kwiimeko ezintsha.

Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Isivumelwano Ngemibimbi

Ukukhusela inkululeko asiyombopheleleko karhulumente kuphela; kufuna ukuba abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Ukungenela imisebenzi yoluntu, enjengokuvota, ukusebenza kwiijaji, ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu, nokubandakanyeka koluntu, kubalulekile ekulondolozeni iinjongo zedemokhrasi ezimiselwe ngabaseki abaFundi be-Dimokhrasi. Njengoko uThomas Jefferson watshoyo ngodumo, “Abemi abafundileyo bayimfuneko ukuze siphile njengabantu abakhululekileyo.” Abasunguli babeyifuni inkululeko; babebona ukuba into emele igcinwe.

Imingeni yangoku efana nokungathembani, ukuncipha kokuthembana kwamaziko, kunye nomvoti ophantsi ohlaziyiweyo usongela impilo ye-riphabliki. Abaseki baphikisana ngendima yamaqela ezobupolitika (angawathembiyo), kodwa baqonda ukuba abantu abazihambelayo kufuneka baxelelwe kwaye bangenelwe. Iinzuzo ezifana neZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe. [[FLT:]] kunye neenkqubo zemfundo zezemfundo yezentlalo zisebenza ukukhuthaza ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunye nokukhuthaza.

Isiphelo

OoTata abasungulwayo bayila urhulumente onenjongo yokukhusela inkululeko yabemi bawo ngokulungelelana okucokisekileyo kwegunya, amalungelo, kunye nolawulo. Umsebenzi wabo wawungafezekanga .Ntombululo wawungabuvumeli ubukhoboka, ulinganiselwe amalungelo okuvota kubantu abamhlophe, kwaye wanika urhulumente wesizwe igunya eliphezulu kwizizwe zamaMelika. Kodwa ulawulo lwabo lwalunembewu yokuziphucula kwazo, njengoko kamva ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, ukunyuswa kobufako, nokuqinisekiswe ngokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Umthetho owenziweyo ukulungele ukufumanisa iinjongo eziphezulu zemitsha, okusesikweni, nokulingana nokulingana nokungalinganiyo, bekungayi kubakho mfuneko ukuba zibonelele izithunywa zezulu.