Ukwazisa: Imiyalelo yegunya njengesixhobo samandla oMongameli

Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli wase-United States ukuba alathise imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba iNgqungquthela idlulisele umthetho. Ukusuka kumyalelo wesebe eliphetheyo we-1789 kwingxelo yeli sebe lesebe lesebe ukuya kwimiyalelo yale mihla yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke, le miyalelo iye yaguqula inkqubo yamaMerika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabani na olandela iziganeko zangoku, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela igunya lolawulo lomongameli elisebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yee-CS.

Ulawulo lwakutshanje lukhuphe amakhulu emiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu kwimixholo esukela kwinkululeko yezoqoqosho ukuya kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ibangela impikiswano malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo besenzo somongameli omnye. Eli nqaku linikela ingcaciso ebanzi, esekelwe kwinyaniso yemiyalelo yabalawuli: isiseko sabo esisemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kwembali, amanyathelo okulawula, imiqathango, kunye nendima kulawulo lwangoku.

Luyintoni Ulungelelwano Olulawulayo?

Umyalelo olawulayo ngumyalelo owiswe nguMongameli wokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente. Ngeli xesha ungadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo ithwala impembelelo yomthetho wabameli besebe abalawulayo. Ipapashwa kwi Féderal Register[[[FL:1]] kwaye iba nempumelelo ngoko nangoko xa ityikitya, ngaphandle kokuba ichaze umhla wamva.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yahlukile kumboniso womongameli Aranda nakuzibhengezo ngeendlela ezininzi. I-metranda ayisetyenziswanga kakuhle kwaye idla ngokuthetha ngemicimbi yangaphakathi yolawulo; izibhengezo ziqhelekile ngokwesithethe (umz., ukuvakalisa usuku lokukhumbula lwesizwe) kodwa inokuba nesiphumo esisemthethweni xa ibandakanya urhwebo okanye amazwe kawonke-wonke. Imiyalelo ephetheyo ibalwa ngokwezentengiso kwaye ilelona fomu libonakalayo lomongameli ongenalo ixesha.

Igunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo lifumaneka kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko nakwimimiselo edluliselwe yiBhunga. Umzekelo, indima kaMongameli njengoMphathi kwiNtloko ivumela imiyalelo enxulumene nomkhosi, ngelixa “Yinyamekele u-Claus” (Article II, Icandelo 3) lifuna uMongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokuthembeka – ibinzana abathi oomongameli balitolike ngokunzulu.

[[UMQONDISO:0] Ugcino-lwazi lwesiZwe lugcina ingqokelela epheleleyo yemiyalelo yegunya ukusuka ku-1789 ukuya ku-, inika abaphandi icebo elixabisekileyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko solungelelwano olunolawulo oluphezulu

UmGaqo-siseko awusebenzisi ibinzana elithi “umyalelo wokubulala.” Endaweni yoko, amandla okukhupha ulwalathiso olunjalo athathwa kumalungiselelo amabini angundoqo:

Inqaku II, Icandelo 1: Icandelo elichaza uClaus

“ IGunya eliPhezulu liya kunikwa uMongameli waseMelika." Eli binzana limisa uMongameli njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo lize linike igunya elibanzi lokulawula imisebenzi yalo. Kususela kwesi siseko, oomongameli baye baqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika imiyalelo enyanzelisayo kubaqeshwa nakumaqumrhu orhulumente.

Inqaku II, Icandelo 3: ICandelo lokuCazulula

“ Makakukhathalele ukuphunyezwa koMthetho ngokuthembekileyo.” Lo msebenzi ufuna ukuba uMongameli aqinisekise ukuba imimiselo yequmrhu iphunyezwa ngokufezekileyo. Imiyalelo yegunya liyinkqubo ephambili yokwalathisa indlela abameli abaqhuba ngayo loo mithetho. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho womgaqo wemeko-bume, uMongameli anganika umyalelo wegunya ofundisa i-Entevironmental Protecmental ukutolika umthetho ngendlela ethile, okanye ukubeka umthetho ofanelekileyo kwimimandla ethile.

Ukucaciswa Ngokwembali Nangokweejaji

Umlinganiselo wegunya lolawulo oluphezulu ulongiwe zisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kwi-re Neagle (1890), iNkundla yaqonda ukuba uMongameli “ayinawo amandla abekwenga emGaqo-siseko kodwa aboniswa ngokobume be-ofisi." Kamva, [ku] ulutsha olusemgangathweni i-ibhate & Tube Co. v.Sawyer [1952], iNkubone ukuba amandla: umlawuli uTruman ulawulo lwentsimbi oluphetheyo ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea alwa phantsi kuba uBhunganiswe ngenxa yokuba urhulumente engazange agunyaziswe. Umthetho kaRobert Jackson's Jackson wadala inxenye emithathu edumileyo yokulawula iproni esetyenziswa nanamhlanje ukuba ngaba ngaba ngabalawuli begunyaziwe.

Ukuze ufumane umbhalo opheleleyo wamanqaku afanelekileyo omGaqo-siseko, bona Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute .

Iintlobo zomyalelo wegunya

Azifani zonke imiyalelo yabalawuli, zinokukhethwa zibe ziindidi ezisekelwe kwinjongo, kubaphulaphuli nakwimiphumo engokwasemthethweni.

Izaziso zoMongameli

Izibhengezo zidla ngokusebenza umsebenzi wesithethe okanye womfuziselo – njengokubhengeza imbali yaMantokazi esizwe iMonth – kodwa zingathwala ubunzima obusemthethweni xa zisetyenziselwa ukunyanzela amatyala, ukuvakalisa iingozi zesizwe, okanye ukutyumba amazwe kawonke-wonke phantsi koMthetho weAntiquities Act. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama wasebenzisa izibhengezo zokwandisa amatye esizwe amaninzi, kwaye uMongameli uDonald Trump wawasebenzisa ukunyanzela amaxwebhu angaphandle entsimbi nealuminum.

Imiyalelo yolawulo

Le miyalelo ilawula imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo imihla ngemihla. Bangaphinda bacwangcise amasebe, bamisele imithetho yokuqesha, okanye bamisele imigaqo yemilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yemigaqo-nkqubo yabasebenzi bephondo. Imiyalelo yolawulo ayibonakali kuluntu kodwa inempembelelo engqalileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente.

Imiyalelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe

Abameli basebenzisa imiyalelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba nguMongameli weSizwe woKhuseleko iMellenda or NSPM) ukukhokela inkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi. Ngenxa yokuba ibandakanya ulwahlulo-lwazi, ezininzi zihlala ziyimfihlo okanye zikhululwa ngendlela etshayelelweyo. Le miyalelo ivumela uMongameli ukuba enze izinto ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezinzima ngaphandle kokulinda ingxoxo yemithetho.

Imiyalelo yolawulo

Le miyalelo iyalela abameli ukuba banikezele, baguqule, okanye bahluze imimiselo. Umzekelo, umyalelo olawulayo ofuna ukuba amaqumrhu agunyazise imimiselo emibini ekhoyo kwimiqathango yonke emitsha ekhutshwe (“umthetho omnye, emibini ephumayo” ngumthetho olawulayo. Babumba umgaqo wolawulo olusemthethweni kwiinkampani eziqengqelekayo njengamandla, unyango, kunye nemali.

Imbali: Umthetho Owatshintsha IMerika

Imiyalelo elawulayo iye yasetyenziswa ngumongameli ngamnye, kodwa imiyalelo ethile ibalasele kwimpembelelo yayo ehlala ihleli kwibutho labantu baseMerika nakurhulumente.

Izinto Zangaphambili

UGeorge Washington wakhupha umyalelo wokuqala olawulayo ngo1789, eyalela iintloko zesebe ukuba zinike ingxelo ngemisebenzi yazo. UThomas Jefferson wayalela iLouisiana Purchase ukuba ihlolwe – icwangcise ngokunempumelelo iqonga lohambo lwamaLewis no-Clark. UAbraham Lincoln wakhupha iEmancipeation Proclation (1863) njengomyalelo ophezulu, ukukhulula amakhoboka kumaphondo akwiziko-Confederate-oths nokubuyisela injongo yemfazwe yamakhaya.

Iimpawu Zenkulungwane Yama - 20

  • I-Exective Order 906 (1942): Franklin D. Roosevelt yagunyazisa ukufuduka nokusetyenziswa ngokunyanzelekileyo kwamaJaphani angaphezulu kwe10 000 amaMelika ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, urhulumente wavuma esi senzo njengokungabikho kokusesikweni kwangcwaba wakhupha iingxelo.
  • I-Exective Order 9981 (11948): Harry Truman desegregive imikhosi exhobileyo yase-U.S., inyathelo elibalulekileyo kumalungelo abantu.
  • I-Exective Order 11246 (1965):[[FLT] Lyndon B. Johnson wamisa iimfuno zokuvuma izenzo zokwakha-maqumrhu – inkqubo eqhubekayo ephikisanayo namhlanje.
  • I-Exective Order 13233 (2001): George W. Bush unikezelo oluthintelweyo kwiirekhodi zomongameli, ibangela ingxoxo ngelungelo legunya eliphezulu nokubonakala kwelinye icala.

Imizekelo Yakutshanje Yembali

  • I-Exective Order 13769 (2017): Donald Trump's “Truvel Ban” ayivalelwanga ukungena kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi azimeleyo. Emva kocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni, inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo yaxhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • I-Exective Order 13985 (2021): ' umyalelo kaJoe Biden wokuhambisela phambili i-octives zobuhlanga eziyalelwe amaqumrhu ajongelwe ulawulo lwesizwe ukuvavanya nokunika ingcebiso kwiinkqubo neenkqubo zabo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela imiyalelo yabalawuli enokuthi iqhube ngayo utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kodwa ikwabangela ukuphithana komthetho nokwezobupolitika. Uluhlu lwembali oluneenkcukacha lukhona ukusuka ku [[FLT: 0] ulawulo lwerejista yencwadi yesebe eliphetheyo ye-[[Fomatili:1].

Inkqubo yokukhupha ulungelelwano olunolawulo oluphezulu

Ngeli xesha uMongameli enobulumko obuphangaleleyo, ukukhupha umyalelo olawulayo ngokuqhelekileyo ulandela inkqubo eyakhiwe ukuqinisekisa umanyano olusemthethweni nolwenziwa.

Uyilo

Lo mthetho udla ngokubhaliswa ngabasebenzi abakwindawo emhlophe, ngokufuthi ukhokelwa yiSiluleko kuMongameli okanye kwiBhunga loMgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya. Idrafti iquka isandulela sokucaphula umGaqo-siseko okanye igunya lomthetho, lilandelwe ngemiyalelo ethile. Iinkqubo ezinokuchaphazeleka zisenokudityaniswa ngeli xesha.

Impinda esemthethweni neyomgaqo-nkqubo

I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) kunye neSebe leSigqibo zihlola ukwenziwa kwefomu yokuvisisana nomthetho okhoyo, imiqathango yoqingqo-mali, kunye nokusebenzisana kocwangco. Eli nyathelo linceda ekuthinteleni imiyalelo ecacileyo engahambelaniyo nemithetho-siseko okanye engqubanayo nezenzo zombutho. Imiyalelo yeNkqutyana ingahlolisiswa ngakumbi yi-ofisi ye-White House Acence.

Ukusayina nokupapashwa

Xa igqitywe, uMongameli ubonisa umyalelo kumsebenzi osesikweni (ngokufuthi unyuswe nge-telect) okanye ngasese. Umyalelo otyikityweyo udluliselwa kwi-Ofisi yeRegister kaFederal, eyabela inani kwaye ipapashe kwirejijistal [FLT]] kwaye kwiwebhsayithi yendlu emhlophe. Uthengiso lumisa umbhalo osemthethweni kwaye lwenza ubophelele ngokusemthethweni kumasebe aphetheyo.

Ukuphumeza kunye noHlomelo

Emva kokupapashwa, amaqumrhu kufuneka asebenzise imiyalelo. Ii-ofisi zeHome ezimhlophe zingalandela iingxelo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, inkqubela, kunye neengxelo zokusebenza. Ezinye imiyalelo ziquka amabinzana okutshona kwelanga aphela emva kwexesha elithile ngaphandle kokuba aphinde ahlaziywe.

Imiqathango nokujongwa kwimiyalelo yesigqeba

Phezu kwawo nje amandla awo, imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo ayiphelelanga. Inkqubo yeUnited States inikela iinkqubo eziliqela zokuhlola ukuphangwa komongameli.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zingawisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo echasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye egqitha igunya lomthetho. Ityala lesaziso Abaselula Ikhasi leTshafu le Tube Co. v. Sayer (1952) iqiniselwe ukuba uMongameli akanakwenza ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwemithetho-siseko okanye lwengqungquthela. Kutshanje, iinkundla zivimbele amacandelo omsebenzi wokuhamba (phambi kweNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumela uguqulelo oluhlaziyiweyo) kwaye zimise imiyalelo enokuthi inqandwe yimali kwi“ izixeko ezincinane ezincinane. Ukuhlola okulawulayo kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umyalelo wesigqesho ochaphazelwe yinkundla, amatyala, amatyala, okanye amalungu eBhunga-Bhunga.

Isenzo Sengqungquthela

IBhunga lingawugqitha umyalelo wegunya ngokuwubeka umthetho ophikisana nawo. Ngenxa yokuba imiyalelo yabalawuli ifumana igunya kwimimiselo okanye kumGaqo-siseko, umthetho omtsha ungayicima ngokunempumelelo imiyalelo – ngokunika uMongameli imiqondiso yayo okanye iBhunga liyishenxise i-veto. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, ngoko ke linokuyeka ukuxhasa imali efunekayo ukuze kuzalisekiswe umyalelo. Umzekelo, emva kokuba uMongameli Obama ekhuphe izenzo zegunya eliphezulu ekufudukeni, iBhunga lisebenzisa abaphathi bekhompyutha ukuvala amalungiselelo athile.

Iimbono Zasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ebonakala ingathandwa ingenza ungquzulwano lukawonke-wonke, ukugxekwa kwe-adio, kunye nokuququzelelwa kwezobupolitika. Abameli abaxhomekeke ngamandla kwinyathelo elingathathi-nxaxheba bangajamelana nokukhukuliseka kwenkxaso kawonke-wonke, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amandla abo okucebisana neKhonkxa kunye nempembelelo kunyulo lwexesha elizayo. Amaqela anomdla kunye nemibutho yezoburhulumente isoloko iqalisa iphulo lokuchasa okanye ukukhusela imiyalelo ethile, ibumba imekobume yezobupolitika ebanzi.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwabalandeli

Mhlawumbi uvavanyo olulula: umongameli olandelayo angaphinda okanye alungise nawuphi na umyalelo womphathi ophezulu ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yomthetho. Kungenxa yoko le nto imiyalelo yegunya isoloko ichazwa njenge “sibetho sepeni” – ipheliswa lula ngumphathi olandelayo. UMongameli Trump uguqula uninzi lwemiyalelo ye-Obama-era; uMongameli Biden waguqula ezininzi ze Trump. Lo mjikelo ubalaselisa ubunjani bokwexeshana bomntu ongomongameli omnye.

Imikhwa Yakutshanje Nobuqhetseba

Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kuye kwanda kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, okubonisa ixesha lokukhutshwa kwezaphuli-mthetho ezisusiweyo kunye nokubekwa kwemithetho. Abameli abasuka kuwo omabini amaqela baye babhenela kwinyathelo elingajongwanga mda ekuqhubeleni phambili iinjongo ngokomthetho xa iBhunga lingakwazi okanye lingazimisele ukuthatha amanyathelo.

Iimpendulo ze-COVID-19

UMongameli uTrump wakhupha imiyalelo emininzi yegunya eliphakamileyo ngowama-2020 ukuphendula ukuwa kwezoqoqosho kwesifo esigqugqisileyo, kuquka irhafu yerhafu yexeshana kunye nomyalelo owandisiwe onyusela iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa. UMongameli Biden walandelwa ngemiyalelo yokulungisa iimfuno zemaski kwimpahla karhulumente, ukuseka ubuchule besizwe bokusasaza isitofu, kunye nokufuna ukuba iintlabamfa zikarhulumente zigunyazise ukugonya iintlawulo (emva ezavalwa ziinkundla). Le miyalelo ibonisa indlela oomongameli abanokusebenza ngayo ngokukhawuleza kwingxaki kodwa kwakhona bajongenemiqathangokwasemthethweni.

Inkqubo Yemozulu Nendawo Esingqongileyo

Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukumisela umgaqo wokusingqongileyo ngaphandle kokulinda imithetho emitsha. Isicwangciso soMongameli u-Obama Esicocekileyo soLawulo oluGcinkileyo saxhaswa sisenzo esilawulayo; uMongameli Trump wasiguqula waza wandisa inkqubela-phambili yefosili yempangelo; uMongameli Biden waphinda wadibana nesivumelwano se-Paris kwaye wayalela ukuhlolisiswa kwemiqathango yemekobume. Le ndlela yokuzilungisa ibonisela ukuba imigaqo yegunya elilawulayo iinguquko yezobupolitika.

Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda

Ukufuduka kusoloko kungumbandela wemiyalelo yabalawuli kuba iBhunga aliphumelelanga ukuvelisa utshintsho olubanzi kangangamashumi eminyaka. Oomongameli oo-Oma, abaTrump, kunye noBiden ngamnye wasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukumisela izinto eziza kuqala, ukwandisa okanye ukumisela iinkqubo zenyathelo ezibekiweyo (DACA ne-DAPA), kwaye ubuyisela izinto kukhuseleko lomda. Imingeni engokwasemthethweni iye yaqhubeka ivavanya imida yegunya lomongameli kulo mmandla.

Ulawulo olufuna

Ukuxhomekeka okungakumbi kwimiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho. Abahlalutyi bathi oomongameli bayayityeshela indima yabo engokomGaqo-siseko kwaye badele inkcaso yedemokhrasi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba imiyalelo yegunya linegunya yindlela esemthethweni yokulawula urhulumente wesizwe nokuphendula kwiingxaki ezingxamisekileyo xa iBhunga lifa. Ingxoxo ayinakuconjululwa, kodwa ukuqonda imigaqo kunye nemiqathango yegunya kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kubomi be-fantlukwano.

Isiphumo: Imiyalelo yegunya kwiNkqubo elungeleleneyo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo sisixhobo esinamandla nesithambileyo esivumela uMongameli ukuba alathise urhulumente wesizwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ziye zasetyenziswa ukuhambisela phambili amalungelo asekuhlaleni, ukusabela kwiimeko ezimaxongo zesizwe, nokuzalisekisa iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda imvume yolawulo. Kodwa zikwaza nezithintelo ezakhelweyo – uhlolo lwezomthetho, ukujongana nengqungquthela, uluvo lukawonke wonke, kunye nomngcipheko wokubuyisela umva - nabani na umongameli ekulawuleni ngomthetho.

Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, uphando lwemiyalelo yabalawuli babonisa indlela enamandla yolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ibonisa indlela amandla afanayo anokusetyenziswa ngayo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumntu ohlala kwi-Oval Ofesi, kwaye ibalaselisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kokhokelo olunamandla kunye nomgaqo wokwahlula amagunya. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo embali neyakutshanje, sifumana uxabiso olunzulu ngee-checks kunye nolungelelwaniso oluchaza i-U.S.demokhrasity.

Ukuqwalasela ngokubhekele phaya, [[FLT: 0] Imiyalelo yendlu emhlophe ephetheyo iphepha ikhupha umbhalo wayo yonke imiyalelo yangoku, ngelixa ugcino-lwazi lohlanga [ lunika isiseko esinokuphengululwa esibuya emva ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.