Isebe lowiso-mthetho lilelinye lamasebe amathathu alinganayo karhulumente eUnited States, ecaleni kwamasebe alawulayo kunye namasebe eejaji. Umsebenzi walo ophambili kukwenza imithetho, kodwa impembelelo yalo inzulu kakhulu kwilaphu lolawulo. Eli sebe, elaziwa ngokuba yiBhunga, lilizwi labantu, umgcini-sigxina wesikhwaba semali, kwaye ujongo oluphambili kumandla omongameli kunye nawokugweba. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi-mthetho ngokufanayo, ukuqonda isebe lowiso-mthetho kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi, indlela emile ngayo, indlela abami abanokuyilawula ngayo, nendlela abanokuthatha inxaxheba ngayo kwimithetho yabo. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okubanzi kwisakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye neenkqubo zesebe, kuquka neengcambutho zalo zembali, nemiciso yale mihla, kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa okokubamba.

Imboniselo yesebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente wesizwe lichazwe kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ngokungafaniyo neendlu zowiso-mthetho ezingowe-nadamaral ezifunyanwa kwamanye amazwe, iBhunga lase-U.S. liyi-bimeral — lahlulwe libe ngamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yooSekela-melo kunye neNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Eli lungiselelo libini lalikukulalanisa ngamabom phakathi kwamaphondo amakhulu namancinane ngexesha leMgaqo-siseko we-Phondo we-1787. Indlu yenzelwe ukumela abantu ngokuthe ngqo, nezihlalo ezabelwe ngabantu, ngoxa iBhunga lakhiwe ngokulinganayo, kunye nee-i-senteneries ezimbini ngeli nganye. Eli lungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuba likhulu ukulala, liqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abamele uluntu nomgangatho womthetho abalungeleneyo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli ngoku inamalungu asebenza ngegama lovota elingu 435, ngalinye elisebenza iminyaka emibini. Inani labameli kurhulumente ngamnye likhutshwa rhoqo kwiminyaka elishumi esekelwe kubalo-manani, liqinisekisa ukuba ilungu ngalinye limele phantse inani elinye loothunywashe — malunga nama-760 000 kwisithili ngasinye. Indlu ithathwa njengegumbi elifuna ukuvukelwa ngakumbi kuba onke amalungu ajongene nonyulo qho kwiminyaka emibini, enyanzelisa ukuba ahlale ngokusondeleyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Indlu ikwanawo onke amandla akhethekileyo: iphuma kuzo zonke iindleko zemali (irhafuthelo nokusetyenziswa) kwaye ibamba amandla okungaphindisela amagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka nomongameli.

Ukhokelo kwiNdlu lulawulwa nguSomlomo weNdlu, onyulwa liqela elininzi. USithethi sisibini kumgca womongameli (emva koMongameli onguMongameli) kwaye ulawula ucwangciso lwegumbi, iingxoxo, iintlanganiso, kunye nokumisela izihlalo zekomiti. Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo emisela ixesha lokuxoxa, eyenza iphumelele ngakumbi kodwa ingabi naluvo oluninzi kunendlu yendlu. Iikomiti zingamagumbi e-injini endlu; kukho malunga nama-20 eekomiti azimeleyo ahlola izijungqeko, abambe izihla zekomiti, agcina umthetho phambi kokuba ifikelele kumgangatho.

IBhunga

ICathenal inamalungu ali-100, amabini avela kwilizwe ngalinye, asebenza ngokutyibilikayo iminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo sikhusela abalawuli kwingcinezelo kawonke-wonke ekhawulezileyo, sibavumela ukuba bajonge ixesha elide kwimicimbi yesizwe. Umongameli onguMongameli ophethe iUnited States usebenza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeNtlanga, kodwa kuphela uvotelwa ukwaphula iqhina. Ngokwesiko, iBhunga likhokelwa yiNkokeli yeMajoni, emisela ikhalenda kunye neendleko zemali. Inkokeli yeMinone ilawula icebo leNtloko echasa.

IBhunga leNtlanga yamagunya amaninzi azimeleyo: liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (oonobhala beCabinet, abagwebi borhulumente, abameli) ngovoti abaninzi, kwaye livumela izivumelwano ezidibeneyo ngabaninzi ababini-sithathu. IBhunga likwasebenza njengejaji ekuvavanyeni kwetyala, lifuna iivoti ezimbini-3 ukuze livalelwe ityala kwaye lishenxise igosa. Imithetho yalo yahlukile kakhulu kwiNdlundlo-o — iBhunga livumela impikiswano engenasiphelo, isithethe esivumela i-Prienbuster, iqhinga apho i-senator (okanye iqela) ithetha ubude bexesha lokuvota okanye ukuvala. Ukuphelisa i-Priebuster, i-State kufuneka ithethe i-Roceriver, nto leyo efuna ukuba kubekho ukuvota okukhulu koontiweyo okuninzi.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeSebe loMgaqo-siseko

Ngoxa ukwenza umthetho kungumsebenzi obonakalayo, iNgqungquthela yenza ezinye iindima ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezigcina urhulumente enetyala yaye esabela.

Ukwenza imithetho

Ukwenza umthetho luhambo olunzima oluqala ngengcinga luze luphele ngotyikityo lukamongameli (okanye iveto erhwaphilizileyo). Le nkqubo icotha ngabom kwaye yenzelwe ukwakha izivumelwano. Nawa amanyathelo abalulekileyo:

  • Ukunikezela noTshintsho: Umthetho ungabhaliswa ngumntu wonke — ilungu leBhunga, umgcini-khaya, umxhasi, okanye kwanammi wabucala — kodwa lilungu kuphela elinokuwuchaza ngokusesikweni. Imali inikwe inani (umz., H.R. 1 okanye S. 1) kwaye ibhekise kwikomiti.
  • Isenzo se-committee: Le yindawo apho kuninzi lomsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wenzeka khona. Iikomiti zibamba ukuva, ziqokelela ubungqina obuyingcaciso, zize ziphawule ityala (zenza iinguqu). Ikomiti ingachaza ityala ngokufanelekileyo, kunye ne-mente yolwaluko, okanye itafile (liphelise). Ikomiti enamandla njenge Komiti yeNdlela yendlu kunye neMathetho (ulawulo) kunye neKomiti yeCandelo (iiiindawo zolawulo) yomthetho wobume obubalulekileyo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Isenzo sobunjani: Ukuba isibhengezo siyenza ingabikho kwikomiti, siya kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Endlini, iKomiti yeMimiselo ibeka iindidi zengxoxo — ukuba ingxubusho ihlala ixesha elingakanani nokuba iinguqu zinokunikelwa kusini na. KwiBhunga, ingxoxo idla ngokuba engenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ihlwili iyacelwa.
  • IVote: Emva kwengxoxo, amavoti egumbi. Uninzi olulula luyafuneka ukuze ludlule kwiimeko ezininzi. Uvote ingaba yivoti yelizwi, icandelo (ukuma) okanye umqulu obhaliweyo. Indlu isebenzisa uvotelo lweziteknoloji; iCandelo lixhomekeke kwilizwi okanye kwimfonomfono eqengqelayo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] ICandelo elidityanisiweyo neNgqungquthela: Lo mqukumbelo uhamba uye kwelinye igumbi, apho inkqubo iphinda iphinda khona. Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombini izindlu isebenza ulalaniso. Ingxelo yenkomfa ephumezekayo mayivunywe ngamagumbi omabini akwimo efanayo.
  • Inyathelo lokugqibela: Isivumelwano sokugqibela siya kumongameli, oneentsuku ezilishumi zokusayina umthetho, iveto, okanye ingabi nalutyikityo (imposiso iveto ukuba iKhompathimente i-ssmilines). IBhunga lingawudlulisa umqokozo ngemiba emibini kwisithathu somni kwigumbi ngalinye.

Imali eninzi ehlawulwayo ayize idlule kwikomiti. Ngokomzekelo, ngokwethala leencwadi leKhomishoni, malunga ne4% yamatyala aqalisweyo iba ngumthetho kwiBhunga eliqhelekileyo.

Ulawulo

IBhunga linomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko wokujonga isebe elilawulayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngendlela efunwa ngayo. Ukulawula kwenziwa ngokuchotshelwa, ngokuphanda, nangogunya lokufumana amaxwebhu namangqina. Izixhobo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • IiKomiti zokuvakala eziququzelela: zimema iintloko zeziko kunye namanye amagosa ukuze anikele ubungqina. Umzekelo, iKomiti yeHouse Oversity iphanda rhoqo inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza kwinkqubo zorhulumente.
  • I-ofisi yobutyala kaRhulumente (GAO): ibizwa rhoqo ngokuba yi"i-"component deadog," uphicotho-zincwadi lwemali karhulumente, ivavanya ubuchule benkqubo, kunye neengxelo ezazisa abenzi bemithetho.
  • I-Ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo (CBO): i-CBO inika uhlolo olungeyoparatistani lweziphumo zoqingqo-mali zomthetho ocetyiweyo, ukunceda iKhomishini yenze izigqibo zemali ezithelekelelwayo.
  • Isiqinisekiso neSiluleko: Amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuchasa ii-presidentias kukukhangela ngqo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Oku kusebenza kumandla ohlolo olukhankanywe ngaphambili.

Ukulawula kuqinisekisa ukuba uyabona ukuba uyaba mhlophe kwaye uya kuphendula. Ngaphandle koko, umphathi ophetheyo ebenokusebenza engakhange aqwalaselwe.

Umelo

Ilungu ngalinye leKhongophela linyulwa ukuba limele indawo ethile — isithili okanye lonke elo zwe. Ukumela kubandakanya imisebenzi esesikweni (ukuhlawula amatyala) kunye neenkonzo ezingacwangciswanga (inkonzo). Amalungu agcina iiofisi zasekuhlaleni ukunceda abantu abanamaqumrhu karhulumente, uKhuseleko loluntu, iingenelo zamavavandla, kunye nemicimbi yokufuduka. Asebenzisa umsebenzi wecangciso ukunceda abo bajongene neengxaki zobugcisa. Iiholo zedolophu, amaphetshana, kunye noondaba-ndaba-ndaba bagcina anxibelelana umthetho kwisithini yabo. Le mithetho inika iziqinisekiso inkxaso ehlalo-yo iqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka — ukusuka kwimisebenzi yezemfezeko yoncedo lwesizwe.

Inkqubo Yomthetho Kubunzulu

Ngelixesha isishwankathelo esingentla sigqumathelisa ububanzi bobebetho, iinguqu ezininzi zifanele ukuqwalaselwa. Umzekelo, i-finbuster kwindlu yemibutho yendlu yemikhosi iguqukele kwisixhobo esinamandla esinokufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuqhubela phambili umthetho omkhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwe ukuququzelela inkqubo yoqingqo-mali — inkqubo evumela ukudlula kwetyala elithile ngenkomfa elula — iye yazininzi kakhulu iqhele kakhulu inyathelo lokuthabatha irhafu okanye iinguqu zempilo. Ngaphezulu, [[FLT]] RGUP [[FLT]] kwiKomiti yendlu [FLT:]] iyakwazi ukucwangcisa, ingxoxo yomgangatho encinci yokhetho. Ezi zinto zinokugqiba ngobungakanani bomthetho okanye ukugqiba kobomi.

Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo yindima ye yekomiti kunye neekomiti ezincinci zolawulo . Kukho amakhulu eekomiti ezincinci ezibopheleleka ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nezolimo, imicimbi yamanye amazwe, imfundo, kunye nezothutho. Olu lwahlulo lomsebenzi luvumela amalungu ukuba akhulele ubuchule obunzulu. Umzekelo, iKomiti yendlu yezonyango ejongene nezorhwebo, inkqubo yemekobume, kunye ne-tetransformation Committee ihlalutya izivumelwano kunye nezigqibo zolawulo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana eyenzelwe ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. UmGaqo-siseko unika isebe ngalinye izixhobo zokumisela ezinye:

  • Igunya le-Veto kwaye engasebenzisi: Umongameli angarhoxa umlomo, kodwa iKhomishini ingaqhuba ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umphathi ophetheyo akanakuwuvala umthetho oqhelekileyo.
  • Indlu ingalikhupha igosa lesizwe eliquka umongameli, kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu iqulezelela. Oomongameli ababini baye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu kodwa bakhululwa yiBhunga (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton). URichard Nixon warhoxa phambi kokuba iziphumo zemali zigqitywe.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: Ukutyunjwa koMongameli kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, iinkundla zephondo, ikhathemin, kunye namasebe azimeleyo afuna imvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kunika impembelelo kurhulumente wonke.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Ratiation: Umongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano, kodwa iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ivume ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Oku kwavumela iBhunga ukuba livale isivumelwano saseVersailles emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, umzekelo.
  • Amandla e-Bridget:[ Zonke iindleko zokuchitha mali kufuneka zivele kwiNdlu, kwaye iBhunga lilawula isipakethe semali karhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo alinakuyisebenzisa ngaphandle koqulunqwa. Oku kuvavanya ngamandla izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Impinda yeJodicial:[ INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo, kodwa iBhunga lingaphendula ngokumela umGaqo-siseko okanye ngokukhupha imithetho emitsha ethetha ngemithetho yenkundla.

La mandla adibanisayo anyanzelisa incoko nokuyekelela. Akukho sebe linokusebenza lilodwa.

Amanye Amandla Neembopheleleko

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

"Amandla emali engxowa-mali" ligumbi lembombo legunya lowiso-mthetho. Indlu kufuneka ivelise zonke iindleko zengeniso (irhafu), kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasalo icebisa ukubuyiselwa kwemali. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka ibandakanya uMongameli onika izicelo zoqingqo-mali, ngoko iKhomishini edlulisa isigqibo soqingqo-mali, elandelwa kukudityaniswa kwemali ebonelelwa ngemali ekhoyo. Ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli iindleko ezithe kralisiweyo, ukuvalwa kwemali ebhankini, ukuvalwa kukarhulumente kwenzeka — njengoko kwenzeka ngo-2013 no-2018181919. [FL:0] UMthetho woLawulo lohlahlolo lwabiwo-mali owe-mali ka 1974 wenza inkqubo ecwangciselwe ukulungele ukuhla kwamaziko ohlalo, ebekusetyenziswa ukutshintsha okukhulu kwintlalo, irhafuzo, kunye nomgaqo-ntle.

Ukwenziwa kweNgxelo yoMthendeleko

Izivumelwano namazwe asemzini zifuna ivoti ezimbini kwiBhunga. Esi siqobo siphezulu sithetha ukuba oomongameli basoloko befuna inkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartistan phambi kokunikezela isivumelwano. Izivumelwano ezingenakukhanyelwa ezigqithiseleyo ziquka iSivumelwano se-Atlantiki yasemntla (NATO), iPanama Canal Partles, kunye nesivumelwano sezixhobo zemfazwe esitsha. Ezinye izivumelwano ezinkulu, njenge Comprehensive Nyukirec.Ucloment.STANTYTY Treaty, aziphumelelanga ukufumana imvume yeNtsimbi.

Inkcitho

Ukungaququzeli yinkqubo yezopolitiko, kungekhona yesaphuli-mthetho. IKomiti yeNdlu Yomdiliya iphanda kwaye ifaka iinkcazelo zokwenziwa kwemithetho, evoti yeNdlu epheleleyo. Abaninzi banele ukuba bangenele ukuvotelwa. Ngoko iNtlanga yetyala ilawulwa yiJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo (ukuba umongameli ngummangalelwa). Ivoti ezimbini ze-336 eBhunga kwiNdluna. Ukuvota kwendlu epheleleyo kusisohlwayo kuphela; isohlwayo esingakumbi esivela kwiinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho silandela. Impempe ingu nguvavanyo olunqabileyo nolunamandla — kuphela oomongameli abathathu abagwetyiweyo abagwetyiweyo, yaye akukho namnye obelwe.

Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko

IKhomishini inendima ephambili ekuchaseni umGaqo-siseko. Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kuwo omabini amagumbi (okanye ngendibano yesizwe ebizwa ngeendlu yowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezithiwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, nangona oku kungakhange kusetyenziswe). Emva kwesicelo, kufuneka kugunyaziswe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu ezithathu (okanye iindibano zikarhulumente). Ingqungquthela icwangcisa indlela. Ii- 27 zesivumelwano eziye zagunyaziswa — ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kunyaka wama-26 wokuHlazisela phantsi kweSinyulo sovota — zonke ziqalwe kwiNgqungquthela.

Isebe Lomthetho Nabantu

Abami basebenzisana nesebe lowiso-mthetho ngeendlela ezininzi ngaphaya kokhetho ngoSuku Lokhetho. Abantu bangaqhagamshelana neofisi yommeli wabo okanye ummeli ukuze bavakalise izimvo zabo ngomthetho, bacele uncedo kumaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye bameme amagosa kwiziganeko zasekuhlaleni. Amaqela ee- Grasroots zolawulo lomthetho acwangcise ileta, iibhanki zomnxeba, kunye ne-Hompsonson ingcengfing. Isinyuso sokuqala [[[FLT: 1]] uqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba afake izikhalazo zoburhulumente, kwaye i-Congressceriesss acwangcise ii-Leances trans transports. [[FLT:] i-Crevertive.[FFFFF:]

Amaqela ezobupolitika kunye nabantu abanomdla baphembelela ngamandla ukuziphatha komthetho. Iinkokeli zeqela zinamandla abalulekileyo ngokulawula izabelo zeekomiti, ikhalenda, kunye nenkxaso yephulo. Okwangoku, abangenisi-zintlu-nxaxheba abameli beenkampani, amaqumrhu, kunye neenzuzo ezinika iminikelo yobuchule kunye nentlawulo, enokuthi imisele umthetho. I-Disclosurence Act yowe-1995 ifuna ukubhaliswa nokuxelwa, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi izilangazelelo zemali zisanempembelelo engalinganiyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zibalulekile kumsebenzi wokuba ngummi.

Abafundisi badla ngokusebenzisa iimfaniso zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho — njenge iNgqungquthela yeModel okanye iNtlanganiso yeMalk' [ — ukunceda abafundi baqonde indlela amatyala aba ngumthetho ngayo, indlela iikomiti esebenza ngayo, nendlela ingxubusho kunye nokulalanisa okuyimfuneko ngayo. Le mithambo igxininisa ukuba isebe lewiso-mthetho aliloqesho olukude; liphilile, liqumrhu eliphefumlayo elisabela ngayo ekuvumeni uluntu.

Isiphelo

Isebe lemithetho lingundoqo wedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukusuka ekuyimiseleni imithetho ukuya ekunyamekeleni umlawuli, ukusuka ekuqinisekiseni abagwebi ukuya ekulawuleni uqingqo-mali, iKhomishini inamandla amakhulu — kodwa kwakhona inembopheleleko enkulu. Isakhiwo sayo se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ulungelelwano phakathi kokuthanda okuthandwayo nolawulo lukarhulumente, ngoxa iinkqubo zayo, nangona zicothayo kwaye zinzima, zenzelwe ukuvelisa umthetho ocazululiweyo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda isebe lowiso-mthetho akuyonkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yomthetho; kuyimfuneko ukuba i-voti, ukuxhasa imigaqo kawonke wonke umntu, ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo. Ngokufunda isakhiwo salo, imisebenzi, nokuhlola nokulinganisela, abemi banokuzenza ingcukuphenelo-rpiblic.

Kulwazi oluninzi olunenkcukacha, uphando lobubhali bemali: Indlu Ichazwa, Isalathisi se-, kunye ne i-Culttitution ye-United States[