Table of Contents

Ulawulo lweKhongrlare lumela enye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeKhomishini yeUnited States, esebenza njengendlela enzima yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente wengingqi usebenza ngokuziphendulela, ukubonakala, nokusebenza kakuhle. Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo uvumela iKhomishini ukuba ijonge, ihlole, ijonge, kunye nolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo kunye namasebe ayo amaninzi, iinkqubo, kunye nemisebenzi. Ngokwalathiswa, iBhunga ligcina umlinganiselo othe ngcembe wamandla abonwa ngabaqulungela umGaqo-siseko lize likhusele izilangazelelo zabantu baseMelika.

Ukuqonda ubuphathi beBhunga: isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye neGunya

Ngoxa uphatho lungachazwanga kumandla achazwe phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umgaqo-siseko karhulumente awuliniki ngokuphandle igunya lokuqhuba iBhunga lokubuza okanye lokuphanda kwegunya, ukuba lifumane iirekhodi okanye izinto ezigcinwe ngumphathi ophetheyo, okanye ukukhupha amaxwebhu angaphantsi okanye ubungqina obuvela kumphathi-mikhosi. Kwakungaxoxwa kangako ngamandla okulawula, ukuhlola, okanye ukuphengulula umsebenzi wempangelo kwiNdibano yeSizwe somGaqo-siseko ka-1787 okanye kamva kwi-FederaliPapers, ngenxa yokuba ulawulo kunye negunya lawo labameli bebujongwa njengamandla azuzwe lingulowo umlawuli weendibano ezimele umthetho kawonke wonke.

INkundla ePhakamileyo imisele ngokuqinileyo ukuba amandla anjalo abaluleke kakhulu kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho kangangokuba aboniswe ekufakeni amagunya jikelele owiso-mthetho kwiCandelo I lomGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngophando lombutho kunye nolawulo, kodwa igunya lokuqhuba uphando liboniswa ukususela oko iBhunga liphethe ‘ onke amandla owiso-mthetho," kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe kwelokuba izifektha zeBhunga zizimisele ukufuna ulwazi xa zisenza okanye zihlola umthetho.

Ukulawula kufunyenwe kumandla amaninzi nahlukeneyo achazayo eBhunga kumGaqo-siseko, aboniswa kwigunya lendlu yowiso-mthetho kwimali efanelekileyo, ukumisela imithetho, ukunyusa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukubonelela ngemfazwe, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokususa eofisini umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni, njengokuba iBhunga lingawasebenzisi ngokusengqiqweni okanye ngokufanelekileyo la mandla ngaphandle kokwazi oko lo mphathi-ntloko-mikhosi wayekwenza.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zenkundla Ephakamileyo Zokulawula Iingqungquthela

INkundla ePhakamileyo inike izigqibo eziliqela eziphawulekayo eziye zaguqula umgangatho kunye nemida yamandla olawulo. EWatkins v. United States, iNkundla yathi "amandla eNkundla yokuqhuba uphando aphuma ngokwemvelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Elo gunya libanzi. Libandakanya imibuzo ephathelele ulawulo lwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo ecetyisiweyo okanye efunekayo."

ETrump v. Mazars USA, LLP, iNkundla yaphawula ukuba "ngaphandle kolwazi, iKhomishini iya kuba idubula ebumnyameni, ingakwazi ukudibanisa ngobulumko okanye ngokunempumelelo." esi sigqibo sibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokungakhathaleli kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo.

Indaleko Yokulawula Kwengqungquthela Ngomthetho

Ulawulo lweBhunga luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, yaye utshintsho oluphambili lwemithetho lomeleza nokumisela lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo.

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko sowe-1946

UmThetho woMgaqo-siseko we-1946 (P. 79-601), okokuqala, ubizwa ngokucacileyo ukuba ube ngumphathi wolawulo lweNdlu kunye neNtlanganiso, ulawulo lwekomiti ezimileyo zeNdlu kunye neNdlu "ukuqhelisela ukulinda ngokuqhubekayo" kwiinkqubo kunye namaqumrhu phantsi kolawulo lwazo, ukugunyazisa abasebenzi abangoochwepheshe, nokukhuthaza amandla eQumrhu, intloko yeBhunga eliphandekayo nengalo yokuphicotha, i-Rhulumente ofisi ye-APronemental Accomplity (GAO).

UMthetho weNtloko ka-1970

UMthetho oLawulweyo ka-1970 (P.L. 91-510) wagunyazisa ikomiti nganye emileyo ukuba "iqwalaselwe kwakhona kunye nokufundwa, ngokuqhubekayo, isicelo, ulawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa" kwemithetho ephantsi kolawulo lwayo, kwandisa abasebenzi abanobuchule beekomiti, kwandisa uncedo olunikezelwe yiKhomishini yophando lwe-GO, kwaza kwaqinisa uxanduva locwangciso.

Izixhobo Ezixhobisayo Nezixhobo Zokulawula

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, kunye nokuphatha ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwananamhlanje, ulawulo lwequmrhu lungabakho phantse nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nangamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo emijelweni, imibutho, kunye nezakhiwo, ezisuka ekuchongeni okusesikweni kwekomiti ukuya kunxulumano olucwangcisiweyo namagosa aphetheyo, ukusuka kwizifundo zokuxhasa uhlolo-mthetho, kwaye ukusuka ekusebenzeni kwezomthetho owenziwa zii-ofisi zelungu ukuya kwizifundo ezilungiselelwe yimibutho engengomthetho kunye neengingqi ze-jelonke.

Iindlebe Nophando Lwengqungquthela

Ukuchotshelwa kwemithetho-siseko kumela enye yezona zixhobo zolawulo zibonakalayo nezinamandla ezikhoyo kwiKhomishini. Okuqukiweyo kummandla ophakathi kwegunya kukuqalisa uphando, ukuva amatyala, ukuqokelela ubungqina okanye amaxwebhu kumangqina, kwaye, kwiimeko apho urhulumente okanye iqela labucala lingafikeli, ukunyanzelisa ukuthobela izicelo zombutho ophantsi kolawulo nokugcinwa komthetho.

IBhunga libeka amatyala ngemibandela eyahlukeneyo, ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwesteroid kwimidlalo yobugcisa ukusa ekusetyenzisweni kweesatellite zemozulu, kunye nokuva kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo amaqela amancinane, njengoko uphando oluqhutywa yingqungquthela lungancedi abaququzeleli imithetho ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingcono kuphela, kodwa lubalulekile kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Amandla eenyanzelo kunye nokunyanzelwa

IBhunga linezixhobo eziliqela elinokuzifumana ukuze lifumane inkcazelo ngokuthethathethwano nokunyanzela ukuthobelana neekomiti ezingaphantsi kweekomiti. IKhomishini isenokufuna ukuba umntu ngamnye agwetywe ityala elingahambisaniyo ne-popona.

Indlela iitenana ezikhutshwa ngayo ngemiqathango eyahlukahlukeneyo yikomiti nangamagumbi, njengakwiNdlu, phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zinika izihlalo zazo amandla okukhupha iipopona, ngoxa kwiiBhunga ezininzi zifuna ukuba isitulo sifumane imvume yelungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kuqala.

Le ndlu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba abekho amangqina ukususela ngowe - 1795, xa yaphanda ngelinge lokunyoba amalungu, yaye ngenene, amatyala okuqala ombutho wecawa kunye namagunya okudelela ajoliswe ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekugxekweni kwendlu ngokwayo, uRobert Randll eba ngumntu wokuqala odelelwa kwiBhunga, njengoko iNdlu yaseSergeant-Arm yayigunyaziswa ukuba imbambe ize imse phambi kweNdlu, apho wasohlwaywa waza wafakwa kwintolongo yasekuhlaleni iveki yonke.

Iinkqubo zogunyaziso nezinikezelo

Ngegunya layo, iBhunga lilawula abameli bakarhulumente, njengoko inkqubo yogunyaziso isenokuquka izixhobo ezininzi zokuvelela, ukuphulaphula, iingxelo, kodwa isikhokelo sokwenza le nkqubo ngummiselo ogunyazisayo, odala nokubumba iinkqubo neentlangano zikarhulumente, yaye uqulethe ingxelo yenkqubo yezomthetho yeli qumrhu.

Ukuba iKhomishini ikholelwa ukuba umbutho uphambukile kugunyaziso lwawo lokuqala, iBhunga lingadlulisela umthetho kwizigqibo zolawulo, okanye lixinzelele igunya lombutho, sebenzisa amandla alo okuchaza ukuthintela igunya lombutho lokuxhasa imali, okanye ukuxinana komthetho wombutho.

Uqinisekiso

Uqinisekiso lusebenza njengethuba lobuveleli boburhulumente kunye nempembelelo ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kweemfaneleko kunye nokubona komntu, ukubonelela nge-folom kwingxoxo yeenkqubo neenkqubo eziya kuba phantsi kwembonakalo yomntu ophantsi kwemiqathango, kwaye inkqubo yokuqinisekisa njengesixhobo sokwalathisa ingasetyenziswa ukunikezela ngomgaqo-nkqubo kumntu ojongene nomntu onegunya, ukwazisa abaququzeli ngeenjongo zombutho, kunye nokufuna izibophelelo kwihambo yexesha elizayo.

Uhlolo lwenkqubo kunye nokuvavanywa komsebenzi

Uvavanyo lwenkqubo olusebenza ngokusebenza lusasoloko lububuchule bokulungisa uphando, njengoko inkqubo yangoku isebenzisa inzululwazi yentlalo kunye nendlela yolawulo .ezinje uphando, uhlolo lwexabiso, kunye nophando lwempumelelo--------------kuhlola ukusebenza kweenkqubo eziqhubekayo, kwaye ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kwenkqubo lungaluncedo kwiBhunga njengoko lenza izigqibo malunga nesakhiwo seenkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nobungakanani bemali abaya kuyifumana.

Inkqubo yeKomiti yeBhunga kunye neNkqubo yoLawulo

IBhunga lisebenzisa eli gunya kakhulu ngenkqubo yalo yokuququzelela, kwaye uvelela kuyenzeka kwimisebenzi emininzi yombutho kunye nemibandela ekhoyo. Igunya lobugosa nelobugosa lixhomekeke kuzo zombini izindlu, ezithi zona zinikezele eli gunya kwiikomiti zegumbi ngalinye, kwaye iikomiti zinawo kuphela amandla eziwanikwe yimizimba yazo yabazali.

IKomiti Yendlu Ejoliswe Kulawulo Notshintsho Kurhulumente

IKomiti yoLawulo noHlaziyo loRhulumente noRhulumente yikomiti eyintloko ephandayo yeNdlu yabameli eUnited States, kwaye igunya elibanzi lekomiti kunye negunya lowiso-mthetho liyenza ibe yenye yezona ndawo zinempembelelo nezinamandla kwiNdlu. IKomiti yendlu ekwiSikolo noHlaziyo loRhulumente ijonge indlela urhulumente wesizwe esebenza ngayo kwaye inikwe igunya lokuphanda ngoluhlu olubanzi lwemicimbi karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ubuchule, ukuphumelela, nokuphendula.

Isitulo sayo sesinye sesithathu kuphela kwindlu esinegunya lokukhupha iipoyinti ezingaphantsi ngaphandle kwevoti yekomiti okanye ukubuzana nelungu elikwisikhundla esiphezulu, noko ke, kwimbali yakutshanje, kuye kwaba ngumkhuba ukuphepha iipopo ezingaphantsi.

IKomiti yeNtlanganiso yoKhuseleko lweLifa leMveli neMicimbi kaRhulumente

IKomiti yeNtlanganiso yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya neMicimbi yoRhulumente idwelisa "ukufunda ukuphumelela, uqoqosho, kunye nokuphumelela kwawo onke amasebe kunye namasebe kaRhulumente" njengenye yomsebenzi wayo. Nangona ezi komiti zombini zibandakanyeke ngokukhethekileyo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli, zonke iikomiti kwiikomkhulu zombini zingayiqwalasela ngokukhutheleyo imisebenzi yempatho ephantsi kolawulo lwazo, kwaye inkoliso yeekomiti ziyakwazi nokuvelela abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwesebe kwaye ziqesha iingcali zokuphanda kulo msebenzi.

Iimbopheleleko Zolawulo Ezikhethekileyo

Imithetho yendlu ifuna ukuba ikomiti nganye inikezele ucwangciso lobuveleli, idwelise imixholo yayo elindele ukuvelela iBhunga elilandelayo, kwiKomiti yeNdlu yoHlaziyo yoRhulumente, eqokelela ize ishicilela iingxubusho, kunye neKomiti yoHlaziyo yeNdlu yeeNtlalo-ntle yeQela, egunya elilawula phantse lonke urhulumente, igunyaziwe ukuhlola nokufunda ukusebenza kwemisebenzi karhulumente ukugqiba izoqoqosho nokuphumelela kwayo nokunika ingcebiso ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo zeGAO.

Inkxaso yeQumrhu elincedayo ekulawuleni

IBhunga lixhomekeke kumasebe neeofisi ezizimeleyo eziliqela ukuxhasa imisebenzi yalo, ukunikela uhlalutyo olungoochule, uphicotho-zincwadi nophando.

I-ofisi ephendulayo kaRhulumente (GAO)

IBhunga liseke i-ofisi kaRhulumente eMangalelayo (GAO), umbutho wonke onikezelwe ukuvelela, ngenjongo yawo ikuku "ingqungquthela ephezulu kunye neentloko zoorhulumente abalawulayo malunga neendlela zokwenza urhulumente uphumelele, uphumelele, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, engenakuthe tyekwa kwaye ithathe inxaxheba, kwaye iikomiti zingacela ukuba i-GAO yenze uphando, okanye umthetho ungayifuna, ngeli lixa intloko yeGAO, iProleji Jikelele, isenokugunyazisa imisebenzi enjalo.

Ngokubanzi

Abahloli jikelele babekwa ityala lokuphanda ukuba abameli babo baphucule impumelelo nokutyhila izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kabini ngonyaka, amaIG kufuneka athumele iingxelo, kuquka iingcebiso, kwiintloko zemibutho yawo, ezimele zithumele kwiBhunga kwisithuba senyanga, kwaye ukuba iIG ikhuphe into engxamisekileyo, kufuneka alumkise ngoko nangoko umphathi wayo, omele azise iBhunga kwisithuba seveki.

Inkonzo yophando lweKhomishini

INkonzo yophando lweKhomishoni (CRS) inikela uphando olungeyonxalenye yecawa kunye nohlalutyo ukuze ixhase imisebenzi yolawulo lombutho. ICRS isebenzisa iingcali zemibandela yemiba exhobisayo ezincedisa iNgqungquthela ngophando olunzulu kwimiba enzima, zinceda amalungu nabasebenzi baqonde ii-intshi-nkqubo zorhulumente kunye nemisebenzi.

Iinjongo Ezininzi Zolawulo Lwengxubevange

Ukulawula ngamandla acacileyo omgaqo - siseko weNgqungquthela, yaye kukho iinjongo eziliqela ezihamba kunye ezinxulumene nolwalathiso, ezinokuhlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko: inkqubo yocwangciso, yezobupolitika neyobuqumrhu.

Iinjongo zenkqubo

Iinjongo eziqukelele iinkqubo eziqukelele ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli neenkqubo zisebenza ngendlela ehlawulayo nesebenzayo kwaye ziphumeza umsebenzi wabo osemthethweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesebe, ukuvavanywa kwenjongo yowiso-mthetho, ukuphanda ngenkcitho, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhatshazwa, ukuqwalasela inkqubo yolawulo lwamaziko, nokufumana ulwazi.

Uthintelo olungaphezulu lodaba olunolawulo oluphezulu

Abahlalutyi abaninzi, abahlalutyi benkqubo kawonke wonke, kunye nabalawuli bomthetho bathi ooMongameli namagosa aphezulu asenokuyityeshela okanye ayiqonde kakubi injongo yokuququzelela imimandla eyahlukeneyo, njengokungagunyaziswa kwemali, amalungelo aphezulu, nakumagunya emfazwe, kunye nolwandiso olungakumbi, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwemiqathango kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukwenziwa koMthetho

Uqheliselo lweBhunga lowiso-mthetho lucebisa ukuba ukubuza ngokuyintloko kusebenzele ekuqokeleleni ulwazi oluxabisekileyo lokuqwalasela nokuvelisa umthetho (oko kusenokubizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wokuziguqula okanye wokuyila umthetho) okanye ukwazisa uluntu. Indima yemithetho yowiso-mthetho yeBhunga ayipheli xa inikezela umthetho, njengoko ukuvelela kungundoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza njengoko kucetyiwe kwaye isetyenziswa ngendlela esebenzayo, ephumelelayo, nefanelekileyo, kwaye iqoqosha, kwaye ulwazi olunokuzisa ulawulo kwiNgqungquthela lubalulekile njengoko ukuxabana kwequmrhu norhulumente waseMerika noluntu.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yolawulo Lwengqungquthela Ebonakaliswayo

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, ukuvelela kwingqungquthela kuye kwanendima ebalulekileyo ekutyhileni ukuziphatha okubi korhulumente, ekukhuseleni inkululeko yasekuhlaleni nokuqinisekisa ukuba kumele kuphendulwe.

Ibhanti ledome

Ukuva okuphanda kunokutyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya nokonakala komongameli, njengehlazo leTeapot Dome kwiiminyaka yee - 1920. Eli hlazo lalibandakanya ukurhoxiswa ngokufihlakeleyo kwemithombo yeoli karhulumente lize likhokelele kwityala lolwaphulo - mthetho lamagosa karhulumente, libonakalisa amandla okuphanda okubhenca ukonakala kumgangatho ophakamileyo.

Uphando Olubangelwa Kukuhamba Kwamanzi

Ukuva okuphanda kungatyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi komongameli wegunya nokonakala, okufana neWatergate kwi1970. Iindlebe zeKomiti yeNtsimbi iWatergate zalichukumisa ilizwe kwaye ekugqibeleni zakhokelela ekubeni uMongameli Richard Nixon arhoxe, indima yokujongana nolawulo ekulondolozeni ukuphendulela umGaqo-siseko.

Imilinganiselo kunye noHlahlo

Iindlebe zikwasetyenziswa kwinjongo ezingentle kangako, njengokusetyenziswa kwabemi babucala ngexesha "lemisebenzi yabucala engekho seMelika" ukuviwa kweendlebe kwiminyaka yee-1950, kwaye ngoxa amandla okuphanda ebanzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ekubeni iBhunga lizibophelele kwinjongo "ezingalawulekiyo" kwaye liphephe imicimbi yangasese yabemi ngabanye.

Ucelomngeni Nokuphumelela Kolawulo Lwezibonelelo

Ngoxa ukuvelela ububutho kuyimfuneko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuphumelela kwalo kunokusekelwe kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka iimpembelelo zobupolitika, imiqathango yeencwadi neengxaki zolawulo.

Ukuqwalasela Iinkalo

Ukusebenza kobuveleli kungaphenjelelwa ngokuphawulekayo kukuba ngaba iqela elinye lilawula iBhunga kunye nomongameli. Inkxalabo yokulawula isenokuboniswa kwiintlanganiso okanye ngomnxeba wabucala, njengokuba "imfazwe yentsapho ingeyondlela elungileyo yezobupolitika," kwaye njengemeko ezininzi zokuzingca, oku kwenzeka phantsi kwamaqela omabini.

Ucelomngeni lolwazi nolwazi

IBhunga lijamelene nocelomngeni lokuvelela isebe elikhulu elilawulayo elintsonkothileyo. Isebe eliphetheyo linoovimba, abasebenzi, nobuchule obukhethekileyo kuneBhunga, lidala iinkqubo ezinokubangela ukuba imigudu yokuvelela ibe nzima. Ngaphezu koko, ukuchaza nokuhlelwa kwenkcazelo ngokuphezulu kunokulinganisela ukufikelela kobuntlola kumaxwebhu nobungqina obuchanaba.

Amalungu olawulo olunempumelelo

Uphando luye lwachaza oothunywashe abaliqela abanegalelo ekunyamekeleni iintlanganiso, kuquka isitulo sekomiti esizimisele ukunyamekela iinkonzo, ukubandakanyeka kwamalungu ekomiti phezu kwako nje ukusetyenziswa ngamandla kwexesha nezinto eziphathekayo, intsebenziswano yebhiparti, abasebenzi abanobuchule bophando, nokukwazi ukufumanisa nokufumana inkcazelo efunekayo kumasebe nakwezinye izinto.

Indima Yamalungu Ngamanye Ebukhokeli

Ukulawula kudla ngokuthathwa njengomsebenzi wekomiti, kodwa amalungu nawo anawo amandla okusukela uvelela ngaphandle kokusebenza ngekomiti, njengoko umsebenzi wokwenza ityala kunye nomnye umsebenzi owenziwa kwiiofisi zamalungu, kuquka kwii-ofisi zabo zesithili okanye zephondo, kunganika ingqiqo malunga nehambo yolawulo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye ezi zinto zifunyenweyo, zinokukhokelela ekulungiseni iinkqubo neenkqubo zolawulo kunye neenguqu kumthetho kawonke-wonke.

Noko ke, amalungu asebenzayo namalungu ngamanye (ngaphandle kwezihlalo zekomiti) akagunyaziswa yimithetho yokusungula ukuva okanye uphando okanye ukupapashwa kwekomiti esemthethweni, amalungu ngamanye asenokufuna intsebenziswano yokuzithandela yamagosa esebe okanye abantu abangabodwa aze asebenzele ngokwawo, nangona le misebenzi isenokuba nzima ngakumbi ngaphandle kwamandla anyanzelekileyo ekomiti.

Iqela Elincinane Linelungelo Lokulawula

Indima yamalungu aliqela elincinane kwinkqubo yobuveleli ilawulwa yimithetho yegumbi ngalinye neekomiti zalo, yaye amalungu amancinane anikwa amalungelo athile ngokukhethekileyo, njengoko imithetho yeNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso inikela iqaqobana elilinganiselweyo ilungelo elilinganiselweyo lokubiza amangqina awo ekuchotshelweni, yaye onke amalungu eekomiti zeNdlu aqinisekiswa ukuba athandabuze ingqina ngalinye ngemizuzu emihlanu.

Inkqubela yale mihla kulawulo lweBhunga

Kwiminyaka eliqela edluleyo kuye kwaba lixesha elinamandla lokulawula imithetho nezenzo zolawulo lwengqungquthela, njengoko iNgqungquthela iye yathabatha uphando olwahlukahlukeneyo oluye lwabangela ingqalelo enkulu kuluntu, yaye isebe eliphetheyo neBhunga eliphetheyo liye lavelisa izixhobo ezintsha neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni zokukhuphisana neempikiswano zobuveleli.

Ukukhusela Abavuthuzi Beentaka

Ngokwahlukileyo kwiimbopheleleko zokunikela ingxelo, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banganikela inkcazelo kwiNgqungquthela yabo, neminye imimiselo "yomvuseli", eye yadluliselwa ngokukhethekileyo kwigqubuthelo yabasebenzi kwibutho lobuntlola, iqinisekisa ilungelo labasebenzi bakarhulumente lokucela okanye ukunikezela inkcazelo kwiBhunga okanye ilungu. Le migaqo ikhuthaza abasebenzi bephondo ukuba banikele ingxelo yokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuqhatha, ukuxhatshazwa, nokuziphethe kakubi ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezela.

Imigudu Yokuzihlaziya Kwezi Mini

Ukulawula kwesebe elilawulayo yenye yeembopheleleko ezingundoqo zeBhunga, kwaye kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lahlola iindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yalo kule ndawo, kuquka ulawulo lolawulo olutsha kunye nomelo lomthetho lokusebenza nesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokubonisana Ngokucaceyo Nokuphendula Kubantu Bonke

Ulawulo lweBhunga alusebenzi nje kuphela ekuxeleleni iNgqungquthela kodwa lukwanceda ukufundisa nokuxelela uluntu lwaseMerika ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, ezipapashiweyo, kunye nezifunyanisiweyo zophando zinceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo nendlela ii-dola zabo zerhafu ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweliso kwimisebenzi karhulumente kubalulekile ukuze abantu bahlale bethembele kumaziko olawulo-lwazi. Xa iKhomishini iqhuba ulawulo olugqibeleleyo nolufanelekileyo, kubonisa ukuba akukho gunya likarhulumente okanye umbutho ongaphezulu kokuqwalaselwa nokuba umthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu.

Ukulawula Nokuhlukana Kwamagunya

Ulawulo lweBhunga lumela ukusebenza komgaqo-siseko wokwahlula amagunya. Ngokuhlola nokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu okanye elisebenza ngaphandle kokuphendula.

Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, ngeli xesha maxa wambi idala ungquzulwano phakathi kwamasebe, ekugqibeleni yomeleza idemokhrasi yaseMelika ngokuthintela ukuxineneka kwamandla nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko baqonda ukuba amandla amele asasazwe nokuba isebe ngalinye kufuneka libe nendlela yokuhlola amanye.

Owona Mqheliso Ulungileyo Wolawulo Olunempumelelo

Ukujongana nentlanganiso okunempumelelo kufuna ukucwangcisa ngenyameko, ubuncwane obaneleyo, kunye nokuzibophelela okuzinzileyo. IiKomiti zifanele ziphuhlise amalungiselelo olawulo olubanzi achaza iindawo eziphambili zokuphanda nokumisela iinjongo ezicacileyo zemisebenzi yobuveleli.

Intsebenziswano yebharparta ikhulisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza kobuveleli. Xa omabini esebenzisana ekuphandeni, okufunyenweyo kusenokujongwa njengokufanelekileyo kwaye kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezifanelekileyo. Ulawulo lwePartisan, nangona maxa wambi luyimfuneko, lunokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu kule nkqubo.

Abasebenzi abanobuchule ekuphandeni, kumthetho nakuhlalutyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo babalulekile ekuqhubeni ukhokelo olucokisekileyo. IiKomiti zifanele zifake imali ekuqeqesheni nasekugcineni abasebenzi abafanelekayo abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezintsonkothileyo baze baqonde iingxaki ezinokubakho.

Ikamva Lolawulo Lwengqungquthela

Njengoko urhulumente ekhula entsonkothileyo kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, ulawulo lwequmrhu kufuneka luqhelane nocelomngeni olutsha. Ubuchule obungeyonkqubo, ubuntlola, ulwazi olufihlakeleyo, kunye nobugcisa obuvelayo buzisa imingeni yokuvelela iintsomi ezifuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuphanda.

IBhunga kufuneka licombulule ucelomngeni lokuvelela urhulumente oziphethe kakuhle oxhomekeke kakhulu kwizindlu, kumamkeli, kurhulumente nakumaqabane asekuhlaleni ukuze azalisekise iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Kusenokufuneka izixhobo zokongamela ezikhoyo zidityaniswe ngeenkqubo ezintsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwingingqi ezintsonkothileyo.

Ukuvela kwejelo leendaba nezonxibelelwano lwezi khompyutha kuye kwabangela amathuba nocelomngeni lokuvelela, ngoxa ezi zixhobo zinokwenza kube lula ukuhlanganisana nokuganana kwabantu, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelele ukuzimela, ukhuseleko nokwenza uphando olufanelekileyo.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokuqonda ulawulo lweziko

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngolongamelo lwequmrhu, oovimba abaliqela abanegunya banikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo nohlalutyo:

  • I-website .gov inika ulwazi olubanzi malunga nemisebenzi yentlanganiso, kuquka ucwangciso lokuva, iingxelo zekomiti, kunye namaxwebhu owiso-mthetho
  • I-ofisi yoManga e-Rondebood ipapasha iingxelo kwiinkqubo zorhulumente nakumaqumrhu azisa ukuvelela kwengqungquthela
  • Indlu U.S. yembali yabameli, ubugcisa & ugcino-lwazi inikeza umongo wembali nolwazi malunga nendaleko yolawulo lombutho wombutho
  • [[NTLA] I-Cunitution Accotification inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemiqathango enxulumene namagunya ombutho-siseko
  • Amaziko afundisayo kunye neenkanunu ezicinga njenge Brookings Institution zisoloko zipapasha uphando malunga nolawulo lombutho kunye nokuphendula kukarhulumente

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokunyamekela Ibandla

Ukujongana neBhunga loMbutho kuseyenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo zesebe lemithetho, eziyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukuphendula, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nomthetho kurhulumente waseMerika. Ngokuva, ngophando, ngokuphanda, nezinye izixhobo, iBhunga lijonge isebe eliphetheyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, ubuncwane bukawonke-wonke busetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye amagosa karhulumente asebenza phantsi kwegunya lawo elingokwasemthethweni.

Ngoxa ukuvelela kusenokuba lucelomngeni yaye maxa wambi kube ziinjongo ezibalulekileyo eziyingenelo kubo bonke abantu baseMerika. Kunceda ekuthinteleni ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuqhatha nokuxhaphaza; kubhenca ukunganyaniseki nokuziphethe kakuhle; kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziphumeza iinjongo zazo; kwaye kunika inkcazelo efunekayo ekwenzeni inkqubo yolwazi.

Ukusebenza kolawulo lombutho wombutho kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, ubuncwane obaneleyo, intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan, kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Xa iBhunga lithatha iimbopheleleko zalo zobuveleli ngokunzulu kwaye liqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo, olufanelekileyo, lomeleza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye likhusela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokuhlola nolungelelwano.

Njengabemi, ukuvelela okuqondayo kusinceda siyiqonde indlela esebenza ngayo imicimbi karhulumente nesizathu sokuba kumele kuphendulwe. Ngokuhlala sinolwazi ngemisebenzi yobuveleli nokuxhasa uphando olucokisekileyo ngemisebenzi karhulumente, sinokubanceda ukuba abameli bethu abanyuliweyo baphumeze imisebenzi yabo engokomGaqo-siseko yaye urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abakhonzayo.

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko badala inkqubo eyenzelwe ukuthintela ubundlobongela nokukhusela inkululeko ngokusasazwa nokuhlolwa kwamandla. Ulawulo lweBhunga lilungu elibalulekileyo laloo nkqubo, kwaye ukuqina kwalo okuqhubekayo kubalulekile kwimpilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Njengoko urhulumente ebhenela kwiinguqu neengxaki ezintsha, ulawulo lombutho-ngquthela kufuneka luziqhelanise ngoxa luhlala lunyanisile kwinjongo yalo esisiseko: ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ukhonza abantu ngengqibelelo, ngempumelelo, nangoxanduva.