Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samagunya oKhuseleko oluNgokwasemthethweni

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, umgaqo-siseko unika izikhululo zowiso-mthetho ezikhethekileyo kukhuseleko lwesizwe. IGatya I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umzekelo, linika iNgqungquthela amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukunikezela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, nokumisela imithetho yokulawula umkhosi. Ulungiselelo olufanayo lukho kwezinye iidemokhrasi, apho iipalamente zibamba izikrweqe zemali kwaye zimele zigunyazise ukumiswa kwamandla. Lo mGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba abameli babantu banokuthi ngqo kwimicimbi yobomi nokufa, uthintele nawuphi na umphathi omnye onegunya lomkhosi elingathinteli.

Ngaphaya kwemfazwe, iziwiso-mthetho zichaza inkqubo esemthethweni yamasebe obuchule, iinkqubo zokujongana neenkqubo zobugrogrisi. UMthetho wobuntlola (FISA) eUnited States, umzekelo, wamiswa yiKhomishini yolawulo lwezobugcisa, kwaye ifuna ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kunye nolawulo lwexesha ngalinye. Kulo Bukumkani, i- i-Invetigatigation Magunya Act 2016 ngokunjalo imisela imida esemthethweni yokuthintela unxibelelwano. Le mithetho ayimiswangabekwanga ndawo; imigaqo isoloko izidibanisa ukuze zidibane nezityholo, iimfuno zokhuseleko ezifuna ukhuseleko lwabemi.

Ulawulo Loqingqo - mali Njengomsebenzi Onegunya

Mhlawumbi ezona zixhobo zisetyenziswayo zisebenza ngokungqalileyo ngulawulo kuqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Uphando lokhuselo lugqiba yonke into esuka kumgangatho wemikhosi yamajoni kunye nezixhobo zokufumana ukuphanda kwiinkqubo zezixhobo ezikwisizukulwana esilandelayo. EUnited States, uMthetho weSizwe woKhuselo loGunyaziso (NDAA) liceba elikhulu lomthetho omisela izinto eziphambili zenkqubo kwaye ogunyazisa ukuchithwa kweSebe lokhuselo. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa i-NDAA ukubumba, ukunqanda imisebenzi ethile (njengokuthuthunjiswa okanye ukuvalwa kwesiseko), kunye neengxelo ezigunyazisayo kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Ukuchongwa koqingqo-mali kukwasebenza njengesixhobo sokulawula. Iikomiti zibuza amagosa akhusela ityala malunga nayo yonke into ukusuka kwiindleko ezingaphezulu kwinkqubo yeF-35 ukuya kukulungela ukulungiselelwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Isisongelo sokuqingqo-mali singanyanzela umphathi ukuba atshintshe inkqubo okanye anike ulwazi olungakumbi kwiKhomishini. Kwimithetho yepalamente, ikomiti yezemali ihlolisisa uqikelelo lokuzikhusela, iqinisekisa ukuba imali yomhlawuli isetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangezinto eziphambili.

Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi ziyakwazi ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, zibonisa ukuba izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zibonisa amaxabiso anzulu entlalo-ntle kunye nezisongelo ezikhawulezileyo. Izenzo ezinjalo zibonisa ukuba amandla owiso-mthetho adlulela ngaphaya kogunyazo olulula, ibumba amandla kunye nokuma kwangawo amajoni ezixhobo.

Izixhobo Zokulawula Ubuchule

Ukuva, Uphando NeeNtetho - jikelele

Ukulawula lisiseko solawulo lwegunya lowiso-mthetho. Iikomiti ezizimeleyo kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga, njengeKomiti yeeNkonzo zeNdlu yeeNdlu ze-odonga neKomiti yoKhuseleko lweHouseland, zihlala zivakala rhoqo kwimicimbi yokhuseleko. Ezi ndlebe zizisa amagosa aphezulu ngezantsi.Njengameli woMkhosi, uMlawuli weSizwe, kunye neenkosi zomkhosi zingqina phantsi kwesifungo. Izifungo neengxelo eziphumayo ziyazisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke kwaye zinokukhokelela ekuguquleni imicimbi yemithetho.

Uphando lolunye uvavanyo luyenye isixhobo esibalulekileyo. Ekulandeleni kohlaselo lwe-11, iKhomishini ye- yaseka iKhomishini yokuhlola ukungaphumeleli kobuntlola. Iingcebiso zogunyaziso zakhokelela ekudalweni koMlawuli wesizwe wengqiqo kunye ne-Ofisi yoMlawuli weSizwe, ukuphinda uqinisekise uluntu olukrelekrele. Ngokufanayo, i-UK Palamente’s Intelligence and Security Committery (ISC) ihlolisisa umsebenzi we-MI5, MI6, neGCHQ, ipapasha ingxelo eqhutywayo ngexesha uphuhliso lwalo lwenkcazelo ekhuselweyo.

Indima Yabahloli Jikelele

Iziko lomthetho lisoloko liseka ii-doults ezizimeleyo kwisebe lokhuseleko. ISebe le-Ofisi yoKhuselo yoNyaka jikelele, umzekelo, lihlola kwaye liphanda izityholo zokuqhatha, ukulahlwa, nokuxhatshazwa. I-DoD Imvumi Jikelele ye-DoD inikela ingxelo rhoqo kwiBhunga, inika abenzi bomthetho uvavanyo oluzimeleyo kulawulo lwangaphakathi lomphathi. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokhuseleko lwesizwe ihambisana nomthetho kwaye nayiphi na into ephosakeleyo ibhekiswa ngokukhawuleza.

Impikiswano Ngamandla Exesha Lentlekele

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zamandla owiso-mthetho ajongene nolawulo olungxamisekileyo. ImiGaqo-siseko nemithetho inika abalawuli amandla okuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwingxaki, kodwa izikhulu zendlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka zichaze umlinganiselo kunye nexesha laloo magunya. EUnited States, iSivumelwano se-Emertiographial Act 6906 sifuna ukuba umongameli avakalise ungxamise inkqubo yongxamiseko ukuze ipheliswe ngokwesigqibo esidibeneyo. Kodwa, oomongameli abaninzi baye basebenzisa izindululo zongxamiseko ukuchela imali, ukubeka izifungo, okanye ukukhuthaza i-Rodsss, ngokufuthi bevavanya imida yemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Isifo se-COVID-19 sikwabalaselisa uxinzelele phakathi kobuphini nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Abaphathi-mthetho ehlabathini lonke kwafuneka balinganisele ukulungelelanisa abalawuli ukuba bafake izitshixo kunye nokuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhamba ngeli xesha begcina ulawulo. Abanye abenzi bomthetho bahlengahlengisa nxamnye nemiyalelo yesebe abathe bacinga ukuba bafikelela, banyanzelisa iingxoxo kwipalamente malunga nexesha lobungozi. Oku kugxininisa indima yendlu yowiso-mthetho njengenkuselo kumbiso kumandla, kwanakumaxesha okusongela okukhoyo.

Omnye umzekelo nguMthetho we-UK kaNovil Continmotions Act 2004, ovumela urhulumente ukuba enze imimiselo yongxamiseko kodwa ufuna ukuba ibekwe phambi kwePalamente ngokukhawuleza nje xa kunokwenzeka. Esi senzo sikwamisela imimiselo yongxamiseko kwientsuku ezingama-30 ngaphandle kwemvume yepalamente, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amagunya angaqhelekanga angowokwexeshana kwaye amele ahlolwe. Isiseko esinjalo siyimfuneko ukugcina ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngexesha lobunzima.

Uphando lwetyala: IBhunga leUS nePalamente ye-UK

IBhunga laseUnited States

IBhunga lase-U.S. lisebenzise igunya lalo ukugunyazisa umkhosi ngeSigunyaziso sokusebenzisa umkhosi (AMF). I-2001 AUMF, egqithe emva ko-9/11, inike umongameli igunya elibanzi lokusebenzisa “wonke amandla afunekayo nafanelekileyo” nxamnye nalawo ajongene nokuhlasela. Lo mthetho uye wasetyenziswa ukuthethelela imisebenzi yomkhosi e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, nasemphandleni, kwananananamaqela angazange abekho ngo-2001, iqela le-bistarian kwiBhunga elikwi-AUMF eliye lanyanzela ukuphinda okanye ukuthatha indawo ye-2001, ukuchaza ukuba iye yaba nguvavanyo olungenasiphelo lwemfazwe. Ingxoxo ibalasemgatyaniyo kwaye ibalasebusweni lomthetho we-ovembroomati yomthetho kwi-optional cocation ye-operartmentations.

IKhomishini idlala indima engundoqo ekugunyaziseni nasekubopheleleni izenzo ezifihlakeleyo. Phantsi koMthetho weSizwe woKhuseleko ka-1947, umongameli kufuneka anikele ingxelo “ngexesha” kwiikomiti zobuntlola ezikwisenzo sobuntlola nasiphi na esifihlakeleyo. Le mfuneko, nangona isoloko igxekwa ngokuba ingacacanga, inika abenzi bomthetho ifestile kwimisebenzi ebeya kuhlala iyimfihlo. Iikomiti zingathintela ukuxhasa imali ukuze kusebenze ngokudibanisa imiqathango yokukhupha iityala, zibanika isibambiso esinamandla phezu kwengingqi yoluntu olunolwazi.

UK Palamente

EManyeneyo, amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe asetyenziswa nguMlawuli ophantsi kwegunya lobukumkani, kodwa iindibano zomgaqo-siseko ziye zavela ukuze zifune ukuvunywa kwepalamente ukwenzela ukulwa nomkhosi. Ngo- 2003, urhulumente wafuna waza wafumana ivoti efana neZiko lokuhlasela i-Iraq, nangona le voti yayingagunyaziswanga ngokobugcisa. Kutshanje, ngo-2013, iNdlu yamaCommons yavota ngokuchasene nongenelelo lomkhosi e-Syria, nto leyo ethintela urhulumente ukuba angadibaniselani ne-amoya. Le voti yaseka umzekelo sokuba abefundisi abakhulu baza kufuna imvume yepalamente phambi kokuba benze imikhosi yokulwa.

Ipalamente ye-UK iphinda ihlolisise ukhuseleko ngeKomiti yoKhuseleko, ebuza ngemibandela esuka kwixa elizayo lokunqanda inyukliya ukuya ekufumaneni izixhobo. IKomiti yeDefence [[FLT: 1] ipapasha iingxelo ezisoloko ziphembelela inkqubo karhulumente. Umzekelo, uphando lwayo kwinkqubo yenqwelo exhotyiswe ngezixhobo zenqwelo-mafutha etyhile ukulibazisa kunye nemibandela yokhuseleko, iqhubela phambili umsebenzi woBulungiseleli boKhuselo ukuya kwizivumelwano zoburhulumente kunye nokuphucula ulawulo.

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje: Ukungakhuseleki, Iingozi Zethayidi, Nobuntlola

Umthetho olawulayo

Ummandla wamanani uluqikelelo lwe-Cybersecurity Information Uct (CISA) ka-2015 ukhuthaza iinkampani ezizimeleyo ukuba zabelane ngogcino-lwazi olusongela urhulumente, ngeli lixa [[FLT:] izibonelelo ezikhusela izibonelelo ezinzulu, zifuna ukubhengezwa, kwaye zigunyazisa imisebenzi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi. E-United States, i-Cybersecurity Information Information Universe Act (CISA) ikhuthaza iinkampani ezizimeleyo ukuba zixhase ugcino-lwazi olusongela urhulumente, ngelixa ezinye izichasi nayiphi nayiphina yokukhowuda okunokudodobalaza ukhuseleko.

Ngeli xesha, i-European Union idlulise uKhuselo lwenethwekhi noLwazi (NIS) oluyalela ukuba amalungu amkele amandla okhuseleko kunye nengxelo yesiganeko. Umyalelo wahlaziywa ngo-2022 ukugquma amacandelo amaninzi kwaye umisela izisohlwayo ezingqongqo. Isenzo somthetho kule ndawo sibaluleke kakhulu kuba usongelo lweziphene luvela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imithetho ephelelwe lixesha ingashiya amazwe ebuthathaka. Iipalamente kufuneka ziphinde zithethe nokusetyenziswa komkhosi wobukrelekrele, izixhobo ezizimeleyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezizimeleyo.

Izisongelo Nenkcazelo Ehlanje

Izisongelo zokhuseleko zale mihla zidla ngokuphazamisa umahluko phakathi kwemfazwe noxolo. Imfazwe ye Hybrid `ingqungquthela engqukuva ngokuhlasela ngekhompyutha, amaphulo okurhoxa amaphulo okungahambi kakuhle, kunye nokunyanzelisa izoqoqosho ``ichalgegeges' iinkqubo zesithethe zowiso-mthetho. Ukuphendula, izikhululo zemithetho-mthetho ziphumeze igalelo lamanye amazwe kunyulo, zivuselw ’ ucwenga abantu kunye nemikhosi ebandakanyekileyo edibanisweni yokurhoxa iingcamango.

Ngokomzekelo, iUK’s Counter-Trorism and Bource Security Act 2019 yadala amatyala amatsha anxulumene nokusasazwa kweempapasho zabanqolobi kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwabantu ngabanye abanqolobi. Esi senzo sikwabhekiswa ekupheliseni i-intanethi. Ngokufanayo, iBhunga lase-U.S. liye laziva iimbono ngendima yezentlalo yosasazo kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano lokusasaza i-transfermeters, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufuneni ukubonakala okuphezulu nomthetho. Le migudu yemithetho ifuna ukunyanzeleka ngobulumko ukuphazamisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekile ngoxa isakhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ubuchule Bokugunyazisa Notshintsho

Amaqumrhu obuntlola asebenza phantsi komthetho-siseko olawula kunye nowokuphelisa ulawulo. ISivumelwano soKhuseleko lweSizwe sowe-1947, iNgqiqo neSithintelo SobuGqeba sonyaka ka-2004, kunye nemithetho elandelayo iye yabumba uluntu olunobuchule. Izigunyaziso zobuntlola zobuntlola bexesha elithile zinika abamisi-mthetho ithuba lokulungisa izinto eziza kuqala, iingxelo ezigunyazisiweyo, kunye nezithuba zolawulo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lagxininisa ekuguquleni iNtelelo-Masigqeqeba yamazwe angaphandle, liqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ezifana necandelo 702 leFA, aziphuli malungelo abantu baseMerika ngaphandle kwemigaqo efanelekileyo.

Kuthe emva kwenkcazo yeSnowden, amazwe amaninzi adlulise imithetho emitsha yobuntlola. Imithetho yeNkonzo yobuNcutshe yaseJamani yahlaziywa ukuze kusungulwe ikomiti yobuveleli yepalamente kwaye ibeke imida engqongqo ekuphulaphuleni. EOstreliya, iSebe leeNkonzo zobuNcutshe lo-2001 lalungiswa ukuze landise indima ye-Inspectoror-Jiner of Intelligence and Security. Ezi nguqu zibonisa ukuba iintlawulo zowiso-mthetho zingasebenzisana nemithetho ngokwemibandela kawonke wonke ngoxa kugcinwa amandla obulumko asebenzayo.

Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe nesivumelwano sokuThwaliswa

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe asiyonto nje eyenzeka ekhaya. Iimithetho zolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ezibandakanyekileyo ekulawuleni ngesivumelwano sokudityaniswa kwezixhobo, ukuvunywa kwezivumelwano zokuzikhusela, kunye nobulungu kwiindibano eziphakathi kweziqu. Ngokomzekelo, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yase-U. kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ezifana nesivumelwano sokuncitshiswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya neRashiya, isenza indima engqalileyo ekulawuleni izixhobo zemfazwe. Ngokufanayo, iPalamente ye-UK ibamba ingxoxo ngeeNATANO kunye neevoti zemali zokuxhasa iinkqubo zokuzikhusela.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zingamalungu eNdibano yePalamente yeNATO, ezihlanganisa abamisi-mthetho abasuka kumazwe angamalungu ukuze baxubushe imingeni yokhuseleko kwaye bancomele iinkqubo. Iingxelo zendibano ngemibandela efana nengxubevange evela eRashiya okanye iziphumo zeBelt neMpatho-Mpatho-nkulu yazisa iingxoxo zesizwe kunye nezinto eziphambili zomthetho. Kwi-European Union, iKomiti yePalamente yaseYurophu kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle isingatha imicimbi yokhuseleko, kuquka ukuxhasa iUkraine kunye nezivumo zobutshaba. Ezi ngxelo zemithetho-mthetho-mthetho zivumela ukuba zisebenzise impembelelo ngaphaya kwemidabalo yazo, ziqinisekisa ukuphendula kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwimicimbi yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Isiphelo

Amandla omthetho asingomthetho nje owesithethe kukhuseleko lwesizwe; ngamandla asebenzayo, abalulekileyo abumba izinto eziza kuqala, uqingqo-mali, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho. Ukusukela ekubikweni komGaqo-siseko kwamandla emfazwe ukuya kulawulo oluneenkcukacha lwemisebenzi yobuntlola, izikhululo ziqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokhuseleko zihlale zinetyala kubantu kwaye zinyanzelwa ngumthetho. Ukuvunywa koqingqo-mali kubanika amandla okulawula ukuma kwemikhosi, lo gama ukuva nokuphengulula nokubhexa kubhenca impumelelo nokungaphumeleli. Amandla ongxamiseko kunye neengxaki zale mihla ezifana nezisongelo zekhompyutha zifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokhuseleko iguquka ngaphandle kokubonakalisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Amatyala e-U.S. Congress kunye nePalamente ye-UK abonisa indlela imigaqo-mthetho eye yawatshintsha ngayo amandla ayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, iphendula kwizisongelo ezintsha ngeli xesha izama ukumelana nolungelelwaniso olukhoyo phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Kwixesha lemfazwe exubileyo, ukurhoxa, kunye nokutshintsha kobugcisa okukhawulezileyo, indima yemithetho ibaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Abenzi bomthetho mabaqhubeke besebenzisa igunya labo ngobulumko nangobulumko, beqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zokhuseleko lwesizwe azisebenzi kuphela kodwa zikwanempumelelo, zicace, kwaye zisekelwe ekuvumeni imvume yokulawulwa. Ukuqonda le ndima kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela iintlanga ezizikhusela ngayo kwihlabathi eliyingozi.