Table of Contents

Ukwazisa: Umqulu oluhlaza womGaqo-siseko wegunya elilungeleleneyo

UMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, ungaphezulu nje koxwebhu olulawulayo, luyisakhiwo sokuzithandela esilungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuxineneka kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo. Abalawuli, besebenzisa iinkulungwane zentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika kwiingcali zengqondo ezifana ne-Montesquieu and Locke, bakha inkqubo ye [[FLT:]] ulwahlulo lwamagunya [[FLT:]] oluvumela amasebe onke ukuba ajonge, umda, kwaye xa kuyimfuneko, ukuphikisa izenzo ezinye ezidibeneyo. Ulawulo, inkqulukwano yodwa yayingenako; kodwa yakha ulwelwelo lwakha ulwembutho [[[FLT]] [[5]] kunye nomlinganiselo wendlela elungele ngayo iMelikanvidiance.[5]

Isebe Elinomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengeyokuqala Elinganisiweyo

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho akwiBhunga leMigaqo-siseko, eliquka iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Njengoko isebe lisondele kakhulu kubantu, iBhunga linikwe amandla okwenza imithetho, irhafu ye-levy, ukubhengeza imfazwe, kunye nokulawula urhwebo. Kodwa ikwaphantsi kokuthintelwa kwamanye amasebe amabini, ngoxa linezixhobo ezomeleleyo zokuwahlola.

Ukuqinisekisa njengeNkxaso yoMgaqo-siseko

Uvavanyo olunzima oluphethwe yiBhunga kumasebe alawulayo nagwebayo lugunya lokufundisa. Indlu yabameli inegunya lokuphendula ngokupheleli kwelo. Oko kukuthi, ukuzisa izityholo ezisesikweni kumongameli, umongameli, okanye nawuphi na umphathi-mikhosi wesizwe "Isigqeba, okanye ezinye iiCribecs kunye neziphendu eziphezulu ze-Misdegators". Indlu yendlu yabaphathi iqhuba ityala, kwaye isibini sesithathu sovoti siyafuneka ukuba sibophelele kwaye sisuse igosase. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo nxamnye noomongameli Andrew Johnson (1888), uBill (199819999), kunye noDalbian (202020) kunye no-202020) njengomntu onegunya elisebenzayo.

Uqinisekiso lweNdlela yokuHlanganisa: Umgcini-sango xa kuthe kwamiswa

Umongameli omisela abameli, abagwebi bequmrhu eliphakamileyo, abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye noonobhala bekhabhathi, kodwa iNdlu yeQesho kufuneka ifake imvume kunye nokuvumelana [ kwezi zihlolo. Oku kunika isebe lemithetho ilizwi elingqalileyo ekulungiseni ijaji yejaji yesizwe kunye nesebe eliphethe isebe. IBhunga liyakwazi ukugatya amatyala, ukulibazisa ukuva, okanye ukucela ulwazi olongezelelekileyo, njengoko kuboniswa kumadabi ashushu kwinkundla eenkundleni ephakamileyo njengoRobert Bork (1987) okanye ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo emva kokufa kweJaji yowe-Scalia.

Ukungawasebenzisi Amabhazanqi Negunya Loqingqo - mali

Umongameli angawunika nawuphi na umqathango odluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa umGaqo-siseko unika isivalo sokuphepha: IBhunga lingawuphazamisa loo mbutho ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kumagumbi omabini. Ngeli xesha ingumphathi weveto enzima , kuphela malunga ne 4% ye-vetoes ezidluliswayo ze-presidential ```inyanzelo umongameli ukuba athethe neBhunga. Ngokubhekele phaya, iBhunga libamba amandla esingxobo [[FLT:]: zonke iindleko zikarhulumente kufuneka zigunyazwe ngumthetho. Akukho mali enokuthi ikhutshwe kwi-Chunga-mali ngaphandle kwe-propati ye-mfatho, inika i-gracrangessss phezu kwe-omatilogcial.

Ulawulo nophando olusemthethweni

Ngaphandle kokubekwa komthetho, iBhunga liqhuba ukuchotshelwa nokuphandwa ukuze libone ityala lesebe eliphetheyo. IiKomiti zingawabeka phantsi amangqina namaxwebhu, amagosa amasebe okubuza, zize zibhence inkunkuma, ukuqhatha okanye ukuxhaphaza. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka uphando lombutho lwengqungquthela kuhlaselo lweCapitol, uhlaselo lwe-Benghazi, kunye nokuphendula kwesebe eliphetheyo kwisifo se-COVID-19. Lo msebenzi uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho imiselwe njengenjongo kunye nemithetho elawulwayo ehlala isabela kubameli babantu.

Iingcebiso zoMgaqo-siseko ezongeziweyo

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho i- Congress ingaphela okanye i-Repedial yemithetho etolikwayo ngeendlela ayivumelaniyo nayo.
  • I-Legislative Veto (ilinganiselwe ngokwembali): Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi iwiso-mthetho iveto kwiS v. Chada[ [19983], iBhunga lisoloko liquka ukuxela iimfuno kunye namalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga kwimithetho.
  • I-Choice of Leaders: Kwisiganeko seqhina kwi-Electoral College (eyenzeka ngo1800 nango1824), iNdlu inyulela umongameli, kwaye iNdlu yeNtlanga ikhetha umongameli.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Amandla Omongameli Nemida Yalo

Inqaku II loMgaqo-siseko linegunya elilawulayo kumongameli omnye, libekwe ityala lokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho nokusebenza njengenkokeli yemikhosi exhobileyo. Umongameli unezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola iBhunga kunye nejaji, kodwa la mandla ngokwawo ayanyanzelwa.

IVeto: Amandla aLahlayo Achasene Nomthetho

Umongameli ufumana amandla. I-veto ilelona liso lingqalileyo kwiKhompathimente. Xa ireji idlula omabini amagumbi, umongameli angasayina umthetho, awushiye, okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiveki ezigqithiweyo). I-veto ingangachaphazeleka ngesibini-31, kodwa umvalo ophezulu wenza umongameli abe ngumthathi-nxaxheba onamandla kwinkqubo ye-Gagnomente. Iveto isetyenziswa ngokucwangcisa kakuhle: abanye oomongameli baye bayisebenzisa ngamakhulu maxesha (iFlin). Rooselt defat 635), ngoxa abanye beyisebenzisa ngokuyigcina.

Imiyalelo yegosa eliphetheyo nesenzo: Ukumisela uMgaqo-nkqubo ngaphandle komthetho

Umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yokukhulula , imiyalelo elawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Nangona engakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, isuka kumsebenzi womongameli "Ukujonga ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo." Imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi ye-okhentilifa njenge-EMantact Proclation (I-Lincoln), ukudibana kwamaMelika (Flin D. Rooselt), kunye nokuvalwa kohambo ngo-2017 (Trump). Noko ke, imiyalelo yabalawuli iphantsi kovavanyo lomthetho; inkundla inokubetha omnye ukuba igqitha igunya lomongameli okanye ulawulo olukhoyo.

Ukugwetywa Kwezogwebo: Ukuhlaziywa KweeNkundla

Umongameli ubeka ityala kubo bonke abagwebi besizwe , kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, abasebenza kwii-arhente zobomi bonke. Eli gunya livumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba aphembelele ijaji kamashumi eminyaka. Ilifa lomongameli lidla ngokudlula igama labo elidala. Umzekelo, uPresidenti Ronald Reagan ukumiswa kuka-Anton Scalia, okubumba i-justial justial edla ngokusetyenziswa yi-juriscopence phantse iminyaka engama-30. Ilungu leNtsimbizana lisebenza njengeli likagunya eligunya, kodwa umongameli useka unyusela uludwe lomthetho ngokukhetha ii-amfea.

Amandla ePardon Namandla ePardon

Inqaku II linika umongameli amandla okunika ii-Repriev kunye nokuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ngaphandle kwakwiimeko zokungathobeli. Eli gunya libanzi livumela umongameli ukuba axolele abantu abagwetywe ulwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo ezingekho mthethweni, okanye abaxolele. Amandla okuxolela athintelwe yiKhonkqele okanye ziinkundla, nangona enokuthi akhokelele kwimpikiswano yezopolitiko, njengoko kubonwa nguMongameli Gerald Ford's ukuxolela kukaRichard Nixon (1974) okanye umongameli uTrump ukuxolela kwamaqabane ezobupolitika.

ISebe eliPhezulu neMicimbi yaMazwe angaphandle

Njengomphathi-mikhosi, umongameli angathetha ngezivumelwano (eziya kuthotyelwa kwiintlanga ezimbini ezinesithathu), avume oorhulumente basemzini, aze enze izivumelwano zokulawula namanye amazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu. Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna ukuhlawuliswa kwendlu yecawa, izivumelwano zolawulo ziqhelekile, zivumela oomongameli ukuba bathabathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, iBhunga linokuzimisela izivumelwano ezinjalo ngomthetho okanye ngokubeka imali.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

  • Ukuhlanganisa iKhonkethi kwiSeshoni: Umongameli angahlanganisa igumbi elinye okanye zombini kwizihlandlo ezingaqhelekanga.
  • IiNgxelo zoMqondiso: Maxa wambi bakhupha iingxelo ezichaza indlela abachaza ngayo umthetho xa bewutyikitya, ezinokuthi ziphembelele indlela isebe eliphetheyo eliwunyanzelisa ngayo.
  • Indima yobuMongameli beVice: Isekela lomongameli, njengomongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, angavota amaqhina, anike umphathi onegunya indima elinganiselweyo kwimicimbi yemithetho.

Isebe Lezeejaji: Izantlukwano zomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku III limisa ijaji yephondo, ekhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, enamandla okuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ijaji yelona sebe libuthathaka kakhulu ngokokuba linyanzelisa izigqibo zayo (akulawulwa likrele okanye isipaji), kodwa lisebenzisa igunya elikhulu ngokuphinda-phinda [.

Impinda Yomgwebo: Amandla Okutshabalalisa Imithetho

Nangona ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa amandla okuhlola kwezomthetho [[FLT]] [FOLT]-Marbury v. Madison [183] [[FLT]]. ISikhulu seSigqeba uJohn Marshall sagqiba ukuba "ngephondo lesebe lezahlulelo ukuchaza oko umthetho. [195] Esi sibonelo senza ukuba iinkundla zivakalise izenzo zeBhunga okanye umongameli ortitualiga, ezizitshitshisayo. Imizekelo yelizwe iquka [[FLT:] vn. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [FLD:5] [19], eyathintela yoluvo oluqhelekileyo, [2] ne-NFT] [5]

Ukumiselwa Kobomi: Ukuzimela - geqe Kwingcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Abagwebi bamafakelane, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, basebenza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuyintloko ubomi. Oku kuphenjelelwa yingcinezelo yonyulo okanye yezobupolitika kujoliswe ukuba kuvunyelwe ukuba bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho nomGaqo-siseko, hayi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke okanye kwingcinezelo yegunya. Abalawuli bakugqala oku njengokuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane nokuxhasa umthetho. Noko ke, ubomi babo bonke bukwathetha ukuba abagwebi banokukhonza amashumi eminyaka, kwaye iminqweno yabo yezobupolitika ibumba umthetho waseMerika kude kusemva kokuba umongameli owabamisela ukuba baphume ezikhundleni.

Ukutolika Imithetho Nokufikelela Imida Yomthetho

Ijaji ayihlolisi nje kuphela imithetho engomgaqo-siseko kodwa ikwatolika intetho engokwasemthethweni. IBhunga linokusabela kwiinkcazelo zomthetho ngokugweba umthetho, kodwa oku kufuna ukuba kwenziwe imithetho. Iinkundla zikwanamandla okukhupha imiqathango, ukuthintela imiyalelo, nezinye iingcaciso ezinyanzela okanye ezithintela inyathelo likarhulumente. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziye zavala imiyalelo yezolawulo kwimimiselo yokufuduka neyobume bendalo, ifuna ukuba isebe eliphetheyo likhusele izenzo zalo enkundleni.

Imida Yamandla Eejaji

Ijudicary ayingapha kweminye imiqathango yamasebe. IBhunga liyakwazi ukubeka abagwebi phantsi kwemigaqo yeBhunga [[FLT: 0] kulawulo lweenkundla zesizwe (nangona zinayo imida ethile engokomGaqo-siseko), idala iinkundla ezisezantsi, kwaye igqibe ukuba zingaphi izigwebi ezihlala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Umongameli umisela abagwebi abaphantsi kweKhontekote, kwaye iBhunga lingasusa abagwebi besizwe ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Ngokubhekele phandle, isebe eliphetheyo limele ukunyanzelela imimiselo yenkundla; ukuba umongameli akavumi, umlawuli wejaji akanawo amapolisa asebenza ngokwalo, uxhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukuba aphumeze aphumele imiyalelo yalo.

Iindlela Zokukhangela Ijaji Ezongezelelekileyo

  • Isiqinisekiso okanye iNkxaso: Iinkundla azingenisi mbambano; kuphela zigqiba iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, zithintela ukuphazamisana ngaphambi kwexesha.
  • Isithethe sokugweba sokulandela umzekelo sinika uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili, kodwa iinkundla zingasaphula izigqibo zexesha elidlulileyo xa zigwetyelwe.
  • Ukufikelela okudityanisiweyo: INkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha kuphela malunga ne1% yamatyala abhenelweyo kuyo, ivumela ukuba ijolise ingqalelo kweyona mibuzo yesiseko ebalulekileyo.

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwamasebe: Inkqubo Ehambayo

Inkcubeko yohlolo nolungelelwano ayikuko ngokwahlula okumileyo kodwa kunxibelelwano olunamandla phakathi kwamasebe. Amandla esebe ngalinye avavanya elinye, ukanti inkqubo ifuna intsebenziswano kurhulumente ukuze asebenze.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, isebe lowiso-mthetho lingasusa umongameli namanye amagosa. Oku kuhlola kungaqhelekanga, kusetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko zokungalawuleki okunzima. Le nkqubo inyanzela ukuba kubekho ungquzulwano phakathi komongameli kunye neBhunga, ngokufuthi elilawula intetho yesidla ngokulawula intetho yasesidla ngokuvavanya imida yegunya lesebe ngalinye. Ukugwetywa koMongameli Trump kuzo zombini ezi zicatshulwayo kubalase umqobo ophezulu wokunyanzeliswa kwiBhunga, apho ukunyaniseka kweqela kudla ngokuyila iziphumo.

Ukusetyenziswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali noRhulumente

Ungqungquthela lulawula uqingqo-mali, kodwa umongameli ucebisa enye kwaye angawafaka amatyala. Xa amasebe amabini engakwazi ukuvumelana, urhulumente angavala (njengoko kwenzekayo ngo-19996, 2013, kunye no-2018-2018). Oku kuvala kubonisa indlela amasebe amele asebenzisane ngayo ngokupheleleyo `ukungavumelani nokonakalisa ilizwe liphela. Isisongelo sokuvala isebe ngalinye linika isixhathiso sokuvala ingxoxwa kwiingxoxo zokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukuzithethelela Amadabi Nentanda - bulumko Yezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yoqinisekiso yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iye yaba libala elikhulu lemfazwe ephakathi kweBhabhele ePhakamileyo, ingakumbi phezu kwenkundla ephakamileyo. Abameli bakhetha abalawuli abavumelana nentanda-bulumko yabo yokugweba (umz., ubuntsumane okanye ubugqeba obuphilayo bomGaqo-siseko), kwaye iNdlu yenze indlebe eziphezulu. Ukungavumi kuka 2016 kweBhunga yamaRiphabliki ukuba kugcinwe amatyala kaMerrick Garland, kulandelwa kukuqinisekiswa okukhawulezileyo kuka-Ammy Coney Barrett ngonyaka wowa 2020, igxininisa indlela le nkqubo eye yaba yiyo imfazwe yezobupolitika.

Amagunya emfazwe nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMgaqo-siseko unika iBhunga amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, kodwa umongameli, njengomphathi-ntloko, angathumela amajoni ngaphandle kwesibhengezo esisemthethweni. Amandla emfazwe Yesigqibo sika 1973 wazama ukuphinda agunyazise umbutho ngokufuna ukuba umongameli azise iBhunga kwisithuba seyure ezingama-48 zemikhosi eqhubayo kwaye arhoxe emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Noko ke, oomongameli bawo omabini amaqela baye baphikisana ngomgaqo-siseko walo mthetho, bedala uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe kwisenzo somkhosi.

Ucelomngeni Kwizenzo Zolawulo

Ijaji isoloko isebenza njengomququzeleli wokugqibela xa umongameli kunye neBhunga lingquzulana. Umzekelo, [ku- IMpatho yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya [2020], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavala ulawulo lukaTrump ukuzama ukuphelisa i-DACA, ilawula ukuba izenzo zomphathi omkhulu zizimele kwaye zijijeke. Imithetho enjalo inyanzelela isigqeba ukuba sithobele i-statory nemigangatho yomGaqo-siseko, iqinisekisa indima ye-jajidiary njenge-ovavanyo kulawulo.

Imeko Yembali: Umbono Wezakhelo Nendaleko Yazo

Abaphathi befreyimi bayila uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano emva kokufunda iiriphabliki zamandulo nezanamhlanje. Urhulumente weRiphabliki yamaRoma oxubeneyo (okanye owe-isente, kunye neendibano) kunye nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseBritane (ukumkani, iPalamente, kunye neenkundla) banika imizekelo, kodwa abasebenzi befreyimene babefuna ukuphepha ubuzwilakhe ababenabo phantsi kwe-King George III. KuFederalist No. 10, uMadison waphikisa ngelithi irepublic enkulu iza kulawula "igrac," ngexa eNo. 51, wabhala ukuba "imvume yokulwa kwetyala kufuneka yenziwe ukuze kupheliswe inkanuko."

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawuneenhlolo ezicacileyo: umongameli wayenokuwubeka umthetho, kodwa uMbutho wawunokuwulawula; iNdlu yeQelo iqinisekise ukumiswa kunye nezivumelwano; ijaji yaba kungabikho mandla okuzihlola de Marbury v. Madison. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo yavela ngokulandela idedeko, uqheliso, nokulungisa okusemthethweni. UMthetho we-12th Wesimende (1804) waphucula i-Elctoral Collegement; iSinyulo se-17 se-Mdagagamende-ya-yamende (1913) yenza abanyulwa ngqo, ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi; ukukhutshwa kwe-demokhrasi; ulwa kwe-20 kunye nezindululo-25 zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho othetha ngolandelelwano olulandelelwayo, kunye nolwe-mthetho.

Le nkqubo ijongene novavanyo olunzima: imfazwe yamakhaya, xa uMongameli uLincoln exhome i-habeas corpus; iXesha Elitsha loBudoda, xa uMongameli Roosevelt wasongela uku "pack" iNkundla ePhakamileyo emva kokuba ibethelele iinkqubo zakhe; kunye nengxaki yamanzi, xa uxinzelelo lwe-bipartisan lwanyanzeleka ukuba uMongameli Nixon arhoxe. Uvavanyo ngalunye luqinisekisa ukuqina kovavanyo nolungelelwaniso, nangona lungenayo impikiswano.

Izicelo Zale Mihla: Ukukhangela Nokulungelelana Kwenkulungwane Ye - 21

Namhlanje, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili.

Imiyalelo yegunya nemida yesenzo esingafikeleliyo

Abameli babo bobabini abasemagunyeni baye bandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli ekufezeni iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo xa iBhunga livalwa ngokungqongqo. UMongameli u-Oma wasebenzisa izenzo zolawulo kwimisebenzi yokufuduka (DACA) kunye nemimiselo yemeko-bume (isicwangciso sokuGcincizelela); uMongameli uTrump wakhupha imiyalelo ekuvalweni kohambo, ukufuduka, kunye namandla. Iinkundla ziye zavala okanye zabeka umda wemiyalelo emininzi yezi miyalelo, zibonakalisa uvavanyo lwekomiti. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yegunya lomthetho kululazo lweziphathi-ofisi zijongelathisa phantsi inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye banike amandla angakumbi kwilungu eliphetheyo.

Ukulawula Ingqungquthela Ngexesha Lokwahlukana

Uphando lwekomiti luye lwahlula kakhulu, lusoloko lwahlula-hlula imigca yeqela. IKomiti yokuKhetha yeNdlu yeHouse (2021-2022) yayilwa kakhulu yiDemocrats emva kokuba iiRiphabliki zingavumi ukuba nenxaxheba, iphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokufaneleka kophando lwabanqolobi. Kodwa ibone ubungqina obubalulekileyo kwaye incomela ukuba abagqeba-mthetho bayakwazi ukusebenza nakwelinye icala.

ICandelo leNtlanganiso kunye noMgaqo-siseko

Inkqubo yeNdlu yeQela ivumela impikiswano engenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 ee-senanta avotela ukuyivala, iye yaba ngumqobo omkhulu kumthetho. Nangona ingekho kumGaqo-siseko, ngumthetho weNtlanganiso ofuna ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho emikhulu. Oku kunika iqela elincinane uhlolo olunamandla kuninzi, kodwa kwakhona kukhokelela kwiqhina elinqamlezayo nonxunguphalo. Abanye baphikisa ukuba i-Picierbuster isetyenziswe ukunqanda umthetho wamalungelo abantu nezinye iinguqu, ngoxa abanye beyikhusela njengekhuselo kwisenzo sobugxangxa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, ukhuthuzo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Ulwando lwamandla alawulayo kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nokuhlola kuye kwavusa iingxoxo malunga nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Umthetho we-USA PATRIOT (2001) kunye nemithetho eyalandelayo yandisa amandla olawulo lukarhulumente, inyusa inkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko malunga noMphetho-siseko wesine. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yangenelela kwezinye iimeko, njengo [ Rileyv. [FLT] California] [2010] [iiiindawo yogcino-lwazi]. I-Bhunga eliye layidlulisa imithetho efana nomthetho we-USAUS Freedom (2015) ukuya kuququququzelo lwe-wando. Ngoko ke, abagxekiwo bagcina i-Genelviergionts [ignol [[FT:3]] (20).8]

Intetho yolawulo oluphezulu lwecandelo

Abanye oorhulumente baqhubele phambili "ingcamango yesigqeba esiphezulu solawulo oluphezulu," bephikisa ngelithi umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo kwaye iNgqungquthela ayinako ukuyila amaqumrhu azimeleyo okanye imisele amandla okususwa komongameli. Le ngcamango ivavanya uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso lwesithethe. INkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange yamkele ngokupheleleyo, kodwa izigqibo zakutshanje kwinkululeko yombutho (umz., ISALA Mthetho v. CFB, 2020]) iye yabuyisela amandla athile kwisigqeba esiphezulu. Izigqibo ezitheth'ukuhlahlela kuwelo lwamandla.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okunyamezeleyo Kweepeksi Nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwano lomGaqo-siseko ayiyomatshini ogqibeleleyo, kwaye iyinkqubo ephilayo exhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwesebe ngalinye ukuqinisa unelungelo lalo nokuhlonela imida yamandla alo. Ukusuka kumandla okungagqibeleli ukuqwalasela, ukusuka kwiveto ukuya kuqinisekiso lweBhunga, ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokulawula elinye. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba amandla kufuneka akhangelwe ngamandla, kwaye ukusinda kwedemokhrasi kufuna ukuqapha okungapheliyo.

Kwixesha lokwenziwa kwezobupolitika ezinzulu kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwezobugcisa, inkqubo ijongene noxinezeleko olutsha. Kodwa imbali ibonisa ukuba xa elinye isebe liphamba, elinye liyarhoxa. Nokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo elawulayo, iBhunga ligatya umthetho, okanye umongameli egatya umthetho, iingqikelelo kunye nomlinganiselo obhalwe kumGaqo-siseko ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo ziyaqhubeka zibumba imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla karhulumente waseMelika.