Ukwazisa: Ukunyuka okukhawulezileyo kweeDronesi nemfuneko yokubuyiselwa

Izithuthi zenqwelo-moya ezingekho mgangathweni (UAVs), ezidume ngokuba zii-odoli zomsebenzi womnatha, ziye zatshintsha ukususela kwizixhobo zokudlala ezikhoyo zisiya kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kwimizi-mveliso enjengezolimo, ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo, umhlaba, ukwenziwa kwemifanekiso, ukusabela kongxamiseko, nokuthwalwa kongxamiseko. Oku kudubula kuzise iinzuzo ezinkulu, kuquka ilahleko, ukuqokelelwa kwee-data, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzonwabisa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, kwakhona iye yazisa iingozi ezibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lomoya, ukuzifunela kobuqu, kunye nokhuseleko lohlanga. Amaqumbhuluko alungelelanisa izakhiwo ehlabathini lonke azimisele ukuqhuba iprojelo-ethi enjongo yokhuseleko ngokhuseleko lukawonke. Le mithetho igubugquma yonke into evela kumntu okwazi ukubhabha i-drone kunye nalapho imigangatho yezookrwelelo lwezomthetho. Ukuqonda le migaqo yemithetho elungele ukusetyenziswa nakusetyenziswa ngoogqesho, kunye neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo, kunye neepropu.

Amalungu oMgaqo-siseko woMququzelelo

Ngexa i-vrange nganye ivumela imithetho yayo ngokwemeko yasekuhlaleni, inkoliso yemithetho edityanisiweyo ithetha ngemiba eqhelekileyo yenkxalabo. Ezi ntsika zilandelayo zenza isiseko solawulo lwale mihla.

Ubhaliso nokuLayishwa

Ubhaliso lwe-drones ngoku luyimfuneko esezantsi phantse kuzo zonke iintengiso ezinkulu. Abasebenzi kufuneka babhalise inqwelo-moya yabo ngegunya lesizwe lenqwelo-moya baze babonise inombolo ye-ID eyodwa kwisixhobo. Abasebenzi bezorhwebo badla ngokujongana nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo: kufuneka badlulise uvavanyo lwenqwelo-moya olubhaliweyo, bafumane isatifiketi senqwelo-moya esikwenye indawo okanye ilayisensi, kwaye maxa lifumana uvavanyo lwesiqalo. [[FLT: 0] Ulawulo lwe-FUMALILEF [FAF] [FALT] [FLT] [F] [FURF] [1] kumazwe aphezulu kwe-omatika-dstiki afuna abaqhubi benqwelo moya ukubamba i-Prophini ukubamba ibambe iSiqinisekiso seSiqinisekiso soMkhosi, i-ASProffercelces, iqinisekisa iimfuno zezo zexesha eliphakathi, iziphumo zemozulu, iziphumo zemozulu, ezithekn.

Imiqathango yenqwelo-moya kunye neendawo ezingekho mgangathweni

Ukukhusela iinqwelo-moya ezikwindawo ekwaziyo ukumelana neemeko, abalawuli bamisele imiqathango engqongqo yokubhabha. Imiqathango eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • uluhlu lwemisonto elinganayo: Ngokuqhelekileyo iimitha eziyi 400 (iimitha ezili-120) ngaphezu komgangatho womhlaba kwi US, EU, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi.
  • Imimandla engangeni manzi: jikelele kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya, iheliport, isiseko somkhosi, iintolongo, izakhiwo zesazulu, kunye neepaki zesizwe.
  • Imfuno zomgca onamandla (VLOS) ezikhoyo: Umqhubi wenqwelo moya kufuneka akwazi ukubona i-drone ngaphandle kwezixhobo zokuphepha ukungqubana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisebenzi yosuku- kuphela: Amazwe amaninzi athintela ukubhabha ngaphandle kokuba i drone ixhotyiswe ngelaphu lombane kwaye umqhubi wenqwelo-moya unemvume ekhethekileyo.

Ubugcisa bokusebenzisa i-Geofenting − apho i-software ithintela ii-drones ekungeneni kwizithuba ezisikelwe umda womoya — ide compoo ibekwe kubathengi abaninzi nakwie-drones zamashishini.

Ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi kunye nokhuseleko lobumfiliba

Ubuchule bokufumana imifanekiso ephezulu ehlanguliweyo kunye nevidiyo ngoxa inqwelo-moya ihamba phezu kwempahla yangasese inyusa inkxalabo enzulu. Iinkqubo ezininzi zowiso-mthetho ziquka amalungiselelo athile obuqu, njengala mithetho ekwalelweyo ekuhlaleni okuzingisileyo okanye ukuthatha imifanekiso yabantu ngaphandle kwemvume. Kwi-European Union, i-General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR) imisela imithetho engqongqo ekuqokeleleni, ekugcineni, nasekulungiseni ugcino-data yobuqu. Amanye amazwe ase-US aye amisela imithetho enqanda ukubhabhabha kwenqwelo-moya engekho mvumeni. I-mfihlelo ye-mfihlelo ye-Australia isebenza kubasebenzi abasebenzi abaziwayo abaziwayo. Aba banyanzela ukuphumeza iziphumo ze-e-e-ethe projective kunye nenkqubo yogcino-data elula.

Imigangatho yokhuseleko neyomsebenzi

Ngaphezu kokufakwa kwe-injini, abalawuli bakwamisela imilinganiselo yobugcisa ye-drone hardware kunye ne-software. Ezi ziquka:

  • Imigangatho elungelelanisayo: i-drones zidibana nemfuno zobugorha, ukuxhathisa komlilo, kunye nombane wombane.
  • Ukuchaza okuthe ngqo (I-ID ye-Remote): Yinkqubo esasaza ulwazi lwe-drone, indawo, kunye nomphakamo, ivumela abasemagunyeni kunye nabanye abasebenzisi benqwelo-moya ukuyichonga kwaye bayilandele. Umthetho we-ID ekude ye-FAA wasebenza ngokupheleleyo ngo-2024.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ugcino kunye nohlolo: Abasebenzi bezorhwebo kufuneka bagcine iiplagi kwaye benze iitsheki ezithe rhoqo kwi-drone yabo.
  • Imfuno zobuncutshe: Imithetho emininzi igunyazisa i-inshorensi yetyala kumsebenzi we-drone, ingakumbi kweyorhwebo okanye yobunzima be-drones.

IMidlalo yeSizwe neMimandla

Nangona kukho imixholo eqhelekileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwemimiselo enqabileyo kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Uhlalutyo lwemiqathango embalwa engundoqo lubonisa indlela eyahlukeneyo yolawulo oluchaza ngayo urhwebo-mthetho olusukayo.

I-United States

IFAA yeyona ingundoqo phantsi kweSihloko 14 seKhowudi yeMimiselo yoManyano. Icandelo 107 lilawula yonke imisebenzi yezorhwebo edityanisiweyo ngeli xesha ababhabhi abazonwabisayo begqunywa ngeseti eyahlukileyo yemithetho (esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yiNdlela ekhethekileyo yokuHlaziya iMithelela). Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Isiqinisekiso se Pilot (Icandelo 107) ngovavanyo lolwazi olubhaliweyo.
  • Ubhaliso lodolo lwemibhobho engaphezulu kwesiqingatha sephawundi.
  • I-ID Ekude ye-Mandary yazo zonke ii-drone ezifuna ukubhaliswa.
  • Akukho zinqwelo moya zijikeleza izikhululo zenqwelo moya, amabala emidlalo, kunye nezibonelelo ezithile eziqatha; kufuneka iinqwelo-moya zokulwa ukuze zisetyenziselwe kwizithuba ezilawula umoya.
  • Ubuchule bokubhabha phezu kwabantu okanye ukuhamba kwemoto ngaphandle kokuba i-drone idibana nobunzima obuthile kunye nomgangatho woyilo.

IFAA ikhupha iziphakamisi ezithe tyaba ngaphaya komgca obonakalayo wokusebenza kwenqwelo-moya kodwa isenokuphumeza umthetho weBVLOS obanzi. Izenzo zokunyanzelisa zingaquka izigwebo zabemi ezifikelela kwii-$7,500 ngokwaphula, kunye nezohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho zokusebenza ngokungakhathali.

I-European Union

Isakhiwo solawulo se-EASA sivumelanisa imithetho kumazwe angama-77 namazwe amaninzi anxulumeneyo. Le nkqubo isebenzisa ulwahlulo olusekelwe kumngcipheko olwaziwayo njenge "indidi ezintathu":

  • Udidi oluvulekileyo: imisebenzi esezantsi-risk. I-Drones kufuneka ithwale uphawu lodidi lwe CE (C0 ukuya ku C4). Akukho mvumo wangaphambili ofunekayo, kodwa abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kufuneka babhalise ukuba i-drone inekhamera okanye inobunzima obungaphezulu kweegram ezingama- 250. I-i-arekhodi ne-ID ekude ingumthetho ukusuka ku- 2024.
  • Udidi oluphakathi lufuna ugunyaziso lokusebenza okanye isibhengezo esiqhelekileyo. Iquka imisebenzi efana nokubhabha kufuphi nezihlwele okanye ngaphaya kwe-VLOS.
  • Udidi oluqinisekisiweyo: Umngcipheko ophezulu (umz., ukuthwala abantu okanye impahla eyingozi). Ifuna udidi lwesiqinisekiso se-drone kunye nomqhubi wenqwelo-moya onikwe iphepha-mvume.

IEU yazisa u-U-Space isakhelo ``iqela lemisebenzi ezenzekelayo ukulawula iinqwelo-moya ezihambayo kwi-actone-moyes esezantsi, efana nenkqubo yolawulo lwenqwelo-moya ye-drones.

CanadaName

I-FLT:0 Icandelo le-IX. Ii-Drone kufuneka zidlulise uvavanyo olusisiseko okanye oluphambili kuxhomekeka ekubeni zibhabhela ngaphakathi komoya okanye kufutshane nabantu. Inqwelo-moya ehambayo ibekelwe umda kwiinyawo ezingama-400 ze-AGL, ifuna umgca-wokuphakama, kwaye iyalelwa kwiindawo ezininzi (umz., kufutshane neenqwelo-moya, iipaki zelizwe). Imisebenzi yokuqhubela phambili ifuna ukubukelwa kohambo ngenqwelo-moya nokuvuselelwa okukhethekileyo. IKhana ibisebenza ngokuqhuba kwi-enjini ze-BLCOS kunye ne-drone, inika iimvavanyo ezifana nokukhululwa kwe-Emouse ye-E Canada.

I-United Kingdom

Emva kweBret, iGunya le-UK loMbutho woMbutho woMdabi (CAA) ligcina ulawulo lwalo lolawulo, olulungelelaniswe kakhulu novavanyo lwe-EU oluvulekileyo/olucacileyo/oluqinisekisiweyo kodwa olunentsingiselo yesizwe. I-Drone kunye neModel Aircraft Code [ ilawula zonke iinqwelo-moya. Abasebenzi mababhalise ne-CAA kwaye bathathe uvavanyo lwe-nkululeko kwi-intanethi. Abaxhasi bezoshishino bafuna iimvume ezongezelelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwimfuno yomsebenzi. IUK ikwakhe imimandla eyingozi ejikeleze izikhululo zenqwelo moya, iintolongo, izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Amapolisa anamandla okufumana ilizwe, ukuphanga, kunye nemfuno-data e-dron ekrokra.

IAsia-Paccount: IJapan, iSingapore, neOstreliya

EJapan, i- i-Civil Avial Bureau yoNxibelelwano ilawula iinqwelo-moya eziqhutywa ngenqwelo-moya ezinxinwayo. Imvume ifuneka kwinqwelo-moya kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, kufutshane neenqwelo-moya, ngaphezu kweemitha ezili- 150, okanye ebusuku. Imithetho engqongqo ye-engasese yaseJapan kunye nomthetho we-Drone (efakwe ku-2021) ibeka imali enzima kwinqwelo-moya ezingagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho kwiindawo ezikumgangatho wokhuseleko.

I-Civil Authority Aviation Augnes of Singapore isebenzisa inkqubo yokufaka i-infonsing equlathe ithala le-application. Zonke ii-drones kufuneka zibhaliswe. Abasebenzi bafuna udidi 1 (basilic) okanye i-Classi 2: ilayisensi. Uqeqesho olufunekayo kwi-intanethi kunye novavanyo luyafuneka. Iinqwelo-moya zivalwa kwimimandla emininzi yasedolophini ngaphandle kokuba zivunyelwe ngokungqalileyo.

I- I-Civil Aviation Safety Authority Authority (CASA) iyahlula phakathi kwezorhwebo (RePL/ReOC) kunye nemisebenzi yokuzonwabisa. I-CASA yaziwa ngesimo sayo sengqondo esiyekelelayo kwi-BVLOS kunye ne- Iimeko zobuGcisa ezingekho mthethweni [ ezivumela ukusebenza phezu kwabantu phantsi kweemeko ezithile. I-Australia ikwanemithetho eqinileyo yobugocibo obunyaziswa yi-ofisi yoMphathiswa-lwazi we-OURC (OIC) esebenza kwi-onele.

Ucelomngeni Olumanyeneyo Nokusabela Ngokungqongqo

Njengoko ubugcisa obungalawulekiyo bukhula, amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho ajamelana neengxaki ezintsha ezifuna ukuba ahlaziywe yaye maxa wambi ahlaziywe ngokugqithisileyo kwimithetho ekhoyo.

Iinkqubo ze-Durnal ezichaseneyo kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko

I-Drones ivelisa ukhuseleko xa isetyenziselwa ukurhwebelana nge-ankile, ukuphatha uphando kwiindawo ezichukumisekeyo, okanye ukuthwala iziqhushumbisi. Ekuphenduleni, oorhulumente abaninzi baye badlulisela imithetho enika amandla okugcinwa komthetho kunye nabasebenzi abachuliweyo abachuliweyo bezesiseko sokusebenzisa inkqubo yokhuseleko. [[FLT: 0]] i-UAS (UUUS) [[FLT]] ubugcisa obuchuku-US'AS', obuquka ukuminqika, ukuxhobisa, ukugquma, ukuhlasela ngenethiwe, ukubomfa i-mfektha, kunye nokunqanda i-kathanga i-kathanga i-kathanga ekhohla. Umthetho othe ngqo wobucala wobuGciso-Active ka-2018] unika iSebe lokhuseleko lwasekhaya kunye neSebe lokhuseleko lobuGaqonga lokuhlasela okanye ukuhlasela i-drona. Nokoase-'iiiiiiii

Ulawulo loshishino lohamba-hamba olungenabantu (UTM)

Olunye ucelomngeni olukhulu lukudibanisa imiqulu ephakamileyo ye-drones kwindawo yomoya esezilawulwa ngabantu. Abalawuli batyhalela kulawulo lwenqwelo-moya ( olungalawulwayo (UTM) iinkqubo ezixhomekeke kwimithetho esekelwe kwinethwekhi (umz., i-USSA umanyano, imigangatho esuka kwi-ASTM International). Le nkqubo ye-FAA ye-UTM (UP) kunye ne-EAA's U-SPAce zizinto zakudala. Inkqubo yexesha elizayo ye-U-SPAce iza kufuna umthetho odibanisa abantu, unxibelelwano, unxibelelwano, ugcino-data, kunye nokuqinisekisa zonke ii-protoliki yeminyaka emininzi. Oku kungunkqubo ye-unjini yolungelelwaniso oluphakathi koorhulumente bolawulo oluphakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basekuhlaleni.

Uxolelwaniso lwehlabathi

I-DORNOS ayiwuhloneli umda, kwaye imimiselo yesizwe engqubanayo yenza imida yemisebenzi enqamlezayo- umda − icinga nge-drone ehambisa iimpahla ukusuka eFransi ukuya eJamani. I-International Aviation Organization (ICAO) ivelise isiseko sehlabathi nge UAS Advisory Group kunye ne-[FLT]] Umqalisela kwiinkqubo ze-morcraftss [. Kodwa ke, ukuzalisekisa kuhlala kuhleli izivumelwano zokuzithandela phakathi kwamazwe (umz., ukugqalwa kwe-US) kunye nemvume ze-Canada ziluvo lwamanyathelo alungele ukudibana. Ucelomngeni lulungele ukudibana kwemigangatho ye-athobon, imigangatho yokhuseleko, i-cctivescrective.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Kumthetho Owodwa

Uhlaziyo aluze luhlale ngaxesha linye. Igandla elilandelayo lomthetho we-drone sele limile, liqhutywa yimpumelelo yobugcisa kunye neemfuno zorhwebo.

Ngaphezu komgca obonakalayo wendlela yokubona

I-BVLOS ivula impumelelo epheleleyo yezixhobo zokuhlola uludwe olude, uphando lombhobho, kunye nee-logis. Noko ke, imimiselo emininzi yangoku ifuna i-VLOS ngenxa yokhuseleko ngenxa yokuzikhathaza ngokungqubana kunye nenkqubo ezilahlekileyo. Abalawuli baphuhlisa imithetho esekelwe kumsebenzi evumela ukuba abasebenzi babonise ukhuseleko olulinganayo ngokwazi ukuva kwaye baphephe izimvo, unxibelelwano olutsha, kunye nocwangciso olulungeleleneyo. I-FAA iseke iKomiti yoMthetho we-BVLOS; i-A ipapashe iindlela zokuthobela i-BVLOS kwicandelo elithile. Ukulindela ukubona i-BVLLOS kumazwe amaninzi kumazwe amahlanu.

Ukuzenzakalela Needrowa Ezizimeleyo

Inqwelo-moya ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo ngokuzenzekelayo . ngaphandle kongenelelo olunzulu lomntu olungobutyala, uphakamiso lwe-software, kunye nokudityaniswa kwendlela yomoya. Iimodeli zangoku zithatha i-header njengenoxanduva lomntu. Njengoko inkqubela-phambili ye-IMPUMPAS, amaqumrhu eento azakufuna ukugqiba ukuba ngubani onoxanduva xa i-droga yodwa ibangela umonakalo: umenzi, umsebenzisi, okanye umphuhlisi we-software. Ulawulo lwetyala lomthetho we-inshorensive, iimfuno ze-inshorensi, kunye nemithetho yokukhusela ye-EUUS iyakufuna yonke intlulwe. I-UM ye-IS [[FLT:] I-AUthentificity Act [[FLD:1] ibandakanya amalungiselelo achaphazela iirobhoti ze-omati, ibala eziphezulu njengenkqubo ze-AIA i-edierogie.

Imisebenzi yesanti elawulayo kunye ne-Inveration-Friendly Serames

Kunokuba zicothe uhlaziyo, ii-arhente ezininzi ngoku zinika “iibhokisi zolawulo”" ii-odokisi zokwexeshana ukusuka kwimithetho esesikweni ukuvavanya iingcamango ezintsha. Umzekelo, iFAA’S AAS UUAS Inkqubo yesikhokelo solungiso (IPP) ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwemivavanyo kwizixeko ezininzi ze-US. I-ESA’S MS Digital Sky [ ikhuthaza uphuhliso mgangatho ophambili ngexesha inkqubela phambili. Iindlela ezinjalo zivumela izicwangciso ziqokelele ugcino-data kunye nocolisholo lwemithetho esisigxina. Zikwanceda amashishini amancinane kunye nolawulo olungenayo iindleko zokuhamba-e.

Isiphelo

Umthetho we-drones kunye nezithuthi zenqwelo-moya ezingenamdla uphumele kwimisebenzi yemiqathango edityanisiweyo ye-Aviation Bureau ye-Japani iqhubekeka ukutshintsha isiseko sokhuseleko, somngcipheko esisiswana sokhuseleko, ukhuseleko lwezobuqu, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho. Umgaqo-siseko ongundoqo kukushukunyiselwa kwemithetho esekelwe kwi-FAA eUnited States ukuya kwi-EASA EYurophu, kwaye ukusuka kwiSithuthisi se-Canada ukuya kwi-Aviation Bureation Bureaunias ye-atton, iqhubekeka ukutshintsha izakhiwo zazo njengomthetho owezobugcisa owendalo. Umgangatho ongundoqo kukushukuhambela phambili kwemithetho esekelwe kwimisebenzi, ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwe-auto kunye nokusebenza kwe-atholorio. Umthetho owenziweyo awuzukuphelisa ubuchule kodwa uya kunika impumelelo, ukuqiniseka okucacileyo okucacileyo kokusebenza kobugcisa obukhuselekileyo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, jonga kwi-FAadrone. Faya..v, i-EASA'' i-portal (. ne-I-FLT[FLT:]. ne-[FLT]]