Indlu yabameli ime njengegumbi leBhunga elilungiselelwe ukubonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu, amalungu ayo enyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini ukusuka kwisithili esiqeleni esiqengqeshiweyo. Amagunya ayo kunye nemiqathango yawo ichaza umgaqo-siseko, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokongamela. Ukuqonda okuthe ngqo okunokwenziwa yiNdlu yomthetho karhulumente, indlela amagosa ajoliswe ngayo exanduva, nendlela ulungelelwano lwamandla olusebenza ngayo kurhulumente wase-U.S.

ISigunya loMgaqo-siseko weCore: Imvelaphi yeeBhili zeNgeniso kunye nokwenziwa koMthetho jikelele

Elona gunya lisisiseko leNdlu yabameli liyindima yayo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Phantsi kweCandelo I, iCandelo 7 lomGaqo-siseko, onke amatyala okunyusa ingeniso kufuneka avele kwiNdlu. Eli "galelo loMgaqo-siseko" linika iNdlu ekhethekileyo isixhakamfulo sokhuseleko lweNdlu kumgaqo-siseko werhafu, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye nenkcitho karhulumente. IKomiti yeNdlulo neMathetho, umzekelo, inolawulo lokuqala kwirhafu, urhwebo, kunye neenkqubo ezigunyazisayo ezifana noKhuselo lweNtlalo kunye neMedicarada. Nasiphi nasiphi na isicelo sokunyusa okanye ukunyusa irhafunxano kufuneka sidlule kuqala kwiNdlukwano phambi kokuba iNdlum.

Ngaphandle kwengeniso, iNdlu ingalungiselela nokudlulisela nawuphi na umthetho karhulumente, nangona loo mithetho ifuna imvume yeNdlu yeMali nosayino loMongameli (okanye ii-3 ezingaphezulu kwe-veto). Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yeNdlu ilungelelaniswe kakhulu. IiBhili zibhekiselwa kwikomiti yokuqala enxulumeneyo, apho kubanjwa khona ukuva, ukulungiswa kwemiqathango kuqwalaselwa, kwaye kuqwalaselwe ukubhaliswa. Emva kokuba ikomiti ivumile, ityala liya kumgangatho wendlu ukwenzela ingxoxo phantsi kwemithetho ebekwe yiKomiti yeNdlukwano, elawula ubude bengxoxo kunye nentlobo ze-andexrity zivumelekileyo. Le nkqubo yekomiti inika ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiqela lomgangatho.

Indima yeeKomiti ezimileyo

Iikomiti ezimileyo kwindlu, njengeJadicary, iAppropriation, kunye neMandla kunye nezorhwebo, zisebenzisa igunya elipheleleyo. Zingabulala amatyala ngokusuka nje zingawaqwalaseli, okanye zingenza umthetho ngokulungisa. Izihlalo zekomiti, ezisuka kwiqela elikhulu, zicwangcisa ukuva nokubeka imimiselo. Indlu ikwasebenzisa iikomiti zokukhetha uphando olukhethekileyo, njengeKomiti Yokukhetha yeSihlalo, eneepena ezingaphantsi kwamandla kunye nekhono lokugcina iindlebe zikawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo yekomiti ivumela iNdlukwano kunye neendawo ezintsonkothile kakhulu kunegumbi elipheleleyo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomgangatho nomthetho wobuManejast

Ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu, isebenza phantsi kolawulo oluninzi. Akukho mntwana okwindlu, kwaye ingxoxo ibekwe umda ngomthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqela elininzi lingawufaka umthetho kunye noninzi oluqhelekileyo lwabo bakhoyo kunye novota, ukuba nje balondoloza ingqeqesho yeqela. USomlomo weNdlu, onyulwe sisininzi, unempembelelo enkulu kucwangciso lomgangatho, izabelo zekomiti, kunye nemithetho ecwangcisiweyo. Oku kuvumela iNdlungela ukuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kwimibacimbiso, nangona kukwathetha ukuba igalelo oluncinane lungancitshiswa.

Igunya Lokucela Ukubekwa Ityala: Amandla Aphantsi Okutyhola

Indlu iphethe igunya elipheleleyo lokungamele amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Ukuphengulula kuyafana nokutyholwa okusemthethweni. IKomiti yeNdlu Yomdisi iphanda kwaye ikhuphela imizobo amanqaku eentengiso, avotelwa kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Uvotelo oluqhelekileyo lwanele ukuba lungamkeli. Ukuba igosa alinyanzeli, igosa alisuswanga eofisini; ukususwa kufuna ukuvavanywa kwiNdlukhwe nokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kwaye izihlandlo ezibini ezithathu ukuvota.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ukugxabhagxanyiswa kwaleli gunya. UMongameli uAndrew Johnson wacetyiswa kabini ngo1868 ngenxa yokwaphula umthetho we-Tenure of Ofesi, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala yamkhulula ngevoti enye. Umongameli uBill Clinton wanyanzelelwa ukuba angenele ipetroli kunye nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni ngo-1998, engenatyala. UMongameli Donald Trump wanco wacelwa kabini: okokuqala ngo-2019 ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamandla kunye nokuthintelwa kweBhunga, kwakhona ngo-2021 ngenxa yokuphembelela ingxhwela iBhavio. Amandla asebenza njengovavanyo nxamnye nomphathi okanye ukuziphatha okubi, kodwa indlela yakhe yezopolitiko ithetha iziphumo ezisoloko zixhomekeke kwiqela lolawulo.

Indima YeKomiti Yomculo

IKomiti yeNdlu yeMidicary yeNdlu ingumphathi wesango oyintloko wokungaqeqeshi. Iqhuba uphando, ibamba iindlebe, kunye namanqaku akwimizobo. Isitulo sayo singanika ooponate abangaphantsi ukunyanzela ubungqina namaxwebhu avela kwisebe eliphetheyo. Noko ke, njengendlu yonke iyakwazi ukuvota ukuba ingamkeli omnye ngaphandle kwekomiti, njengoko kwenzeka kuMongameli uTrump, owagqitha ikomiti ngenxa yongxamiseko. Oku kuguquka kubonakalisa ulawulo lweNdluko lweNdlu lweNdlu.

Imida: Into Engenakuyenza Endlwini

Amandla endlu akude aphelele. Iqela lemithetho-siseko kunye nemithetho ethintela ukuba ingawenzi umsebenzi ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa.

Kufuneka Inkoliseko Yendlu Yolawulo Ukuze Kubekho Umthetho

Akukho mthetho udluliswa yiNdlu ukuba iCandelo lidlulise uhlobo olufanayo. Indlu ayinakuyigqitha iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ukuba la magumbi mabini avelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombini kufuneka ixolelanise umahluko, kwaye omabini amagumbi kufuneka avume ukulalanisa kokugqibela. Umelo lweNdlu yeeNtsimi ezimbini olulinganayo (kurhulumente ngamnye) kunye nemithetho yayo ithetha ukuba iNdlukwana kufuneka ithethe okanye yamkele utshintsho lweCathern.

Umongameli we-Vito

Nokuba la magumbi omabini agqitha ireyithingi, uMongameli angayikhupha. Indlu ingazama ukukhupha iveto ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, kodwa oku kufuna inkxaso ye-bipartan ebanzi enqabileyo ekuqhubekekeni kwayo. I-Vito iphumele malunga ne-4% yexesha ukusuka kumongameli kaGeorge Washington. Amandla eveto anika uMongameli ukhangelo olunamandla kumthetho odluliswa kwindlu.

Ayinakuvakalisa Imfazwe Yodwa

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNkomfa njengenkqenkqeza phambili epheleleyo yokuvakalisa imfazwe. Indlu ayinakuqalisa ungquzulwano lwezixhobo. Ngoxa uMongameli enokuthi ayalele umkhosi phantsi kweSigqibo samaGunya emfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambili, iNdlu ingayiphelisa inkxaso-mali okanye idlulise izigqibo zokuphelisa imfazwe. Noko ke, isindululo esisemthethweni semfazwe sifuna isigqibo esidluliswe ngamaqela amabini kwaye sityikitywe nguMongameli.

Ayikwazi ukuphatha iiRefyset okanye iZiqinisekiso

IBhunga leNdlu linamandla apheleleyo okuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-rayfy (ezinamaphepha amabini anesithathu okuvota) nokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (ngevoti enkulu). Indlu ayinandima kwezi nkqubo. Umzekelo, iNdlu ayinakuvala iNkundla ePhakamileyo okanye isivumelwano esifana ne-Paris Climate Amentmentment. Oku kukuhlola ngabom iinjongo ezinkulu zendlu, iqinisekisa ukuba ithetha kunye noMongameli unesabelo kwezi zigqibo zibalulekileyo.

Ayinakuwulawula UmGaqo-siseko

Ukuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko kufuna amavoti amabini anesithathu kwindlu kunye neCathenari (okanye indibano yezomgaqo-siseko ebizwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini ezizii-3 zendlu yorhulumente), elandelwa kukwahlulwa kweefadi ezintathu ezine zikarhulumente. Indlu iyodwa ayinako ukusungula okanye igqibezele ukubuyiselwa. Nokuba iNdlu igqitha intengiso ecetyisiweyo, ifa kwiBhunga ngaphandle kokuba elo gumbi liyavuma.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Indlu Ekwinkqubo

Amandla endlu afakwe kwisixhobo sokuhlola esibandakanya iBhunga, uMongameli, kunye nejaji yejaji yorhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi ntshukumo kungundoqo ekuboneni indlela iNdlu ephembelela ngayo kwaye inyanzelwa ngayo ngamanye amasebe.

Ukudlala neBhunga

Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeQela yabelana ngegunya lowiso-mthetho kodwa inendima eyahlukileyo. Ingeniso yendlu ilungelelaniswe ngamandla endlu okuhlawula iindleko zemali (nangona iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ayikwazi ukuyinyusa kuqala). Icebiso leNdlu yeNdlu yeQela kunye nesivumelwano sokungagunyazi mithetho-mthetho. Umzekelo, iNdlu inokwenza umgwebi, kodwa iBhunga kufuneka libambise. Eli candelo lithintele igumbi ekulawuleni ukumiselwa korhulumente okanye imiqathango yemithetho yangaphandle.

Ulawulo oluPhezulu

Indlu inamagunya olawulo anamandla kwisebe elilawulayo. IiKomiti zingakhupha ubungqina obungaphantsi koMongameli, zibambe amatyala, ziwafumane amaxwebhu afunwayo. Eli gunya lokuphengulula liluvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwizenzo zomongameli. Noko ke, uMongameli unokuzibanga ilungelo eliphezulu lokugodlela ulwazi, elikhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni eenkundla ekufuneka zigqibile. Indlu ayinakunyanzela ubungqina obuvela kuMongameli ngokwakhe ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla, njengoko kuboniswe kwityala [[FLT: 0]] Trump v. Mazars [[FLTL:1] Ityala eliphakamileyo leNkundla, elimisela izikhokelo zeengxelo zombutho zombutho zomongameli.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zingawisa imithetho edluliswa yiNdlu (neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso) ukuba iyawuchasa umGaqo-siseko. Amandla eNkundla Ephakamileyo yohlolo, amiselwe ukubeka imojiji yetyala .[Madison], luvavanyo olungqalileyo kumthetho. Nokuba iNdlu idlulise umthetho ngenkxaso enkulu, isenokutshitshiswa ngumthetho wenkundla. Umzekelo, iNkundla ithelekelele imithetho yezempepho yezeko, amalungelo empumlo, nokuqhotyola. Olu vavanyo lwetyala luqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zeNdlundlo zihlala ngaphakathi kwemigxongo yomthetho.

Amandla Okuthenga

Indlu ilawula inkxaso-mali karhulumente ngamandla ayo okulungiselela. Ingala ukuxhasa iinkqubo okanye amasebe aphela, ngokunempumelelo ukumisa isenzo solawulo oluphezulu. Eli "gunya lemali" lelinye leengqikelelo ezinamandla kulawulo lobungangamsha. Noko ke, iBhunga mali mali igqithe amatyala okufumana izicelo, kwaye uMongameli angawakhupha. Ukucima kwenzeka xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu ingenakuvumelana ngemali, ibhenca imida yolawulo yeNdlu.

Amanye Amandla omGaqo-siseko weNdlu

Ukongezelela kumthetho nakulawulo, le ndlu inamanye amagunya aliqela abumba ulawulo lwesizwe.

Unyulo Lomongameli Kunyulo Olunentsingiselo

Ukuba akukho mvotelwa uphumeleleyo kwivoti ezininzi zonyulo loMongameli, iNdlu ikhetha uMongameli kwabathathu abaphezulu. Igqiza ngalinye lifumana ivoti enye, kwaye uninzi lwamazwe (ubuncinane 26) kufuneka luphumelele. Oku kwenzeke kabini kwimbali: ngowe-1800 (Thomas Jefferson) kunye no1824 (uJohn Quincic Adams). Indlu ikwanyula uMongameli ukuba iBhunga aliphumeleli ukwaphula iqhina kwikholeji evoli. Eli gunya libalase indima yendlu njengeyona qhagamnqa yomphathi wonyulo.

Ukugxothwa Kwamalungu

Indlu ingakhupha ilungu ngevoti ezimbini. Ukugxothwa kunqabile kwaye kugcinelwe ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu, njengokungcangcazelisa okanye ukunganyaniseki. Amalungu agxothiweyo aphulukana nesihlalo sawo kwaye kufuneka abekwe endaweni yonyulo olukhethekileyo. Indlu ingawagxeka okanye iwakhalimele amalungu ngevoti elula, encinci. Eli gunya langaphakathi lokuqeqesha liyimfuneko ekulondolozeni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Amandla ophando kunye nawokuxilonga

Indlu inegunya elisisiseko lokuqhuba uphando oluthi "luncedwa kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho" Oku kuthetha ukuba ingaba ngamangqina angaphantsi kwe-pona kunye namaxwebhu ukwazisa umthetho osenokubakho okanye ulawulo. Noko ke, uphengululo kufuneka lusebenze injongo esemthethweni yowiso-mthetho, hayi nje ukuphazamisa umphathi. INkundla Ephakamileyo ixhase amandla abanzi kwiimeko ezifana [iiiGrain v. Daughheryty [197] [197], kunye ne-[FLT] v. United States [197] [197]), nangona imidalo ikho malunga nelungelo lomntu ngamnye nelungelo lokulawula.

IziNcedo zoMgaqo-siseko kunye neziNcedo

Ngaphandle kokuxilonga okungaphandle, le House ilawulwa yimithetho yangaphakathi nemiqathango yomgaqo - siseko ethintela izenzo zayo.

Ukuthand ’ Icala Nokusetyenziswa Kwalo

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba naliphi na ityala lidlulise omagumbi omabini afanayo kwaye linikwe uMongameli. Indlu ayinakugqithisa "iingcebiso" ezinamandla omthetho ngaphandle kokuba zidlule kule nkqubo. Izigqibo ezilula (njengokuchaza ingqiqo yeNdlu) azinawo amandla asemthethweni kwaye zizizindululo nje. Oku kuthintela iNdlu ekumiseleni inkqubo ngaphandle kweNdlu kunye noMongameli.

Inkcazo yengeniso ichazwa ngokungqongqo

Ingxelo yokuqalisa ayiphelelanga. IBhunga linokucebisa ukuba kulungiswe amatyala engeniso yendlu, kwaye ezo zindululo zinganyusa ingeniso ngokunempumelelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike iGatya ngokuphangaleleyo, ivumela iNdlu yeeNgwevu ukuba ithabathe indawo yolwimi lwayo lwengeniso logama nje iqala iintlawulo eNdlu. Oku kuthetha ukuba inzuzo yeNdlu ingumthetho ikhuselwe kodwa ayisetyenziswanga semthethweni.

Imilinganiselo Yomgca Nomsebenzi Oqhubekayo

Amalungu endlu akhonza imiqathango yeminyaka emibini engenamida yamagama. Indlu yonke inyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, isenza sibe luncedo oluthe ngqo kubavoti. Noko ke, oku kuthetha ukuba iNdlu ingatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekulawuleni iqela emva konyulo olunye. Indlu kufuneka iphinde igunyazise ukuchitha imali minyaka le, inyanzelisa incoko eqhubekayo. IHouse ayinako, umzekelo, ukudlula iingqungquthela zexesha elizayo ezibophelela uqingqo-mali.

Imida Elawula Amandla Eembumbulu

Ngoxa iNdlu inamagunya anamandla angaphantsi kwendlu, ayinakunyanzelisa ngaphandle koncedo lwejaji. Indlu inokuba nenkcaso kubantu ngabanye kwiBhunga, kodwa eso sisaphuli-mthetho sibhekisa kwiSebe loBulungise, eligqibayo ukuba lifanele lichotshelwe. Indlu ikwanokumangalelwa ukuba inyanzelise oopopu kwiinkundla zephondo, kodwa oku kunokuthabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Oku kunyanzelisa kuthetha ukuba igunya lobukhokeli bendlu linamandla kuphela njengoko iinkundla zizimisele ukulilungisa.

Isiphelo

Indlu yabameli iphethe amagunya awoyikekayo: iqalisa irhafu nokuchitha amatyala, iphengulula amagosa karhulumente, iqhuba uphando olutshayelelayo. Kodwa loo magunya alungelelaniswe yiBhunga, uMongameli, kunye neenkundla. Indlu ayinakuyiphumeza imithetho yodwa, ayinakuwasusa amagosa ngaphandle kwetyala leNtlanganiso, kwaye ayinakunyanzela ukuba amagosa ayo angaphantsi ngaphandle kokuxhaswa yikomiti egweba. Amagunya ayo amabini eminyaka ayenza ikwazi ukusabela kakhulu kuluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa kwakhona akwasikelwe ixesha elide. Ukuqonda la mandla nemiqathango ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela ulawulo lweNtlanga enyani asebenza ngayo, kwaye ayinakupheliswa ukuthintela naluphi naluphi ulawulo oluphezulu.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi-website yeNdlu yeNdlu ye- ukulungiselela iinkcukacha zokophula umthetho, U.S. umGaqo-siseko wombhalo wokuqala, kunye i-Conrect.gov izibuko lomthetho wokulandelela imikhondo. [ Inkonzo yophando lophando ipapasha iingxelo ezineenkcukacha ezikuMandla kunye neemiqathango.