Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunesithethe sesithethe esisemthethweni-singumnqophiso onzulu odibanisa umphathi oyintloko ozayo kumthetho kunye nokulondolozwa kweriphabliki yaseMelika. Kwiminyaka emine, ilizwe lijongile njengoko umongameli ekhetha esi sifungo sifutshane kodwa sinzima, esiphawula ukudluliselwa koxolo kwamandla okunyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Kodwa ngaphantsi kwala mazwi aqhelekileyo kuqulethe ukucaciswa okusemthethweni, indaleko, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo ngemida kunye nemisebenzi yegunya eliphetheyo. Eli nqaku linika uhlalutyo olunzulu lolwimi lomongameli, uhlolo olubhaliweyo kwalo, imvelaphi, intsingiselo esemthethweni, ukutolika, ukuguquguquka, ukuguquguquka kwemithetho, kunye nokusebenza komthetho.

Umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kunye nokubhalwa kwawo amagama aphefumlelweyo

Isifungo somongameli sichazwe kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1, uClause 8 womGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Olu lwimi luchanekileyo lufundeka ngolu hlobo:

[FLT]]" I-I iyafunga (okanye iqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngeyona ndlela ilungileyo yobuchule bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.[[FLT]]

Esi sifungo samagama angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu sisifungo sodwa esiyalelwe ngokukhethekileyo nguMgaqo-siseko wegosa lesizwe. Isifungo esigunyaziswe ngumphathi-mikhosi sigunyaziswa "okanye singqinela" abo baneembono zonqulo zokufunga ukufunga, ababonakalisa isibopho somseki kwinkululeko yonqulo. Isifungo sinikelwa nguMgwebi oyintloko waseUnited States, nangona loo sithethe singafunwa ngokomthetho; nawuphi na umntu ogunyazisiweyo ukunikela izifungo ungenza njalo.

Malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini, amagama achanileyo ayengasoloko elandelwa ligama elingumqondiso. UGeorge Washington wongezelelwa ngokudumileyo " ngoko ndincede uThixo " emva kokuphindaphindisa umbhalo womgaqo-siseko, isithethe esamkelwa kamva ngabalawuli abaninzi kodwa esingaze sifakelwe kwisifungo esisemthethweni. Kwakungade kukwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini apho oomongameli baqala ukunamathela rhoqo kumgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kolwandiso. Abashicileli bobuzwe banika intetho egunyaziweyo yomgaqo-siseko, iqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo wangoku uhleli ungaguquki ukususela ngowe 1789.

Imvelaphi yembali kunye nokuzimisela kwabalawuli

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko baqwalasela izifungo njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka korhulumente. Besebenzisa umthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nemizekelo yamangingqi yamaNgesi, baqonda ukuba isifungo singasebenza ngokusemthethweni nangokuziphatha kwigunya. UJames Madison, kwi Fateralist No.[, baphikisa ukuba isifungo "sigunyaziso esithe ngqo nesicacileyo" sokuxhasa ubungangamsha bomGaqo-siseko. Isifungo somongameli sabekwa emva kwexesha kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko, esisekelwe kakhulu kwisifungo esifunekayo kubaphathi besizwe phantsi koMthetho weNtempela yomthetho. Ulwando olungundoqo sasilulo oluphambili "[FLT], kwaye sikhusela.[FLT], [FLT] [FFT], esingumsebenzi owenziwa ngaphandle kolawulo olusebenzayo.

Abasebenzi bakwalatha ngabom ukufuna ukuba umongameli afunge ukuba "inkxaso" umGaqo-siseko `a' osetyenziswa kwamanye amagosa' kwaye endaweni yoko bakhetha ukhuthazo olomeleleyo "ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko nokhuseleko." Olu khetho lwabonisa indima ekhethekileyo yomongameli njengomphathi oyintloko onomyalelo phezu kwemikhosi exhobileyo kunye noxanduva lokunyanzela umthetho karhulumente. IZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[[[FLTL:1]]] unika icebo eliluncedo olubalaseleyo kwimvelaphi yeQumrhu II, ukhanyisa kwingxoxo ebumba isifungo.

Ukubaluleka Okusemthethweni Kwebinzana Elingundoqo

Ulwimi lwesifungo luneentsingiselo ezicacileyo ezithe zahlolwa ziinkundla, abaphengululi, nangabongameli ngokwabo. Ukwaphula amabinzana angundoqo abonisa ubunzulu bozibophelelelo lomGaqo-siseko.

Ndifunga kakhulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa)

Ukukhutshwa kwesicelo esinzulu kugxininisa ubunzulu bomzuzu. Indlela yokuqinisekisa, kunokuba ufunge, isekelwe kwisithethe samaQuaker namanye amaqela onqulo athatha isifungo. Eli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mongameli otyunjwayo onyanzeleka ukuba aphule isazela sakhe. Ngokomthetho, isenzo sokufunga okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba kumele ukuba kumele ukuba kwenziwe imbopheleleko esesikweni enokuthi ichazwe kwimicimbi engokwaya okanye kwezinye iingxelo zokugweba.

Ukuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States ngokuthembeka

Eli binzana limisa umsebenzi wokuthembeka ([FLT: 1]) lichaza umsebenzi osemthethweni osekelwe kumthetho wesigebexo. Umongameli kufuneka asebenzise amandla esikhundla ngokholo olulungileyo, ngokuhambelana nemithetho yezomGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho yesizwe. Igama elithi " ngokuthembeka[]" lithetha okungaphezulu kunokuthobela nje okuqhelekileyo; iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna ukunyaniseka, ukuzimisela, nokunyaniseka kwimfuno yesizwe. Abaphengululi bezomthetho baye baphikisana ukuba oku kuyila umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo. Kwimeko yonyaka ka- 1974 .[FLT]v[FLT]., iNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kulo msebenzi xa inyanze uPhosideli Nixpo, ichaza ukuba umongameli wenkundla, njengelingengongowokuba ithenjiweyo, njengoko ithenjiwe ithenjiwe inkundla, ithelela inkundla, ithe ngokomthetho, kodwa ithe qhaba ngokomthetho.

Ibinzana elithi "Sebenza i-Ofisi" likwanentsingiselo ethile yomgaqo-siseko. Amandla kamongameli akangongenasiphelo; achazwa ngeGatya II kunye nesiseko somgaqo-siseko esibanzi. "Ukuphumeza ulawulo oluthembekileyo" kufuna umongameli ahlonele ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwaye angabhukuqe imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho. [ ISikolo solwazi (ISikolo soMthetho)[FORNEL] inika ushwankathelo oluneenkcukacha zendlela lo msebenzi ochazwa ngayo kwijajitalipule yale mihla.

Kukulungileyo kobugoci-goci bam

Oku kufanelekileyo kuvuma ukuphambuka komntu. Umongameli akafuneki ukuba afezeke, kodwa kufuneka asebenzise okona kulungileyo akwenzayo. Oku kudala isiseko kunokuba kube ngumgaqo onenjongo, okwenza kube nzima ukucel ’ umngeni izenzo zomongameli ezisekelwe ekungakwazini. Noko ke, kuthetha ukuba umongameli kufuneka enze umgudu wokholo olulungileyo ukuze afeze imisebenzi yesikhundla sakhe kwaye akanakuzityeshela ngabom.

"Qala, khusela kwaye ukhusele umGaqo-siseko"

Oku kusisifungo esikhukulisiweyo esifungweni. Kunyanzelisa ukuvuma umsebenzi wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko kuzo zonke izisongelo, nokuba ngowasemzini okanye ngowasekhaya. Ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono ezintathu ````preserve', khusela, khusela, khusela, `````ubungakanani obusebenzayo, obuqhubekayo bomsebenzi ofunekayo.' kucebisa ukuba ulondolozo loMgaqo-siseko lungakhutshwanga njengoko kunjalo, ngaphandle kokukhukuliseka; "ukukhusela" kuthetha ukukhusela ukuhlaselwa okanye ukuchaswa; "defand" icebisa ukwenza isenzo sokususa imingeni. Zizonke, ezi zimisela umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo, nomongameli kufuneka awufeze nakwiindleko zobuqu okanye ezopolitiko.

Bambi abaphengululi, ingakumbi uEric Posner noAdrian Vermeule, baye baphikisa ngelithi eli binzana linika umongameli uhlobo lwe olugconayo [ amandla ngexesha longxamiseko, afana "namandla okukhusela" uAbraham Lincoln awathi ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Abanye balumkisa ukuba ukufundwa okuninzi kunokuzithethelela izenzo ezingaphaya. Ingxoxo ihlala ingumba ophilayo kumthetho wesiseko.

Iingxoxo Ezinokuqondwa Nocelomngeni Lokufunda

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni kudala bephikisana ngentsingiselo ecacileyo yolwimi lwesifungo, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene nokuziphendulela komongameli. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngukuba isifungo sidala umlinganiselo onyanzelekileyo okanye sisisibongozo sezobupolitika nesokuziphatha.

Abo baphikisayo ngokunyanzelisayo bakhomba kwi-Impeachment Clause (Artle II, Icandelo 4), enika ukususwa komongameli "Isizathu, Ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izityholo eziphezulu kunye nezingalawulekiyo". Baphikisa ngelithi ukwaphula isifungo ngabom kwangabom njengokungaphumeleli ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza umthetho ngokuthembeka."IKomiti ye House Judicary yacela le ngcamango kunyaka- 1974 wokungavumelani noRichaphazeli nxamnye noRichard Nixon, imbeka ngokuchasa isifungo sakhe ngokuvala isigwebo kunye namandla. Ngokufanayo, ngexesha lokungaququki kwentetho kaRonald Trump, isifungo sasidla ngokucatshulwa ngokwezinziswayo njengesiseko sokuphatha umongameli ozibotshelelwayo.

Abagxeki, noko ke, baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sisiqinisekiso ukuya ku abantu, hayi ukuya Congress okanye iinkundla. Bathi ukuvumelana komongameli nesifungo ekugqibeleni kuvavanywa ngonyulo nangoluvo lukawonke-wonke, hayi ngokuhlola kwezomthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakuphepha ukumisela ngokwaphula izifungo, ikhetha ukugqiba amatyala kwimithetho encinane okanye kwimimiselo yesiseko somthetho.

Enye impikiswano ecacisayo isekelwe koko kuthethwa "kukhusela, ukukhusela nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko kwimeko yebutho labantu abanezininzi. Njengoko intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko iguquka ngokulungisa nangokucaciswa kwezomthetho, umsebenzi womongameli ungatshintsha ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo, umongameli wafunga ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko phambi kokuba athathelwe uHlaziyo lwe145 kunye noMgaqo-siseko unokuba akanayo imbopheleleko efanayo yokukhusela amalungelo alinganayo njengomongameli emva kowe-1868.

Imfuneko yokuphunyezwa koMthetho Wetyala

Ngelixesha amatyala ambalwa achaza ngokucacileyo isifungo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ibhekise ingcamango yokubulawa ngokuthembekileyo kwezinye iimeko. Kumthetho we-Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes [183]), iNkundla yathi umongameli umele aphumeze isifungo esithile, angavumi ukuba umlawuli wesigxina sephondo. ulutsha oluno shicilo & Cobe. v. Sawer [1952], iNkubone ukuphazamisi yentsimbi ekhethekileyo ngexesha lemfazwe, umongameli uqikelelo olungekho mthethweniyo. Umthetho waphawula ukuba umongameli ukwenziwa kwemithetho ye-" (i-FLTracm) ephumele ngaphaya komthetho, wasebenzisa umthetho ogunyaziweyo.

Ii-Oath-Pream kunye noguquguquko olufuziselayo

Nangona umbhalo womgaqo-siseko usisigxina, umsitho ojikeleze isifungo uvele ngendaleko. Olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lixesha: de ukwenziwa kweMpanzi-mda weshumi elinesibini ngo1933, igama lomongameli laqala ngoMatshi 4. Le nguqu yashukuma i-Inaugations ukuya kumhla wama-20, ukucutha i "idada elimnyama" ngexesha. Ukususela ngoko, zonke izifungo zikawonke wonke zenzeke ngaloo mhla, ngaphandle kokuba umhla ulele ngeCawa, apho kuqhutywa umsitho wabucala ngoko kunye nomsitho wasekuhlaleni.

Ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile bekusoloko kuyinto esisiseko, nangona ingafunwanga. UGeorge Washington wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ebolekiweyo kwigumbi lokulala lamaMasonic, kwaye oomongameli abaninzi ukususela ngoko baye bakhetha iBhayibhile ekhethekileyo ngenxa yentsingiselo yayo yembali okanye yobuqu. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibhile yeNkundla Ephakamileyo; uBarack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibhile efanayo neyasetyenziswa nguLincoln ekuqaleni kwakhe. Lyndon B. Johnson, ekufundeni kwakhe uJohn F. Kennedy, wathatha isifungo kuMkhosi Wokuqala weNkulwano woMkhosi weNkundla weNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla. John F. Kennedy uJohn F.

Abanye oomongameli bongezelele amabinzana. uFranklin D. Roosevelt, ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibini ngo1937, wadibanisa amagama " ukuze ancede uThixo kwaye kwakhona kuquka umthandazo omfutshane phambi kwesifungo. Abanye, njengoJames Buchanan, bongezelelwe "Ndiya" phambi kokucaciswa okusemthethweni. Kule minyaka ingamashumi akutshanje, oomongameli baye banamathela ngokungqongqo kumbhalo wesiseko, kodwa ulwandinceda uThixo [-so undincede phantse phantse ukuba ndibe yinxalenye yomthetho obhaliweyo. Lo mgaqo-siseko ukhuphiweyo ngokuqhubekayo. Lo mkhwa ubangele iingxaki ezingomcimbi wezo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Unyanzeliso nokuphendula: Xa i-oath ibotshwe

Inkqubo eyintloko yokunyanzelisa isifungo kukungafezeki. UmGaqo-siseko unika imvume yokuba umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nawo onke amagosa asekuhlaleni eUnited States asuswe ekungagunyazini nasekuvumeni "Isizathu, Isinyobo, okanye ezinye ii-Crimeters eziphezulu kunye nezingalawulekiyo". Ukwaphulwa kwesifungo ngabom.Ngokomzekelo, ukwaphula ngabom umthetho okanye ukwenza ukonakalisa umGaqo-siseko.

Ngexesha lokumiselwa koMongameli Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, iGatya III lezityholo zokungagunyaziswanga lambek ’ ityala "lokungagunyaziswanga nangokongagunyaziswanga" lokwaphula umthetho woMthetho we-Ofisi, lowo iNdlu yathi "walulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu nolwaphulo-mthetho oluphosakeleyo kwisikhundla, kwaye [yayikukukukwaphulwa] kwesifungo sakhe esisemthethweni." UJohnson wakhululwa ngevoti enye kwiNdlu, kodwa umzekelo wokuvunywa kwesohlwayo yityala elingamelelwanga.

Kutshanje, amatyala kaDonald Trump angamashumi amabini19 kunye no-2021 aquka izibhekiso-mthetho kwisifungo. Kwilinge lokuqala, abaphathi bendlu baphikisa ngelithi uTrump wayewasebenzise kakubi amandla akhe ngokucela ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe kunyulo lwama-2020, ngaloo ndlela ewutyeshela umsebenzi wakhe "wokuphumeza ngokuthembeka" imithetho kunye "nokhuseleko, ukhusela kunye nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko. Kwilingwa kwesibini, emva kohlaselo lwesibini lweCapitol, isimangaliso sokuvuselela uvukelo saso sadiswa kwakhona njengokwaphulwa kwesifungo. Ngoxa omabini amatyala aphumele ekuthini agwetyweni, abonisa ukufaneleka okuqhubekayo kwesifungo njengomgangatho womongameli wehambo.

Ngaphandle kokungagunyaziswa, iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo azivumi ukunyanzelisa isifungo ngqo. Mississippi v. Johnson (1867), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yala ukuva isuti efuna ukugunyazisa uMongameli Johnson ekuphumezeni imithetho yokuqulunqwa kwemithetho, ibambe ukuba ukwenza kukamongameli imisebenzi yakhe ngumbuzo wezopolitiki ongamele ucalulwe. Le mfundiso ye-"Phondo" ilinganisela kakhulu amandla ejajinisweyo, ishiya ukuphendula okungundoqo kwiBhunga kunye novoti.

Ukuthelekisa nezinye Iihatyi Kurhulumente waseUnited States

Isifungo somongameli sahlukile kwezinye izifungo zikarhulumente zombini kwimo kunye nento. Isifungo samalungu eBhunga, esichazwe kwiGatya lesi-6 lomGaqo-siseko, siyabafuna ukuba "baxhase" umGaqo-siseko kodwa asiquki ukwamkela umsebenzi "wokukhusela nokukhusela". Izifungo zejaji, nangona zifana, zahluka ngomthetho kwaye zisoloko ziquka isithembiso sokuphatha okusesikweni ngokungakhethi. Isifungo somongameli sikhethe ekugxininiseni kwaso kukhuselo olusebenzayo.

Abasebenzi abasebenza ngomanyano, kuquka abasebenzi basemkhosini, bathatha isifungo esahlukileyo njengoko sifunwa [ngumthetho we-5 Umthetho wase-U.S. 76 3331, esiquka isifungo sokufaka "inkxaso nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko weUnited States kuzo zonke iintshaba, ezisemzini nabezomkhosi wasekhaya. Esi sifungo sibanzi siyafana naso emoyeni kodwa asiqulathanga "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" ulwimi oluchanekileyo kwindima kamongameli njengesiphathi esiyintloko. Umahluko ubonakalisa injongo yokubeka umgangatho ophezulu wokuphendula kumongameli, okwisikhundla esinamandla kwelo lizwe.

Intsingiselo Yesithethe Nezobupolitika

Ngaphezu komthetho osemthethweni, isifungo somongameli siye saba luphawu olunamandla lwenkcubeko. Umfanekiso womongameli omtsha osenza isifungo phambi kweCapitol, eseBhayibhileni, ngomnye weyona nkonzo ibonakalayo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Sibonisa ukufuduselwa ngoxolo kwegunya ngezantsi kwe-$a uphawu olwahlula i-United States kwezinye iintlanga ezininzi. Isifungo sikwasebenza njengexesha elimanyanisa, sizisa kunye abemi bemi bamaqela ahlukeneyo neenkolelo zokubona ukuzinikela komthetho.

Noko ke, indima yesifungo kwintetho yezobupolitika inokuba nolwahluko. Abahlalutyi bezenzo zomongameli basoloko becela isifungo sokuba baphikisane ukuba umongameli ungcatshile umGaqo-siseko, ngeli xesha abaxhasi besalatha kwisifungo njengobungqina bokholo oluhle lukamongameli. Oku kutsalana kwemfazwe ngentsingiselo yesifungo kubonisa iimbambano ezinzulu zemithetho-siseko eziphawula ezopolitiko zaseMelika. Kodwa, isifungo sihlala singumqondiso wengxoxo emalunga namandla olawulo, ukuphendula ityala, nemida yegunya.

Isiphelo: Ubunzima Obuhlala Buhleli Ngamazwi Amancinane

Isifungo somongameli singumzekelo obalaseleyo wokuyila umgaqo-siseko, ngokunjalo sizele ngamandla asemthethweni nangokokuziphatha. Ulwimi lwaso lunyanzelisa umsebenzi wokubulawa ngokuthembeka kunye nembopheleleko esebenzayo yokukhusela umgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa intsingiselo ecacileyo yamabinzana alo iqhubeka idityaniswa nabaphengululi kwaye ivavanywa kwiimeko zobupolitika, isifungo sihlala singumsebenzi osemthethweni wobukho betyala bomongameli. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba umongameli akangokumkani wamandla omntu, kodwa uphathiswe inkonzo kuMgaqo-siseko nabantu. Ukuqonda isifungo kunye nemibandela yaso kuxhobisa abemi ukuba bafanele bahlole ukusetyenziswa kwegosabo esiphezulu esinyuliweyo kwaye bagcine loo negunya elisemthethweni liqhubeka lisenza ingxelo. Njengoko uhlanga luqhubeka, amazwi angamashumi amathathu anesihlanu eStejini, iCandelo leSigaba seSihlulo II, uClas Clas u-8 luya kuqhubeke idinga nomgaqo-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho.