Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Ummi Afanele Aqonde Ukusasazwa Kwamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla ngumgaqo osisiseko oxhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu, iqela, okanye isiko elinobunewunewu obungalawulwayo phezu kwabanye. Kubemi, ukuqonda le ngcamango asiyomfuneko nje yemfundo. Xa uqonda indlela igunya elisasazwa ngayo, uxhotyiselwa bhetele ukugcina urhulumente wakho ebuza ngetyala, ukhusela amalungelo akho, kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Le sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga ngokunzulu ulungelelwano lwamandla, iingcambutho zalo, iindlela zalo ezingokwembali, kunye nocelomngeni olubhekene nalo namhlanje.

Yintoni Ukulungelelana Kwamandla?

Embilinini, ulungelelwano lwamandla lubhekisela kwinkqubo apho igunya likarhulumente lahlulelwe ngabom phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi okanye amaziko. Injongo kukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni amanye, ngaloo ndlela kulondolozwa inkululeko nokuthintelwa kobuzwilakhe. Lo mgaqo ubalaseliswa kakhulu kwimfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya, eyaveliswa ngumthandi wezopolitiko waseFransi uMontesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe we-1748 uMoya woMthetho [.

Le ngcamango yayingeyiyo intsha ngokupheleleyo ``ingcali zamandulo zamaGrike namaRoma zazihlole iingcamango ezifanayo − kodwa iMontesquieu wayinika indlela yale mihla, elungeleleneyo. Imibhalo yakhe yaphembelela ngqo abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. owayila urhulumente ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko. Noko ke, ulungelelaniso lwamandla aluphelelanga eUnited States. Ulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi lwehlabathi, ukusuka eJamani ukuya e-Indiya, luquka uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo-siseko, luwuvumelanisa nohlobo lwawo lwembali nolwazo lwenkcubeko.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

EUnited States, urhulumente worhulumente wahlulahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Isebe ngalinye linendima ekhethekileyo, yaye ngalinye linokuhlola amandla amanye. Ukuqonda la masebe linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda indlela elilungelelaniswe ngayo igunya.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Liyilwe yiBhunga, elinamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu. Indlu, enamalungu angama-435 okuvota, imela isithili esisekelwe kubemi, ngoxa iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, enamalungu ali-100, imisela umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye. Esi sakhiwo se-biobamaral ngokwaso sibonisa umlinganiselo wamandla, siqinisekisa ukuba amagunya aphezulu nawabantu abambalwa anelizwi kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho.

IBhunga linamagunya amaninzi angundoqo: lingayifaka irhafu engundoqo: lingayihlawula irhafu, liboleka imali, lilawule urhwebo lwengingqi yelizwe, libhengeze imfazwe, liphakamise kwaye lixhase imikhosi. Likwanamandla esipaji, elithetha ukuba lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente. Akukho mali inokuthathwa kwiTrebitale ngaphandle kwemvume eyenziwa ngumthetho, enika iBhunga impembelelo enkulu kwizenzo zolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linamandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano zeraexftice, linika i-chengce kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo lijongene nokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye neNkulumbuso ekwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine kwaye angakhonza ubuninzi beemiqathango emibini phantsi koMphetho-mda wama-22.

Amagunya kaMongameli aquka ukukwazi ukumisela umthetho weveto, ukumisela abagwebi kunye namagosa aphetheyo (ngokuqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukuxolela, nokuqhuba inkqubo yasemzini. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka ulawulo olubanzi lwamaziko kunye namasebe, njengeSebe loKhuselo, iSebe leSigwebo, kunye ne-Ezazulu zoKhuselo, ezizalisekisa kwaye zinyanzelise imithetho yesizwe. Ubuchule boMongameli bokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya lemithetho, elawula indlela enyanzeliswa ngayo, iye yaba sisixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu, kunye nomthombo wempikiswano yengxoxo yolawulo lwangoku.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe lejaji linembopheleleko yokutolika imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Ibunjwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente ezimiselwe yiKhonkco. INkundla ePhakamileyo, enezigwebo ezisithoba ezimiselwe ukusindisa ubomi, inesiphelo sokugqibela kwimibuzo yomthetho-siseko.

Esona sixhobo sinamandla sesebe lejaji kukuhlola okugweba, amandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lasekwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala lomqondiso (1803 kumzekelo we-]. Madison. Ukususela ngoko, iNkundla iye yabetha amakhulukhulu eemeko zikarhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni, ebumba ummandla wohlanga. Abagwebi beSebe leNtshona Koloni basebenza kwiimeko zobomi bonke, bebophelele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye babavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba bavumele uluvo lukawonke.

Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Umatshini Owenza Usebenze

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuphela akwanele ukugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla. Le nkqubo ifuna ukhangelo kunye nolungelelwano .

Ukuvavanywa koMthetho kumasebe alawulayo nawezeejaji

IKhomishini inezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola isebe eliphetheyo. Ingalikhupha isebe lomongameli kunye noninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba abakwizintathu zombini kumagumbi, idlulisa umthetho ngokunempumelelo phezu kokungavumi kukaMongameli. Ingamjikela uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa oluntu "engqiqo, ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabalawuli abangekho kakuhle" NgamaMongameli ababini kuphela `Andrew Johnson noBill Centon/ah bangazange batyholwa yiNd Home, nangona bengazange bagwetyelwe yiBhunga. Umongameli Richard Nixon warhoxa ngo-19774.

IKhomishini ilawula inkxaso-mali, enika inkxaso-mali ebalulekileyo kwizenzo zolawulo. Umzekelo, ukuba iBhunga alivumelani nongenelelo lomkhosi woMongameli, ingala ukungenelela imali efanelekileyo yokusebenza. Ngaphezu koko, amandla eNdlu yeeNtsimbi okuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya ukubekwa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-rafysence zinika uvavanyo olungqalileyo kwigunya elilawulayo. IBhunga likwanokuva nokuphengulula, ukukhanyisa ukukhanya kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.

Malunga nesebe lejaji, iKhomishini ingaguqula igunya leenkundla zikarhulumente, icebise ukuba kulungiswe izindululo zomgaqo-siseko ukuze kutshintshwe izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neejaji zephondo. Nangona le komiti inqabile (iijaji zephondo) ezili-15 kuphela zikhe zagwetywa kwaye ezisibhozo zisezisele zisesixhobo esinamandla.

Isebe elilawulayo lijonge amasebe asemthethweni nakwezeejaji

Uvavanyo oluphambili loMongameli kwisebe lowiso-mthetho yiveto. UMongameli angakwala ukusayina isibhengezo kumthetho, asithumele kwiBhunga ngokuphikisa. Ngelixesha iBhunga linokuyilawula i-veto, ukwenza oko kufuna i-3-3 ephezulu, esoloko inzima ukufikelela. UMongameli unawo namandla okuquluqela iBhunga kwiintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo nokucebisa umthetho, ukumisela ummiselo wenkqubo.

Kwicala lejaji, uMongameli umisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Oku kumiselwa kubandakanya ubomi, okuthetha ukuba uMongameli angabumba isigwebo kangangamashumi eminyaka ngaphezu kwegama labo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela nokubuyisela izigwebo zikarhulumente, ukuvavanya amandla esebe eligwebayo okohlwaya.

Ukuhlolisisa Amasebe Asemthethweni Nanemigaqo

Uhlolo oluyintloko lwejaji--10 lovavanyo lwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu luhlolo lwezomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxa okanye izenzo ezithatyathwa nguMongameli ukuba ayaphula umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lisetyenzisiwe kwiimeko eziphawula izinto ezifana Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954], eyaphelisa i-paration yesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ne United States v.Nicon [7]), eyanyanzela uMongameli Nixon [197]] ukujika kwiikhasethi ze-Propolication ngexesha lehlazoManzi.

Iinkundla zikwanamandla okuchaza imithetho, enika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo umthetho. Ngokwenjenjalo, zingayilungisa ngokunempumelelo inkqubo, indima eye yadala iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho egwebayo kunye nokuthintelwa kwemithetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

Ulungelelwano lwamandla alungombandela nje woyilo lomgaqo-siseko; luxhomekeke ekubeni ummi okhutheleyo abezomthonyama athe wathe athe athe athenwa, anceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubo ihlala ithembekile kwaye iyasabela. Ngaphandle kokuganana kweso sizwe, ukuxilonga nokulinganisela kusenokudodobala, kwaye amandla anokuphambukela naliphi na isebe elinobundlobongela okanye elinyanzelwa kancinane.

Ingxelo: Isiseko sokuphendula

Ukuncoma yeyona ndlela ithe ngqo abemi abanokuphembelela ngayo ulungelelwano lwamandla. Ukhetho lugqiba ukuba ngubani okwisikhundla kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo, kwaye bangaguqula ukwenziwa kwengqiqo yejaji ngokumiselwa komongameli. Xa umvoti ephezulu, urhulumente ubonakala ngakumbi ukuba uyathanda abantu. Ngokuchasene noko, ukurhoxa okusezantsi kungakhokelela kurhulumente osebenza kwiminqweno ecutheneyo kunokuba ancede uwonke wonke.

Ukuvota okunempumelelo, kubalulekile ukuya ngapha nangapha kweelebhile zamaqela nokuqonda iindawo zabathathi-nxaxheba ekukhetheni amagunya. Umzekelo, abavoti kufuneka baqwalasele ukuba umvoti ufanele ayihlonele na indima yejaji, axhase ulawulo lwequmrhu, okanye abekwe kwimida yemithetho-siseko kwigunya eliphetheyo. Izibonelelo ezifana USUSA.gov's ulwazi lovota [[[[FLT: 1]] lunganceda abemi babhalise, bafumane iindawo zokuhlola, bafunde nangabaqhubi.

Ukukhuthala Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke

Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi banokubandakanyeka kwisivumelwano sokumisela umthetho kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Oku kusenokuthatha iindlela ezininzi: ukubhala okanye ukubiza amagosa anyuliweyo, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, ukuthelela amaqela athenwayo, okanye ukulungiselela amaphulo okuphengulula iingcambu. Ukubhalisa imicimbi yabo kuvumela abemi ukuba bazise inkxalabo yabo kurhulumente, beqinisekisa ukuba amasebe emithetho kunye nesebe eliphetheyo ahlale esazi iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke.

UHlaziyo Lokuqala luqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo, isixhobo esinamandla sokugcina ulungelelwano lwegunya. Xa abemi belungelelanisa kwimibandela enjengamalungelo abantu, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, okanye ukubonakala kwamapolisa, bangaphembelela kungekuphela nje iinkqubo ezithile kodwa kwanokusasazwa ngamandla. Umzekelo, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke wonke lwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudluliseni uMthetho weFreedocument of Information Act (19666), owaqinisa amandla abemi okuphendula urhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa koluntu norhulumente

Ukubotshwa kwe-CUBC akuphelelanga kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni `iibhunga, iibhodi zesikolo, iikhomishini zengingqi, ``imisebenzi yephondo' isebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukusebenza kwiibhodi nakwiikhomishini, okanye nokubalekela kwiofisi yasekuhlaleni kuvumela abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo eziphathelele ubundlobongela, imfundo, ubupolisa, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ezi zenzo zobulali zinokuba nempembelelo, zikhuthaza impucuko yezobupolitika kwaye ziqinisela umgaqo omele ukuba abantu bafanele bawusebenzise.

Imibutho enje [[NTL: 0] I-League of Women Voters inika abemi ubuncwane ukuze babe nenxaxheba kulwazi nakumsebenzi wobunkunkqele kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Imbali Ethetha Ngokulungelelana Kwamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla eUnited States luye lwatshintsha ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezinesiqingatha ezidluleyo. Iziganeko zembali, izigqibo zenkundla, nemibutho yezobupolitika konke oku kuye kwachaphazela ukusasazwa kwegunya. Ukuqonda le mbali kunikela umongo obalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zale mihla.

Ootata Abafunyenweyo NomGaqo-siseko

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babephenjelelwe kakhulu ngamava abo ngolawulo lwamaBritane. Baye bazibonela ngawabo amandla olawulo lookumkani baseBritane, kwaye babezimisele ukuthintela ubundlobongela obunjalo kwiriphabliki entsha. Inqaku lolawulo lokuqala, uxwebhu olulawula uhlanga, lwadala urhulumente obuthathaka othe wangqineka ungasebenzi. IConvention yeMithetho-siseko yowe-1787 yayalelwa ukuphendula ezi ngxaki.

UmGaqo-siseko ophumele iziphumo wadala urhulumente wengingqi onamandla kodwa wahlula amagunya awo. UJames Madison, osoloko ebizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, oqhutyelwa ku Federalist No. 51 ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwakuyimfuneko ukulawula "iintloko zentengiso". Wabhala: "Izikhundla maziyenziwe ukulwa noknanzalo... injongo eqhubekayo kukwahlula nokuhlela iiofisi eziliqela ngendlela efanayo ukuze nganye ibe nguvavanyo kwenye." Le ntandabulumko yaba ligumbi lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya NeziHlomelo Zokuhlaziywa

Imfazwe yamakhaya (1861-1865) ngokusisiseko yaguqula ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. Lo mlo wavela ngokwenxenye ngenxa yoxanduva lokuba amazwana anokuthi atshitshise imithetho karhulumente okanye akhuselwe kwi-Union. Uloyiso lwaqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukhulu kwaye lwakhokelela ekudluleni kweye-13, eye-14, neye-15 yoHlaziyo, eyaphelisa ubukhoboka, eyaqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kunye namalungelo okuvota kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga.

Le mithetho ihlaziyiweyo yandisa amandla karhulumente okukhusela amalungelo abantu ekungeneleni kukarhulumente. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-14, ngokukodwa, uye wasetyenziswa ukusebenzisa onke amalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo, inika ijaji yephondo indima ephambili ekulondolozeni inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Oku kutshintsha kuyaqhubeka kubumba iingxoxo ezingombandela wokuqhomfa, ukulingana komtshato, namalungelo okuvota.

Ukwenziwa Okutsha Nokwanda Kwegunya Lomkhosi

Ukudodobala Okukhulu koo1930 kwabangela ulwando oluphawulekayo lwendima karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt iinkqubo zeNew Develop wadala amasebe amatsha kunye nemimiselo yokunika uncedo, ukulungiswa, kunye notshintsho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ekuqaleni yagalela amanyathelo amatsha amaninzi, akhokelela kwinkxwabangxwano phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye namasebe ejaji. I-Rosevelt''s "Court-packing" izicelo, eziyayinokumvumela ukuba amisele amatyala awongezelelwe, anokuchaphaza, kodwa ekugqibeleni yaqalisa ukuxhasa umthetho wokwenza okuXhosa.

Eli xesha laqinisa igunya likarhulumente worhulumente lokulawula umsebenzi wezoqoqosho nokumisa urhulumente wale mihla. Kwabalaselisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente kunye nendima yoluvo lukawonke wonke ekulungiseni utoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Igophe elinomthunzi elinomphantsi othe tyaba neqela eliphetheyo

Ihlazo leWatergate lonyaka ka-1970 yayilixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yokuhlola nokulungelelana. Umongameli uRichard Nixon wabandakanyeka kwilungu elingaphandle lezaphulo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic wakhokelela kwingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko. IiKhomishini zaqalisa uphengululo, iinkundla zanyanzelisa ukukhululwa koshicilelo lweteyipu echongiweyo, kunye neKomiti yeHouse Judicary ukuba ivote ukurhola uNixon. Warhoxa phambi kwevoti epheleleyo yeNdlukwano.

Watergate yabonisa ukuphumelela kobuveleli bombutho-ngqungquthela kunye nokuzimela geqe ekuhloleni igunya eliphezulu. Kwakhokelela ekuguquleni imigaqo efana nethi Ethics in Government Act (19978) nokudalwa kwe-Ofisi ye-Independent Counsel, eyayomeleza imigaqo yokuphendula. Eli hlazo lihlala lisisikhumbuzo esinamandla sokuba akukho namnye ongaphezu komthetho.

Uphuhliso

Iziganeko zakutshanje ziqhubeke zilungisa ulungelelwano lwamandla. Emva kwe-9/11 kwakhula igunya elilawulayo kwiindawo ezifana nokuhlola, ukuvalelwa, kunye nezenzo zomkhosi. Imithetho enjenge-USA PATRIOT Act yanika amagunya amatsha alawulayo, ngoxa inkundla iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nemida yaloo magunya. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo emalunga nemiyalelo yabalawuli, inkqubo yokungena kwabantu, kunye nokusetyenziswa komkhosi kubonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala kuhleliyo kokwahlulwa kwamandla ngenkulungwane yama-21.

Kwimeko enzulu yembali, oovimba abanje iLibary yoovimba borhulumente weBhunga banikezela ngezixhobo ezingundoqo zomthombo.

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Ekulawuleni

Nangona amandla enziwe ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo kulawulo lwaseMerika, anzima kakhulu namhlanje.

Ukwahlula-hlula kunye nokutshixa igridi

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi kumasebe karhulumente ukusebenzisana. Xa amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo, ungquzulwano oluthabathayo lungakhokelela ekuvalweni kwemiqobo karhulumente, ekulibaziseni ukuqinisekiswa, nasekufakweni kwemithetho. Oku kungasebenzi kakuhle kuluntu kunokwenza kube nzima ukuthemba urhulumente kwaye kukhokelela ekubizeni inyathelo elilawulayo lingabi namnye njengendlela yokukhupha iBhunga.

Ukwahlukana kuchaphazela isebe lenkundla egwebayo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwetyala eliPhakamileyo kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okuya kukhula, abachasi abajongene nokuxilongwa okunzulu nenkcaso elwayo. Oku kunokuyinciphisa imbono yokuba ijaji njengomxhasi ongakhethiyo womthetho. Indima yemali kwezobupolitika, kuquka impembelelo yeePaCs kunye namaqela emali amnyama, ibangela ukuba ummandla ube lukhuni ngakumbi ngokunika izilangazelelo ezityebileyo impembelelo esusela phambili kukhetho nemigaqo.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Inkxalabo ngeenqobo ezilawulayo iye yanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Oomongameli bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yezolawulo ukumisela iinguqu kwinkqubo ngaphandle kokulinda iBhunga, uqheliselo abagxeki abathi luchasa ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yabalawuli abalawula ukufuduka, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nolawulo lwemipu iye yaphantsi kweengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni, maxa wambi iinkundla zibabetha njengegunya elingaphezulu kakhulu lomongameli.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamazwi okutyikitya, apho uMongameli evakalisa indlela azimisele ngayo ukutolika okanye ukunyanzelisa umthetho, kuye kwaphikiswa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukutyikitya iingxelo kuvumela umphathi onegunya ukuba aphinde abhale umthetho ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okhuseleko esizwe okukhula, kuquka ukukwazi ukuthumela umkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, kuye kwaphakamisa izilumkiso malunga nokukhukuliseka kwamandla emfazwe eBhunga.

Izenzo Zomthetho Nezowiso-mthetho

Indima yejaji ekuyixokeleleni inkqubo yobumba isoloko iyinto ephikiswa kakhulu. Izenzo zogwebo zibhekisela kuqheliselo lwabagwebi abasenza izigqibo ezingaphaya kombhalo womGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo, ezidala ngokunempumelelo inkqubo entsha. Ulawulo lwezejaji, ngokwahlukileyo, lumi ngelithi abagwebi bafanele bathobele amasebe anyuliweyo nemizekelo yokuhlonela.

Zombini ezi ndlela zinabakhuseli kunye nabagxeki. Izigqibo zephawu ezifana ne Roe v. Wade [773], eyaseka ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa, ne Obergefell v. Hodges [2020], esemthethweni esemthethweni emtshatweni, inconywa ngokwandisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokugxeka ukugqitha igunya lejaji. Ingxoxo engaphaya kwentanda-bulumko ayiyo nje imfundo; ilolonga indlela yomthetho kwimicimbi esukela kwimpilo ukuya ekuvoleni amalungelo emali kwizempempempeza.

Izisongelo Kubantu Abalawula Idemokhrasi

Ngaphandle kobuchule obuqhelekileyo, ulungelelwano lwamandla luxhomekeke kwimigangatho engabhalwanga yedemokhrasi. Ezi ziquka ukuhlonela umthetho, ukwamkelwa kweziphumo zonyulo, kunye nokuzibophelela kwinyaniso nokubonakala. Xa le migaqo ibuthathaka (ngokusetyenziswa kohlaselo lohlahlo-hlolo, imingeni yokukhetha ingqibelelo, okanye ukungasebenzisani nolawulo lombutho-mthetho) inkqubo yonke iya ngokuthambeka.

Abami banendima ekufuneka beyiphumeze ekukhuseleni le migaqo. Ukuhlala benolwazi ngemithombo yendaba ethembekileyo, ukuxhasa ubujoni obuzimeleyo, nokuba nenxaxheba kwintetho yamakhaya konke kunceda ukuqinisa impucuko yedemokhrasi exhasa ulungelelwano lwamandla. Iintlangano ezifana neZiko leJaji Brennan [iZiko loBumethoba] lomsebenzi wokukhusela amaziko edemokhrasi nokunika abemi ubuncwane bokubandakanyeka.

Isiphumo: Indima yommi ekulondolozeni ukulungelelana kwamandla

Ulungelelwano lwamandla asiyonkqubo yokuzinqanda; ifuna ukuphaphamela nokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokuzingisileyo kubemi. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko, kodwa ukulondoloza inkululeko kuxhomekeke ebantwini ngokwabo. Xa abemi bevota, bexhasa, bethabatha inxaxheba kwimimandla yabo, kwaye begcina iinkokeli zabo ziphendulwe, ziqinisa inkqubo ekhusela amalungelo abo.

Ukuqonda ulungelelwano lwamandla akuthethi nje ukwazi indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. Kumalunga nokuqonda ukuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo kulo naliphi na isebe likarhulumente luyinkcubeko ekwaziyo neyiyo. Ngokufunda ngembali, iindlela, kunye nocelomngeni lokwahlukana kwamagunya, uzixhobisa ukuba ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ulungelelwano lwamandla aluyonto isiphelo senkulungwane ye-18; ngumgaqo ophilayo ofuna ukuhlaziywa nokuzikhusela kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Ukuzimisela kwakho kubalulekile kulo msebenzi.